...achievement amongst the different social class groups. (12 marks) Despite brilliant improvements within the educational system and level of the nation as a whole, social class differences still continue to exist, as middle class pupils tend to achieve higher academically than working class pupils. This is due to many external factors (these are factors outside of the educational system, e.g. influences from home and the family background as well as cultural deprivation etc) but also internal factors (these are factors within schools and the educational systems, such as the relationship between teachers and pupils). In this essay I intend to explain the ways in which material deprivation can affect the educational achievement between different social classes. Material deprivation, an external factor refers to poverty and a lack of resources to succeed in education, such as; books, internet and adequate housing etc. It is the working class families who have a low income and inadequate housing that affects how a child does in their education. There are 3 features within material deprivation; 1) housing- working class families are more likely to live in poor housing with overcrowding, which means a lack of personal space that can lead to illnesses to spread within the house quicker meaning children are ill more often and taking time off school, resulting in underachievement. 2) Diet and health- compared to middle class families, the working class families tend to have a poor...
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...Assignment 02 QUESTION 2.1: 2.1 Influence: influence (noun): the power to affect someone or something. influence (verb): to influence someone or something is to have an effect on what they are or do. (Allen, 2003: 217). People are influenced by the things that surround them. This mostly refers to what we see and hear on a daily basis. Power leads one to influence people, no power leads one to be influenced. Power in this regard may refer mostly to money. Peer pressure is another form of influence, where one would do something to rather fit in, than take a stand and be different. It is easier to influence people who are uncertain about themselves and their values, than people who are self-assured. Often, peope who are less educated, feel inferior to those who are well educated. Therefore, uneducated people are often influenced by educated people. This is also seen in politices. The language we use, the clothes that we wear (fashion), our behavior or attitude etc. are all things that are influenced by the society we live in. Influence can either have a positive or a negative outcome. Social class: Social class has to do with ones’ place in society. People are ussually grouped into social classes according to the amount of money they make, but also on the education they have recieved. People with higher social status ussually have more influence over those with a lower social status. A person’s social status influences the way the live, dress, eat, speak...
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...Running Head: Observation Analysis Paper Classroom Observation Analysis Paper Child and Adolescent Development MTE 501 University of Phoenix Kristi Vogt Synder Jesta S. Bouie-Lele September 29, 2012 Which educational theories were employed? There is an assortment of intelligence testing that goes from the Stanford-Binet intelligence test (IQ) to the information processing theories to Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence and ending with Gardner’s multiple intelligences (Bee & Boyd, 2010). The standard IQ test measures only the intellectual and academic dimensions of intelligence and Gardner’s multiple intelligences suggests eight separate domains of intelligence, each with their strategies for measurement. On this variety the teacher went so far as to work the precepts of Sternberg’s triatric theory of intelligence, but not so far as to try and cover Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences. The day in which I observed the class was on Friday, and it was test day. There were two tests, a spelling test and a language comprehension test. Both tests definitely gauged intellectual ability to the absence of any type of measure about practical or creative intelligence. The students, however, after the tests were asked to color, cut out, and paste a large fish to their folders (creative), and then the teacher had a story time where the class talked about the dangers of not playing in the rain while lightning (practical). Which educational theories could have been used...
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...child developments is fundamentally important at a young age as it affects all aspect of their lives once the child matures. Throughout the class, we looked at many theorists during the course of the semester. The theorists opened up our minds to a world that we have never seen before and concepts about child development we have never been taught but have seen in the practical work we do every week. What makes humans unique is the ability that we have to interpret the language being used, as Lois Bloom and Margaret Lahey describe in their book Language Development and Language Disorders “language is like a code, it is a means of representation” Although, everyone is able to interpret the use of language some interpret it more than others. This delay in language, we have learned, could be for a variety of reasons. The characteristics of a child will depend on: how they were brought up, who they were brought up by, what kind of condition they were brought up in, what kind of parents the child was brought up by, if was the child brought up in poverty, etc. Language is a key part in anyone’s life as it is a major form of communication. Language is what separates us from other species to be intellectual and to rule society. Language development is important in a child’s life as it will pave the way for successful communication with various other children and other people in society. By means of talking to one another when we are young they stated, development of language skills...
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...INTRODUCTION Background of the study Pangasinan State University Sta. Maria is known for globally competitive agriculturists, teachers, and engineers which is shown in their high performances in board examinations. Students in this university even came from different towns providing the institution's fame and quality. Their performance and grade also have a huge impact on this result. For a long time, this has been the image of Pangasinan State University Sta. Maria. However, for the past few years, slashing, and transferring to other schools became major problems of students because of their failing grades are increasing in number. A failing grade is defined as a grade lower than the passing grade of mark in an examination, class, or course of study. It is the rate of students' weakness apart from a passing grade is proof of how low an IQ level of a student is. When they hear the term failing grade, oftentimes, they would think that it is because a student is not studying well, or is not that good academically. With this circumstance comes slashing or being removed from the course a student is taking. In other cases, failing grades of students may also give negative image on the university or school itself. Based on the other researchers, there are two kinds of impact of having failing grade. The first one is the negative action which can lead to negative result. This could result in the student's frustration in his or her life. The student may be discouraged because...
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...suitable examples, describe and comment upon some of the reasons for language change. Language changes, as do all things in the living world, as language reflects and affects the society which uses it. The mechanics of language change show language as a system with larger and larger scale trends, which allows us to examine the conditions necessary for change. The process of change occurs gradually, and the rate of this change does conform to a pattern. For instance, if you get an influx of foreign words, few people use them, and they spread slowly until people have become familiar with them. When they have, the word usage stabilizes. Another factor affecting language change is hyper-correction. This occurs when a sentence is corrected so frequently that the deviant form becomes the norm in spoken English. For example, the sentence Jill and me went to the fair is often corrected to Jill and I went to the fair. The result of this is that the phrase and me has become disdainful and unacceptable. The ultimate effect of this is an exaggerated use of the term and I. For example, Mother gave the book to John and I is a deviant form which has become the norm in spoken English. Research has also discovered many other reasons why language changes. William Labov conducted a study in America investigating the use of the letter r. He used three sets of shop assistants from high-class, middle-class, and lower-class stores and found that all three sets consciously used the more prestigious...
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...|[pic] |Syllabus | | |College of Social Science | | |PSY/300 Version 5 | | |General Psychology | | |Group MU13BSP04 | | |8/6/13-9/3/13 | | |Louis Battistone M.A., LMFT, RAS | | |909-239-2496 | Copyright © 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description General Psychology is a survey course which introduces the student to the major topics in scientific psychology as applied to human behavior. Applications of these principles will...
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...‘’Assess the view that working class children under-achieve because they are culturally deprived’’ Cultural deprivation theorists argue that most of us are taught the attitudes and skills needed for educational success during primary socialisation. However, there are a percentage of students who do not have cultural capital, and are therefore deprived of what is needed to be successful at school – this percentage, according to cultural deprivation theorists, are working-class. There are three main aspects of cultural deprivation: intellectual development, language, and attitudes and values. Cultural deprivation theorists argue that intellectual development plays a big part in the educational failure of the lower classes. Due to cost constraints, working-class parents are unlikely to buy educational toys which would stimulate their child’s mind, and intellectual development. This stimulation of the mind is vital for when a child begins their educational journey, as many middle-class mothers would say. J.W.B Douglas found that working-class children tend to score less on tests of ability than middle-class students because working-class parents are less likely to support their child’s intellectual development – even by simply reading to them. Bernstein and Young also found that middle-class mothers are more likely to buy toys which encourage thinking and reasoning – skills which are needed for educational success. However, although intellectual development may seem like a major aspect...
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...The Development of English Throughout time the English language has been subject to an ever-changing evolutionary process, adjusting and adopting to its geographical circumstances, cultural influences and niches. The English language has undergone a series of transitional changes since its origins dating back to c.400 A.D. whilst Britain was under occupation by hosts of Germanic tribes. Detailed throughout the literature that still exists in our modern world, it is possible to trace links between the English language and its development throughout different cultures and historical time periods. The study of the development of the English language has been used to represent the specific ideals and notions that pertain to particular cultures throughout history. Anglo-Saxon poetry express its cultural identity and values that underpin Anglo Saxon society, through ancient texts such as Beowulf exploring notions of heroism and servitude. Middle English literature such as The Millers Tale, unmasks the inner feudal system that deciphers the hierarchal structure within Middle England. The Holkam bible through both visual representation and literature highlights the Biblical understanding at the time and cultural barriers that were associated. The Miller’s Tale by Geoffrey Chaucer is an example of Middle English poetry that represents the societal structure of the time through language. The Miller’s Tale expresses the hierarchal structure in Middle England through denoting each individual...
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...1. Chapter 3: Differences in Culture 2. Have you ever visited another country? If you have, think for a minute about some of the differences you may have seen. Perhaps people dressed differently or ate different types of foods. How did people get around? By car, by train, by motor bike? Was there a particular religion that influenced how society worked? What language was spoken? Did you notice any forms of unspoken language? Your answers to these questions will give you some insight to the country’s culture. We’ll be exploring cultural differences and their effect on business in this chapter. Even if you haven’t traveled to a foreign country, you can still see cultural differences within the U.S. Think about the concept of time for example. How do people on the East Coast view time? You might have answered that East Coasters often see time as a valuable commodity that shouldn’t be wasted. Now, compare that perspective to how someone from the South might view time. Many Southerners still prefer a slower paced way of life. How might these differences affect the way you would do business in each region? Just like you might adapt for differences at home, when doing business in foreign countries, you’ll need to adapt as well. We say that companies must have cross-cultural literacy, or an understanding of how cultural differences across and within nations can affect the way in which business is practiced. It’s also important to consider how culture might affect...
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...Nation-State The Determinants of Culture SOCIAL STRUCTURE Individuals and Groups Social Stratification Country Focus: Breaking India’s Caste System RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS Christianity Islam Country Focus: Islamic Capitalism in Turkey Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Management Focus: DMG-Shanghai LANGUAGE Spoken Language Unspoken Language EDUCATION CULTURE AND THE WORKPLACE CULTURAL CHANGE FOCUS ON MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS Cross-Cultural Literacy Culture and Competitive Advantage SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS CLOSING CASE: Wal-Mart’s Foreign Expansion Learning Objectives 1. Know what is meant by the culture of a society. 2. Identify the forces that lead to differences in social culture. 4. Identify the business and economic implications of differences in culture. 5. Understand how differences in social culture influence values in the workplace. 6. Develop an appreciation for the economic and business implications of cultural change. Chapter Summary This chapter begins by introducing the concept of culture. The determinants of culture are identified, which include religion, political philosophy, economic philosophy, education, language, and social structure. The first half of the chapter focuses on the influence of social structure, religion, language, and education on culture. The section on religion...
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...Introduction Over the past decade or so, research into the understanding of how children development is shaped by their social contexts resulted in increased efforts. Bronfenbrenner believed that a person’s development was affected by everything in their surrounding environment(Developmental Psychology, 2013). He therefore divided the person’s environment into five incomparable levels(microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and the chronosystem) and has had a particularly wide and significant influence in shaping our understanding of how different levels of the system in the social context interact in the process of child development.Thus this essay will discuss these different environmental levels by referring to my educational background and examining the influences in my life. Microsystem Beginning with the first level of Bronfenbrenner's theory: the microsystem which is the system closest to the person and the one in which they have direct contact. Some examples would be home, school, daycare, or...
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...Week 2 1. Which of the following is true about the development of the intercultural communication area of study? a. it originated with scholars looking for practical answers to help overseas workers. 2. Which approach to intercultural communication has the goal of initiating social change? b. critical 3. Which of the following approaches to intercultural communication views reality as external to humans? c. social science 4. Which methods are primarily used in the critical approach to intercultural communication? d. text and media analyses 5. the social science approach is also called the e. functionalist approach 6. researchers using a critical perspective attempt to explain f. how macro contexts such as political structures influence communication 7. one limitation of social science approach is g. the possibility that the methods used are not culturally sensitive 8. The goals for the social science approach are h. describe and predict human behavior 9. the study of how people use personal space is called i. proxemics 10. Which dialectic of intercultural communication addresses the fact that some of our cultural patterns are constant and some are shifting? j. static-dynamic dialect 11. The privilege-Disadvantage dialectic recognizes that k. some people are disadvantaged in some contexts and privileged in other contexts 12. Which of the following might explain why early...
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...Peter Trudgill and is called „Sociolinguistics - An Introduction to language and society (4th Edition)“. Product Details * Paperback: 240 pages * Publisher: Penguin Books; Fourth Edition edition (August 1, 2001) * Language: English * ISBN-10: 0140289216 About the Author Peter Trudgill is professor of English linguistics at Fribourg, Switzerland. An author of many books and articles on sociolinguistics and dialectology, he has carried out linguistic fieldwork in most countries. Book description This is a classic book on a fascinating subject. Peter Trudgill examines the close link between language and society and the many factors that influence the way we speak. These range from gender, environment, age, race, class, region and politics. Trudgill's book surveys languages and societies from all over the world drawing on examples from Afrikaans to Yiddish. He has added a fascinating chapter on the development of a language as a result of a non-native speaker's use of it. Compelling and authoritative, this new edition of a bestselling book is set to redraw the boundaries of the study of sociolinguistics. Introduction The way we talk is deeply influenced by our class, sex and ethnic background. It can also have a profound effect on how we are perceived by others. In this fully updated edition of a classic text, Peter Trudgill explores the evidence – and the huge implications for social and educational policy. Why do men swear more than women? How...
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...organizational behavior. 2. Describe the disciplines that have contributed to the field of organizational behavior. 3. Discuss the importance of understanding behavior in organizations. 4. Explain the time dimension model of measuring effectiveness. 5. Explain the relationship between quality and organizational effectiveness. Key Terms power of human resources—The ability to get things done in the way one wants them to be done. globalism—The interdependency of transportation, distribution, communication, and economic networks across international borders. cultural diversity—The vast array of differences created by cultural phenomena such as history, economic conditions, personality characteristics, language, norms, and mores. rapidity of change—The speed at which change occurs. Rapid change is found in many areas such as technology, demographics, globalism, and new products and services. psychological contract—An unwritten agreement between an employee and the organization that specifies what each expects to give to and receive from the other. technology—An important concept that...
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