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Does Ideal Speech Ever Really Take Place?

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Does ideal speech ever really take place?

Jürgen Habermas formulated a concept in his early works, which is known as the ideal speech situation. Ideal speech can be simply defined as idealised conditions of speech, which is speech that focuses on reasoning rather than persuasion. Habermas sets out four conditions that must be followed in order for ideal speech to be achieved. All participants must have equal opportunity to speak. They all must have the right to state, defend or question any factual or normative claim. Discussion must not be constrained by status differences. Finally, the members must only be motivated by the desire to reach an agreement on the truth (Stickle). The ideal speech situation does not and cannot take place because it is merely impossible for everyone to have equal opportunity to speak, there will always be participants with varying status and power and it is human nature for people to argue persuasively. It is because of these conditions that the ideal speech situation is not possible, although aspects of it are beneficial.
Ideal speech cannot work in reality due to the fact that Habermas’ idea is based on perfect human traits such as equality and honesty, and in a case of discussion or argument these traits are not the priority of participants. The ideal speech situation focuses on quintessential speakers that are always faithful to their words. From a biblical point of view, no human can be always faithful, in the sense that it is impossible to be completely honest, and unrealistic to have a desire to agree on nothing but the truth (Jardine 1998, p. 146). Leading on from this, the truth can often be impossible to find, and to have conditions which state every participant must be committed to speak until an agreement of the truth is made is simply ridiculous. Humans have a rhetorical thought process embedded within, it is a psychological fact (Billig 1991), and it is because of this that persuasion (possibly lying) will override all morals and ideal human traits in order to achieve a given goal for the discourse. Furthermore, to assume that any participant can introduce any material at anytime would create a chaotic situation rather than an ideal situation (Sprod 2001). It is also highly unlikely in a real life situation for everyone to be of equal status or power, such as in politics for example, and even so, it is human nature for the superior figure to take control, whether intentional or not. The simple problem with Habermas’ ideal speech situation is that he attempts to “specify what cannot be specified” (Jardine, 1998) and it is because of this that ideal speech cannot take place.
It is unfair to rule out the ideal speech situation entirely as it does have good intentions and does have potential. If the ideal speech conditions are seen as a checklist of desirables or guidelines rather than a set of rules, it can be beneficial. For example, in reality there are many constraints which may distort conclusions, such as time limits, so with the ideal speech situation this issue does not exist (Sprod 2001). Habermas (1981, p25) says that “the structures of an ideal speech situation immunize against repression and inequality in a special way,” which should be desired in any discourse or dialogue. By following this guideline of equality, it reduces the chance of a inaccurate conclusion as no participants are excluded and no assertions are ignored. Finally, the condition in which attitudes, desires and claims must be expressed truthfully in an ideal speech situation is obviously quite unrealistic as previously mentioned. However, by encouraging this aspect of speech it does lead to fair and desireable dialogue which can bring participants to an honest and precise conclusion. Although the ideal speech situation cannot exist as a whole, separate aspects of Habermas’ concept are favourable for modern communication.
It is impossible for the ideal speech situation to be employed in reality, as it is merely impractical and unnatural. Humans cannot be entirely honest if they have a goal that must be achieved by the end of the discourse, persuasive nature always takes over. All participants must have equal opportunity to speak, and again in real life situations where discussions take place this simply cannot happen as there would be disarray. Therefore, it is clear that ideal speech does not take place. However, aspects of the ideal speech situation can be taken and encouraged in order to achieve a fair and accurate understanding or conclusion.

Works Cited
Billig, M. (1991). Ideology and Opinions: Studies in Rhetorical Psychology. Sage Publications (CA).

Habermas, J. (1981). The Theory of Communicative Action: Vol 1. Beacon Press.

Jardine, M. (1998). Speech and Political Practice: Recovering the Place of Human Responsibility. New York: State University Of New York Press.

Sprod, T. (2001). Philosophical Discussion in Moral Education: The Community of Ethical Inquiry. Routledge.

Stickle, S. (n.d.). An Introduction to J. Habermas. Retrieved March 23, 2013, from North Illinois University: Department of English: http://www.engl.niu.edu/wac/hbrms.html

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