...Phobias and Addictions Paper Week Two Assignment Giselle Bayard PSY/300 – General Psychology October 20, 2012 This is an essay concerning phobias and addictions. Four selected topics in four specific sections are what this paper is comprised of. These topic are: 1. How phobias can be developed through classical conditioning. 2. How addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. 3. Distinguish between classical and operant conditioning. 4. The meaning of "extinction" and how it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning. How phobias can be developed through classical conditioning "A phobia is a group of symptoms brought on by an object or situation that causes a person to feel irrational fear" (Porterfield, 2005). A few types of phobias are prevalent in society. A simple phobia, the fear of an object like a dog or a cat or a telephone or the fear of heights or traveling in a train or a car impact millions of lives. Social phobia, caused by fear of humiliation causes millions more otherwise normal people to live lives of loneliness and desperation. "Behaviorists believe that these intense fears (phobias)begin when people are classically conditioned by a negative stimulus paired with the object or situation. In other words, phobias are learned. Sometimes parents may pass irrational fears on to their children in this way" (Porterfield, 2005). This is a powerful form of behavior modification. It deals with spontaneous...
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...Haylee Bowers Research Paper 11/20/13 In today’s society, cruelty towards animals is growing rapidly because people don’t understand the value of an animal’s life. People all around the world use and abuse animals as if it was some kind of national sport, and everybody is competing for the first place gold medal. Ever year millions of animals are being beaten and starved because of heartless people. Animal cruelty is a social issue that many people don’t understand. All the people who abuse animals don’t understand when they are harming an innocent animal are going to continue to do it until they are shown what they are doing wrong. Each type of abuse has certain patterns that scientists can study and find out why people commit the crimes they do. Animal cruelty is broken down into two categories, which are active and passive. Active cruelty is also known as NAI (non-accidental injury). NAI is when a person has malicious intent so fierce that they deliberately and intentionally cause harm to an animal. On the other hand with passive cruelty a person doesn’t intentionally cause harm to the animal, they simple neglect it by giving it no attention. While I was doing the research for this essay, I thought non-stop about how a human being could break a dogs leg, back, or even neck and feel no sympathy for the dog? Are some people in this world that heartless that they have no feelings for other living things? I wonder if you asked a person that has abused an animal if they...
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...EWRC P.5 382016 World of Dogs Proposal For my project I have decide to research paper on the abuse of domesticated dogs. There are hundreds of cases every across the world. Many dogs are treated horrible and some are even eatin. In most cases when dogs are saved they will suffer from a mental stress disorder from traumatic experiences with previous owners. Some owners abandon their pets which ultimately lands them dead, or in an animal shelter. Most shelter will euthanize animals that do not get adopted within a certain amount of time. There are also those who hurt these animals for fun or enjoyment. The reason I am so interested in this topic is because of many articles I have read, and the pictures I have seen. I once seen an article about a Dog Festival in China where they kill and cook, sometimes alive, dogs. It is a horrible thing to do to these animals who are born with loving hearts. I believe that there are no bad dogs only bad owners. The owner of dog are the ones that change the whole perspective of how dogs are viewed. I always hear people talk about how certain breeds are evil. I don't believe that and I will also like to hear the perspective of those whose careers have to do with dogs. I plan on going to visit an animal, as well as a veterinarian. these are simple sources I can make an appointment with a walk in. They will also be on of the biggest and most reliable sources since they deal with dogs every day. I will also talk to those who I've have know to have ...
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...Animal Abuse is a constantly growing issue and today I am going to provide you with some information on where it stems from and how to prevent it. Introduction I. Attention Material a. “We are coming up on our 6 month anniversary of the day we brought Lola home from Homeward Pet. She is an amazing addition to our family; I cannot imagine a better dog for us. We are so grateful for our experience with Homeward Pets, our lives are changed forever.” That is a direct quote from the Miles family, who adopted their dog from an animal shelter. b. Raise your hand if you have had either a pet dog or cat at one point in your life. c. About 62% of households in the United States has a pet, this includes 78.2 million dogs and 86.4 million cats are owned in the United States. d. Based on those statistics, think about this. According to the yearly animal abuse report, of the 1160 reported cases in 2010, 64.5% involved Dogs and 18% involved cats. II. Orienting Material e. Central Idea: Animal abuse is a constantly growing issue, and today I am going to provide you with some information on where it stems from, as well as how to prevent it. f. The slide show that I will show may be graphic, but are pictures from real life abusive households. These pictures are not meant to upset you, but to show you the effects that abuse can have on an animal. Transition: While the slideshow plays through, I will be explaining the statistics on abuse in the...
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...Zarbo Engl 1121 13 Prof. Huebner Gloege Research Paper Draft 2 The Myths of Bully Breeds There is reason to believe that the bully breeds should be banned in America. Bully breeds are a category of dogs that consist of Bulldogs, Boxers Mastiffs, ect. I believe this opinion is unjust and completely ridiculous. The many breeds that fall into this category are many of the most popular breeds owned in homes across the country. These loving and loyal dogs are trying to escape the shadow of a bad reputation. In ancient Greece, the first category of bully breed was created. These strong headed dogs were called Molossers (Hart). Molossers are the ancestors of all bully breed dogs. They were larger dogs with thick muscular bodies, short necks and legs, medium sized diamond shaped ears, and short snouts (noses). Molossers were used for every day house guarding, livestock protection and also bull baiting. During bull baiting the dog would lay low to the ground, then when it had a clear shot, the dog would jump up and bite the bulls nose. The nose is the sensitive part of the bull. The bull would whip its head around and try to get the dog to let go. Many dogs were severely injured with broken bones and concussions but most dogs were killed. People back in this time found this amusing. Since the Molossers were used for bull baiting this is how they got the name “Bully Breeds.” The average dog in the category Bully Breeds, are larger dogs, although there are a few exceptions such...
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...before his or her first birthday every 16 hours. A child or teen is killed by gunfire every 6 days.( http://www.childrensdefense.org) Furthermore it was documented that if any household had children that were being abused then the child or children would be taken from the home immediately. When stating abuse this means anything from child abuse, domestic violence, and drug or alcohol abuse. If this occurs then the child will be taken from the resident and then the state will take the child into custody until a foster home can be provided. The state cam hold the child for a period up to six months. Depending on the crime some parents will have to undergo certain steps to prove to the state that they are trying to clean up their act, The list of things that the parents/guardians may be required to take are drug treatment, family counseling, and anger management. Some other things that may be required are life skill classes and even having to take parenting classes. This is where the Social learning theory come into play, The Department of Job and Family Services made reference to the social learning theory as providing support for this approach, as evidenced by research indicating that “aggressive children have parents who use similar tactics when dealing with others. For example, the children of wife batterers are more likely to use aggressive tactics themselves than children in the general population, especially if the...
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...Final Research Paper Is corporal punishment needed to discipline children? PSY 101 Introductions to Psychology Lenai Carraway December 17, 2012 Corporal punishment seems to be the most popular way in which people had chosen to punish their children in the past. Many parents were raised in homes that used spanking as the main form of discipline and can readily recount each time he, or she received a spanking for an offense, and even remember what kind of instrument was used to inflict the punishment. Today corporal punishment is a controversial subject, which leaves one wondering if corporal punishment is needed to discipline children. It is my belief that corporal punishment is not necessarily the best possible way to discipline children in this ever changing society we live in. Throughout this research paper, I will discuss some side effects that can occur in children from corporal punishment when administered either at home or school and some theories behind it. “Corporal punishment is defined as the use of physical force causing pain, but not wounds as a means of discipline.” (Educate, don’t punish, 1999) Now, it has becomes difficult to draw the line between abuse and corporal punishment. Corporal punishment can range from a simple spanking to a tapping of the hand. While some parents do go to the extreme in punishing their children, I do not believe it is the majority of parents who abuse their children. In my mind, a swat on the butt or a tap...
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...Health Alliance, 2013). Dogs are the most common household pets in Australia, which has approximately 4.2 million pet dogs (Animal Health Alliance, 2013). However, dog aggression is the most common pet dogs’ behavior problem and it causes a major public health problem in Australia (Voelker, 1997; Schalamon, 2006). According to the Annual Urban Animal Management Conference (2013), average 14,000 Australians are injured due to dog attack each year and about 1,400 of those injuries required medical treatment or hospitalization. Over sixty percent of dog attacks occurred at home, which means an owner or household-members have a higher possibility to be victimized in a dog attack. Over the last three decades, numerous of researches have been indicated that owner attachment levels and dog characteristics are the major factors leading to aggressive responses in pet dogs (Borchelt, 1983; Landsberg, 1991; Hunthausen, 1997; Hsu and Sun, 2010). Although these findings provide evidence for the link between owner-dog interaction and the aggressive behavior problem in pet dogs, surprisingly little research has examined the link between pet dogs-directed aggression in human and the controlling behavior in a relationship. To redress this imbalance, it is important to explore the connection between pet dogs aggressive behavior and domestic violence. Aims and Objectives The aims of this present study are to explore the connection between human directed aggression by pet dogs and controlling behavior...
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...10, Issue 2, 2012 (ISSN1948-352X) Beyond Dehumanization: A Post-Humanist Critique of Solitary Confinement Lisa Guenther Abstract What does it mean to be treated like a nonhuman animal? In this paper, I analyze the discourse of “dehumanization” in Madrid v Gomez, a 1995 Eighth Amendment case concerning the treatment of prisoners at California’s Pelican Bay Supermax Penitentiary. I argue that the language of dehumanization fails to describe the harm of solitary confinement because it remains complicit with a hierarchical opposition between human and nonhuman animal that rebounds against prisoners, especially those who have been racialized and/or sexualized as less than human. Humanist discourse neglects the sense in which both human and nonhuman animals are affective, corporeal beings who rely upon the support of others for their own capacity to orient themselves within a mutually-perceived world. Drawing on the testimony of inmates in solitary confinement, and situating this testimony in relation to the political and scientific history of US incarceration practices, I develop a post-humanist critique of solitary confinement. Keywords: Solitary confinement, sensory deprivation, intercorporeal Malebranche would not have beaten a stone as he beat his dog, saying that the dog didn’t suffer. Merleau-Ponty, Nature, 166 Certain carceral practices are often condemned – both by prisoners and by their legal or political advocates – on the grounds that they violate human dignity...
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...can no longer remain at SeaWorld, performing, they say, when such abuse takes place. The problem is, what is to be done with a six ton killer whale unable to survive on its own? The orcas should remain at SeaWorld until their deaths because they cannot survive in the wild after years of captivity, and they should be kept from reproducing whether they perform or not. Do we need to do anything though? They are intelligent and amazing, but are not they just animals? Some have given too much credit to orcas’ intelligence, such as one of the scientists, Marino. In Blackfish, she states, “The orca brain screams out intelligence awareness. We took this tremendous brain and put it in a magnetic resonance scanner. What we found is just astounding.” They found enlarged areas in the brain that are associated with high emotional capacity. SeaWorld, however, reports differently: “This is misleading. The most recent scientific research demonstrates that cetacean behaviors used to argue that high levels of intelligence are found commonly across mammals and vertebrates, and that cetacean intelligence is qualitatively no different than other vertebrates” (“Truth About Blackfish”...
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...Phobias and Addictions Chantel Billingsley PSY/300 May 30, 2014 Brian Hawkins Abstract This paper provides a broad overview of phobias and addictions. The difference between classical conditioning and how it relates to phobias will be dicussed, as well as operant conditioning and how it develops into addictions. Distinguishing between classical and operant conditioning, will show the differences between the two. I will cover what extinction means and how it is achieved in both types of conditioning. "Phobia" means "morbid fear" in greek (What is Phobia, 2014). Fear is a natural response to a genuine danger. Phobias are the emotional and physical reactions to feared objects or situations; this fear becomes irrational and excessive. Feelings of horror, panic and terror may occur. Reactions become automatic and uncontrollable, taking over a person's thoughts and sometimes causing physical symptoms. These symptoms can include rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, trembling and overwhelming desire to avoid the feared object or situation. There are three major categories of phobias. First category called specific phobias focuses on certain objects, animals, people and situations. Some of the most recognized phobias fall under this category; the fear of heights (acrophobia), the fear of spiders (arachnophobia) and the fear of enclosed spaces(claustrophobia). The second major category is the fear of open spaces (agoraphobia). Most individual...
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...Pedophilia: Disorder or Preference? By Sonya Formhals Table of Contents Page 1: Title Page Page 2: Table of Contents Page 3: Introduction Page 4: Thesis Statement, Analysis of Thesis, and Evidence: First Point Page 6: Objection to First Evidence Point and Response to First Objection Page 7: Second Evidence point Page 8: Objection to Second Evidence Point Page 9: Response to Second Objection Page 10: Third Evidence Point Page 11: Objection to Third Evidence Point Page 12: Response to Third Objection Page 13: Conclusion Page 15: Works Cited Introduction Imagine walking into a restaurant and seeing a proposal, such a joyous occasion. As you applaud and cry out “Cheers!” you may think back to your own proposal and it may have happened. Joy and love overwhelms you and you may even tear up a little. A cause for celebration by anyone’s idea, then as you walk by you discover the bride is actually only a ten year old girl. Does this change your view on it? Do you still have those same feelings, or does something more like disgust register in your heart? Recently in the past few years there has come about requests from advocates and groups to change the classification of pedophilia. Currently it is listed as a mental disorder in the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Certain groups are of the opinion that it is not a disorder but a valid sexual preference, such as heterosexuality or homosexuality and that by denying...
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...Running head: PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN 1 Physical Punishment Of Children As A Teaching Tool John Burgess University Of Memphis PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN 2 Abstract The research paper examined the effects of physical punishment of children as a teaching tool and hypothesized that physical punishment of children was not an effective teaching tool. The first section of the text discusses the Adrian Peterson case and relates how physical punishment is passed from generation to generation. The second section of the text discusses advocates of physical punishment and benefits derived from this. One of the main benefits is immediate compliance. This is recognized by advocates and opponents of physical punishment. The third section discusses the negative impacts of physical punishment on children. The last section discusses the prevalence of physical punishment in the United States and how this compares to other countries. The United States is in the minority of developed countries that condone physical punishment of children. The last section also contains a survey that demonstrates the prevalence of physical punishment and parents’ opinions on its effectiveness. The survey demonstrated that a majority of parents find that physical punishment is necessary and effective in spite of evidence to the contrary. Physical punishment of children was brought to national attention when Minnesota Vikings running back Adrian Peterson was indicted...
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...Courtroom TV paper Kimberly smith CJS/251 March 30,2015 Kenneth Bitting Introduction The Casey Anthony trial involves the death of her two year old daughter Caylee Anthony. Casey Anthony is accused of killing her daughter. Casey Anthony claims her two-year-old Caylee Anthony is missing On June 9, 2008 in Orange County, Florida. Anthony later tells police she dropped Caylee off at a babysitter's apartment. The name that Casey had given to the police officers was Zenaida Fernandez-Gonzalez. On June 16th 2008 was the last Caylee grandparents saw her alive. Casey didn’t give her parents any details about nothing. Later on in July of 2008 a post from the internet allowed Casey parent to locate the car which had been towed. There was a foul smell coming from the trunk of the car. 30 days after Caylee went missing or hadn’t been seen a missing person report was filed. Criminal process On July 16, 2008 Casey Anthony had been lying to the police investigators about Zenaida Fernandez-Gonzalez babysitting Caylee. Casey was arrested on suspicion of child neglect, filing false misleading statements and hindering a criminal investigation. The sheriff’s office then searched the car with a cadaver dog and the dog picked up the scent of human decomposition, Also they were satins in the trunk and hair. Casey was then was charged with child neglect. In August 21, 2008 she was released out on a 500,000 bail after being detained from about a month. Casey bond was revoked on charges of check forgery...
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...“Speciesism is morally objectionable, like other forms of unjust discrimination. Because it is deeply embedded in our society, uprooting it will require radical change.” Briefly before the explanation of the purpose of this statement there needs to be a clarification on what speciesism is. Speciesism is described as the discrimination of an individual simply because they are of another species. This quote is taking the stand of discrimination against beings of a different species other than human is just as morally objectionable as all other discriminations, such as racism or sexism. This quote also claims that speciesism is deeply embedded in our society and only a radical change can uproot the long standing speciesism in our society. This paper attempts to support the claims made by the quote as well as provide a suggestion on how to radically change speciesism in our society. Only a radical change like abolishing factory farming will end the long embedment of speciesism in our society. Factory farming facilitates the idea that animals are present for the use of humans. It perpetuates discrimination against animals so its abolishment will be a step closer to the end of speciesism. Speciesism is just as morally objectionable as all other forms of unjust discrimination. The belief that one species is superior to another is deeply embedded in our society. “Men are such pigs. That women is a cow.” This type of commentary is used in our society often. Comparing humans to an animals...
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