...found by their fellow gang members. Over the years, gangsterism evolved, changing with the times, with new gangs springing up, changing or disintegrating. Their modus operandi also evolved with time. Most of the old terminology retained its nineteenth century significance, although much of it became distorted or started to mean something different altogether. Gangs also became more dangerous and violent. Whole communities or sections of towns or cities lived in fear of gangsters. Disruptions and intimidation became more prevalent. Gangs gained more and more power in communities, and they began spreading. The forced removals of Coloureds from District Six in 1966, helped disperse gangsterism throughout the Cape Flats. In essence, there are two types of gangs – street gangs and organised gangs. Street gangs are usually smaller, of lesser significance and less problematic. These are usually youngsters, who congregate on street corners, smoke dagga, drink and intimidate passers-by. They resort to robbing and stealing to support their drug and alcohol habits. Larger gangs normally keep these youngsters in check, offering them “jobs” – like selling drugs in their neighbourhoods. It is these larger gangs, on the other...
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...An analysis of generic conventions in the trailers for the movies ‘John Tucker Must Die’ & ‘Mean Girls’ An analysis in terms of generic conventions in the trailers for the movies “John Tucker must die” and “Mean Girls”. Genre is defined as ‘A large category of stories united by their particular settings, characters, themes and narrative conflicts’ (Worland 2007, pg15). This assignment will look at the generic conventions a coming of age/ teen film (what we expect to see), aspects such as typical situations, stock characters, style, icons and setting. In terms of themes in coming of age (teen films) (subjects that are dealt with within the text) they tend to focus around, first love, rebellion, and conflict with parents, teen angst or alienation. In terms of what we would typically see within the genre ‘teen/coming of age’ film it is in the interest of the target audience and making the plot relatable and focus on their interests. The first trailer to be analysed is “Mean Girls”, a teen movie released in 2004. The style of “Mean Girls” is glossy, the use of high key lighting creates an expensive look and the contrast of high/bright colours makes the film more vivid and eye catching the use of the bright colours encourages a cheerful and young audience. In the first shot we see ‘Kady Heron’ in class she looks bland and has no character and is introduced as the new ‘student’ which is typical for the plot of a teen (coming of age movie) and the non-diegetic sound tracking...
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...Most abortions occur in a private hospital or clinic which means that they are expensive. This cost is usually higher for women in rural areas who have to travel in order to have an abortion as well as taking time off work. Rural women would have to pay in excess of $2000 to have the same abortion as women in metropolitan areas who would only have to pay around $500. Even the lesser of these two amounts can be a barrier for some women to access. The law currently impedes access for abortion services to disadvantaged women. Women who are pregnant after being sexually assaulted, have serious health conditions, experiencing severe violence, who have little access to financial and social support and who are homeless, are finding hard to access services and are being turned away from public hospitals in Queensland...
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...establish that it covers the codes and conventions used in documentary style T.V. shows. The producers of the text have reinforced the programme's content and message throughout by using the layout and delivery of the information. During the intro to the programme, we hear upbeat music being played in the background, similar to that found on a news show. Shortly after this we see a clip of a newsbroadcaster talking on the problem at hand, drugs. If up until this point, a viewer did not understand what this text was about, various words and phrases related to drug use move around the screen. We as an audience are made light that this is based on a very serious subject and in addition to the 'Horizons' logo displayed at the top, we have high expectations for the documentary as a whole as 'Horizons' are well-known for their stellar documentaries and controversial content. This contoversy becomes more apparent in the following sequence of clips. We are given information on this particular topic, through the use of first hand accounts e.g people. By using regular people just like ourselves this links with the Bulmer and Katz Uses and Gratifications theory as we feel connected with the people and what they have to say, which is the way the director would have wanted to get his point across. The connection is made through our acceptance and understanding of these first hand accounts as we can relate to the realism of their opinions. This method is used as a means to bring across the collective...
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...even oppressive, to children. The legal rights of the Nigerian child are contained in various municipal laws and international instruments. These laws are based on certain fundamental principles relating to the promotion of human survival, prevention of harm, promotion and sustenance of human dignity and the enhancement of human development. These principles recognize the basic concept that the child is the foundation of the society and he or she assures its continuity. Accordingly, the survival and continuity of the human society depends upon the protection, preservation, nurture and development of the child. The word Right is derived from the Latin word rectus which means correct, straight, right as opposed to wrong. It may also mean in accord with law, morality and justice. As a norm, it may mean that to which a person has just and valid claim, whether it be land, or privilege of doing something or saying something such as the right of free speech. A right in its general sense is either the liberty (protected by law) of acting or abstaining from acting in a certain manner, or the power (enforced by law of compelling a specific person to do or abstain from doing a particular thing. Accordingly, a Legal Right is the capacity residing in one person of controlling, with the assent and the assistance of the State, the action of others. Thus, every right...
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...Texas Penal Code 43.01 defines prostitution as "knowingly engaging in or offering to engage in sexual contact for a fee or if they solicit another person in a public place for sexual conduct. The offense is established by either soliciting or receiving a fee."(http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us) Many sex workers are given money in exchange for their services, though other things could be traded such as food, drugs or even shelter. Any goods or service traded for sexual acts constitutes prostitution. Drugs are often used to lure women into working for others who then "pimp" them out. They then use drugs to numb the fact they are in prostitution, creating a vicious cycle of dependency and self-loathing. Becoming dependent upon the high and...
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...demonstrate through studies that people progressed in their moral reasoning through a series of stages. He believed that there were six ( 6 ) identifiable stages which could be more generally classified into 3 levels. WHAT IS MORAL DEVELOPMENT? * Moral development involves thoughts, feelings and behavior regarding standards of right and wrong. * Consist of intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions Heinz Dilemma Heinz’s wife was dying from a particular type of cancer. Doctors said a new drug might save her. The drug had been discovered by a local chemist and the Heinz tried desperately to buy some, but the chemist was charging ten times the money it cost to make the drug and this was much more than the Heinz could afford. Heinz could only raise half the money, even after help from family and friends. He explained to the chemist that his wife was dying and asked if he could have the drug cheaper or pay the rest of the money later. The chemist refused, saying that he had discovered the drug and was going to make money from it. The...
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...live in.” Before this discussion, however, we need to take a step back. The first question that needs to be addressed is whether we as a society see prostitution as a problem. Do we see prostitution as an inevitable, inescapable and necessary profession - a profession that has always existed as the ‘oldest profession in the world’? Or do we acknowledge that prostitution is a violation of internationally recognised human rights: equality, dignity and integrity? Is prostitution a problem? A problem for equality It is widely recognised that violence against women is antithetical to the establishment of gender equality, and that one of the most severe and devastating practices of gender-based violence is the commercial exploitation of women and girls, which includes prostitution. The United States Department of State determines that few activities are as brutal and damaging to people as prostitution. Field research in nine countries concluded that 60-75% of women in prostitution were raped, 70-95% were physically assaulted, and 68% met the criteria for post traumatic stress disorder, in the same range as treatment-seeking combat veterans and victims of state-organised torture.[i] A problem for dignity The legitimisation and normalisation of the sex industry has a profound, negative impact on the human rights and dignity of all women. In Australia, the practice of prostitution has legitimised allocating a class of women to be accessed by men for their sexual use, if monetary...
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...Paul Bernardo: A True Dangerous Offender? According to the Criminal Code of Canada the label "dangerous offender" refers to Canada's most violent criminals and sexual predators. The offender is considered dangerous if s/he demonstrates a pattern of repeated behaviour showing a failure to control the behaviour and the possibility of causing injury or death to others or if s/he inflicts severe psychological damage on other people. The offender is considered dangerous if s/he shows a pattern of repeated aggressive behaviour and shows indifference toward consequences of his/her actions toward others. The offender is considered dangerous if her/his actions are brutal or sexual in nature and s/he has shown a failure to control her/his sexual impulses and s/he will probably cause injury, pain or evil to others because of lack of control of sexual impulses. According to the Correctional Service of Canada, as of April 2011 there were 458 dangerous offenders one of whom is Paul Bernardo. In 1995 Paul Bernardo was convicted of the kidnapping, rape and murder or two teenage girls, Kristen French and Leslie Mahaffy, of southern Ontario. Bernardo also faced 53 other charges related to the rape and murder of young women spanning a ten year time period. If someone is labelled a dangerous offender they are automatically given a sentence of imprisonment for an unspecified period of time, which usually equals life. Bernardo was declared a dangerous offender in November 1995. ...
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...1995). Youth of color are inculcated into a set of hypermasculine expectations that often lead them to behaviors that conflict with the structures of dominant institutions. For example, Ferguson (2000) demonstrated that schools participate in the making of black masculinity in children as young as ten years old. Masculinity-making is heavily responsible for the deviance and punishment that takes place in the classroom and later in the criminal justice system. To be assigned “real man” status by relevant others and institutions, young men must pass multiple litmus tests among peers, family, and other institutions. These masculinity tests, or codes, were identified by sociologists as early as the 1920s. In 1924, Edwin Sutherland discussed how boys are taught to be rough and tough, rendering them more likely than girls to become delinquent (cited in Sutherland and Cressey 1955). In 1947, Parsons noted that at the very core of American adolescence an aggressive masculinity is at play: Western men are peculiarly susceptible to the appeal of an adolescent type of assertively masculine behavior . . . to revolt against the routine aspects of the primary institutionalized masculine role of sober responsibility, meticulous respect for the rights of others, and tender affection towards women. (Quoted in Kimmel 2006, 82) Contemporary urban ethnographers also emphasize this point. For example,...
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...High, symbolic boundaries are most obviously drawn between the preps and the las chicas. Preps refer to white, middle-class girls, characterized by good academic performance and enrollment in the college-prep curriculum. They usually plan to attend four-year college after graduation. Las chicas, on the other hand, are Mexican-American settled-living working-class girls who are usually tracked into vocational courses. Teen pregnancy is more common among and more often associated with las chicas. Symbolic boundaries between the preps and the las chicas are manifested in the different styles of dress and makeup. Unlike the preps who dress relatively nonsexual and wear light-colored or no makeup, las chicas wear more sexualized apparel...
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...you’re going to be late” drives you from your sleepy slumber and into an ongoing dilemma. You have to get out of bed and deal with the constant chaotic chore of finding something appropriate to wear. Most public school systems find that teenage fashion is often not acceptable for class. To help solve these problems it would be a good idea if students were made to wear uniforms. I became interested in the topic of whether or not students should wear uniforms when my neighbor’s child got sent home from school because she did not pass the schools dress code. The child is in the sixth grade and the school sent her home that day because she had on a pair of shorts that the school said was not appropriate for her to be wearing at school due their length. Don’t get me wrong, I agree that girls shouldn’t be wearing “shorty shorts” to school for several reasons. One reason girls shouldn’t wear short clothing nowadays is because little girls are developing a lot earlier than when I was growing up. I also have had a little cousin sent home from school because of holes in the knees of her pants. The pants were made with the holes in them for style and were purchased at American Eagle which is a name brand store many teenagers love. In today’s time kids are doing things that are just unthought-of: an example is a little boy who goes to school with holes in his pants and next thing you know someone has put something in his pants. All this does is cause distraction in the class and causes the...
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...individual’s vulnerability to be influenced from by peers, media and society. So, the line between a valid reason to commit murder and an invalid reason become easily blurred…Matricide is an extremely rare form of homicide, especially cases involving teenage girls. These cases receive mass media attention, which expose the varied motives behind the murder to a captivated audience. Whether we believe it was a ‘valid’ reason or not is completely subjective to our personal morals and biases. Generally, the media cases that evoke the most sympathy from an audience involve girls that have snapped due to extensive physical and/or emotional abuse from their mother – e.g. the Whitehead Murder Case. Other cases that generate negative attention involve girls who become the abuser themselves, due to reasons such as overindulgence, serious...
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...The Problems With The Law on Rape in Nigeria By Aloy Ojilere,* Introduction The law relating to rape in Nigeria is rarely discussed even though rape occurs very often and is considered as the most dehumanizing act that can be done on a woman or girl.1 The opinion has also been held that "Nigerian female victims of rape are rater punished by the laws that be and stigmatized by society instead of being rendered justice to and protected.2 This paper will examine the laws relating to rape and/or governing rape trials in Nigeria, to wit: the Penal Code and Criminal Code and the Evidence Act, to underscore the meaning, elements, defences and application of the offence of rape in Nigeria and determine their sufficiency and/or insufficiency with regards to victim protection. Accordingly, the paper will access and overhaul the statutory definition of rape, the common law presumption as to the age of a person who may commit the offence, the requirement for corroboration of evidence of a rape victim/survivor and the issue of consent as a defence to rape. The gender insensitive nature of the law on rape in Nigeria which constitutes a discrimination against men (by defining rape as an offence which can only be committed by a male) will also be highlighted. Suggestions will also be made for legislative review or upgrade of the law on rape in Nigeria in line with what obtains in some other jurisdictions. 1.0 Meaning of Rape Rape is a specific...
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...The ANA code of ethics as described in the book of Conceptual Foundations as: ANA's Code of Ethics for Nurses, 2001 • 1. The nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems. • 2. The nurse's primary commitment is to the person, whether an individual, family, group, or community. • 3. The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient. • 4. The nurse is responsible and accountable for individual nursing practice and determines the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the nurse's obligation to provide optimum patient care. • 5. The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the responsibility to preserve integrity and safety, to maintain competence, and to continue personal and professional growth. • 6. The nurse participates in establishing, maintaining, and improving health care environments and conditions of employment conducive to the provision of quality health care and consistent with the values of the profession through individual and collective action. • 7. The nurse participates in the advancement of the profession through contributions to practice, education, administration, and knowledge development. • 8. The nurse collaborates with other health professionals and the public...
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