...E85, which stands for 85 percent ethanol (which is an alcohol) and 15 percent gasoline ranges from 100-105 octane. It has been around for quite some time but has just recently became fairly popular with newer car models. Ethanol was first used during the 1850’s as a lighting fuel, but was quickly put to rest after heavy taxes were placed on ethanol during the civil war. The first Model A in 1908 was powered by gasoline and ethanol, but then ethanol was never used much after that until the late 90’s when it returned. Flex fuel vehicles became quite popular starting in the 90’s and have continued to be produced by car manufactures to date. There are more than 8.5 million flex fuel vehicles on the road in the US, including both cars and trucks. What exactly is E85 you ask? Well E85 is a blend of ethanol and gasoline. E85 is a clean- burning, American made alternative fuel produced from renewable resources, such as starch in field corn. Ethanol is made from US supplies and mixed in US factories which makes us independent from foreign oil need. The ethanol making process is one of the many positive factors to creating a cleaner environment. Ethanol is a clear alcohol that is fermented from the starches created from common crops such as corn. There are two different processes to fermenting the ethanol, dry milling and wet milling. During dry milling, the grain is mixed with water, and then enzymes are added to convert the starch to dextrose. The fermentation process then creates ethanol...
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...Combustion engine vehicles have come a long way, especially since conventional vehicles are reaching upwards of 30 miles per gallon. Conventional vehicles have only grown more reliable over the past few decades, and continue to improve with each passing year. Due to these advancements, many would agree that there is no reason to switch over to new alternative fuel vehicles. However, Lotus Car Rental should add 100 alternative fuel vehicles to its fleet, placing 50 vehicles in Boston, MA and 50 vehicles in Los Angeles, CA. in order to maximize profit. Alternative Vehicles There are many types of alternative fuel vehicles to choose from such as ethanol flex-fuel, electric, and hybrid vehicles. In addition to regular gasoline, flex-fuel vehicles operate on E85, which is a mix of gas and ethanol. The ethanol levels of E85 range be¬tween 51% and 83% (Clean Cities, 2013). The miles per gallon are decreased when flex-fuel vehicles utilize E85 rather than regular gasoline, due to ethanol containing less energy than gasoline (Clean Cities, 2013). Regardless of this fact, many individuals power these vehicles with E85 because it is a high-octane fuel (Clean Cities, 2013). The high octane increases the vehicles power and performance, ultimately giving the driver a better driving experience. Electric vehicles use batteries to store the energy needed to operate its one or multiple motors. These batteries are charged by plugging into an electri¬cal power source (Clean Cities, 2013). Another...
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...Joshua Maldonado and John Elias COMM/215 September 3, 2013 Vincent Palmieri Lotus Car Rental Alternative Fuel Proposal Combustion engine vehicles have come a long way, especially since conventional vehicles are reaching upwards of 30 miles per gallon. Conventional vehicles have only grown more reliable over the past few decades, and continue to improve with each passing year. Due to these advancements, many would agree that there is no reason to switch over to new alternative fuel vehicles. However, Lotus Car Rental should add 100 alternative fuel vehicles to its fleet, placing 50 vehicles in Boston, MA and 50 vehicles in Los Angeles, CA. in order to maximize profit. Alternative Vehicles There are many types of alternative fuel vehicles to choose from such as ethanol flex-fuel, electric, and hybrid vehicles. In addition to regular gasoline, flex-fuel vehicles operate on E85, which is a mix of gas and ethanol. The ethanol levels of E85 range between 51% and 83% (Clean Cities, 2013). The miles per gallon are decreased when flex-fuel vehicles utilize E85 rather than regular gasoline, due to ethanol containing less energy than gasoline (Clean Cities, 2013). Regardless of this fact, many individuals power these vehicles with E85 because it is a high-octane fuel (Clean Cities, 2013). The high octane increases the vehicles power and performance, ultimately giving the driver a better driving experience. Electric vehicles use batteries to store the energy needed to operate its...
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...giving off less emission. However, among the many benefits of Hybrid cars, there are also some drawbacks as well. Hybrids still exhaust some emissions, and their large batteries require frequent replacement. Now, fortunately, many companies are thinking of ways to improve Hybrid cars because if we don‘t stop driving gasoline powered vehicles, the earth’s resources will be destroyed. Driving a car is the worst pollutant. Despite attempts to make engines more fuel efficient and the increase in antipollution devices, emissions from passenger vehicles are increasing in Canada and the US. The main cause of this problem is that cars are getting bigger and consumers are driving pick-up trucks and sports vehicles instead of smaller, lighter passenger vehicles. The average new car in 2001 consumed more fuel than the average car in 1988. In 1987 cars averaged 25.9 miles to the gallon in the US. Fuel efficiency plunged to 24.6 miles/gallon by 1998 and continues to drop as larger vehicles replace smaller ones. Exhaust from all combustion engines combine to produce harmful effects on people and the environment. The burning of fossil fuels from the unlimited use of vehicles has turned cities into huge deposits of toxic chemicals. The major car pollutants are carbon monoxide,...
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...vehicles. Oils displaying these marks meet performance requirements set by U.S. and international vehicle and engine manufacturers and the lubricant industry. More than 500 companies worldwide participate in this voluntary program, which is backed by a marketplace sampling and testing program. GET MORE FROM YOUR MOTOR OIL. Follow your vehicle manufacturer’s oil change recommendations. This includes using recommended SAE oil viscosity and ILSAC or API performance standard. If you find it necessary to mix brands of oil, use same viscosity grade and API service category to maintain performance. Properly dispose of used oil. Learn more about recycling used oil at www.recycleoil.org. Go to www.earth911.com/ recycling/used-motor-oiland-filters for used oil collection center locations. The API Certification Mark, also known as the “Starburst” An oil displaying this mark meets the current engine protection standard and fuel economy requirements of the International Lubricant Specification Advisory Committee (ILSAC), a joint effort of U.S. and Japanese automobile manufacturers. Automobile manufacturers recommend oils that carry the API Certification Mark. See the ILSAC STANDARD FOR PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OILS chart on the next page for descriptions of current and obsolete ILSAC standards. ® The API Service Symbol, also known as the “Donut” 1. Performance Level 1 2 Motor oils designed for cars, vans, and light trucks with gasoline engines fall under API’s “S” (Service) categories...
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...is blended into gasoline. More than ninety-five percent of the gasoline supplied in California today contains six percent of ethanol. Flexible Fuel Vehicles, or FFVs, have been produced by United States automakers, which are resulting in a growing market for E85 fuel, eighty-five percent ethanol and fifteen percent gasoline. (Consumer Energy Center, 2006) About two-thirds of the United States petroleum demand is in transportation and approximately half of United States petroleum is imported. With the U.S. depending so heavily on foreign petroleum supplies, we are creating a greater risk for trade deficits, supply disruption and prices changes. The Renewable Fuels Association’s 2012 Ethanol Industry Outlook calculated that in 2011 the ethanol industry replaced the gasoline produced from more than 485 million barrels of imported oil. Ethanol represents twenty-five percent of domestically produced and refined motor fuel for gasoline engines. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2013) Since ethanol has a lower energy content than gasoline, about one-third more ethanol is required to travel the same distance as on gasoline. However, a high octane rating and other characteristics, result in increased engine efficiency and performance. The cost of producing ethanol is also significantly higher than the cost of producing fuels from petroleum, but with the federal government giving tax incentives intended to make ethanol competitive with gasoline in the motor fuel marketplace, we could someday...
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...displaying these marks meet performance requirements set by U.S. and international vehicle and engine manufacturers and the lubricant industry. More than 500 companies worldwide participate in this voluntary program, which is backed by a marketplace sampling and testing program. GET MORE FROM YOUR MOTOR OIL. Follow vehicle manufacturer’s oil change recommendations. This includes using recommended SAE oil viscosity and ILSAC or API performance standard. If you find it necessary to mix brands of oil, use the same viscosity grade and API service category to maintain performance. Properly dispose of used oil. Learn more about recycling used oil at www.recycleoil.org. Go to www.earth911.com for used oil collection center locations. THE API CERTIFICATION MARK, ALSO KNOWN AS THE “STARBURST” An oil displaying this mark meets the current engine protection standard and fuel economy requirements of the International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC), a joint effort of U.S. and Japanese automobile manufacturers. Automobile manufacturers recommend oils that carry the API Certification Mark. See the ILSAC STANDARD FOR PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OILS chart on the next page for descriptions of current and obsolete ILSAC standards. ® THE API SERVICE SYMBOL, ALSO KNOWN AS THE “DONUT” 1. PERFORMANCE LEVEL 1 2 Gasoline engine oil categories (for cars, vans, and light trucks with gasoline engines): Oils designed for gasoline engine service fall under API’s “S”...
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...Adding Alternative Fuel Vehicles to the Lotus Rental Fleet BCOMM 215 March 11, 2013 Sharon Bronson-Sheehan Adding Alternative Fuel Vehicles to a Fleet This year more than ever, Americans are beginning to be concerned about the use of petroleum, due to the significant cost increase of gasoline and diesel, possibility of global warming, and energy security. Abstract Fossil fuels have been a primary fuel source for the industrial world, for centuries. Fossil fuel costs have been at all-time high and the economy is being burdened with the cost of everyday commuting and traveling expenses. Consumers have been looking for new ways to reduce cost by looking into other means of transportation. In an effort to bring down the gasoline cost for his fleet, Lotus Car's Chief Financial Officer is looking at the possibility of adding alternative fuel vehicles to its fleet. Types of Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Today, there is numerous alternative fuel vehicles developed and being developed to compete with fossil fuel usage. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, more than a dozen alternative fuels are in production or under development for the use in alternative fuel vehicles and advanced technology vehicles. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2013) Vehicles are being powered by biodiesel, propane, ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, and electricity. The most popular alternative fuel vehicles being used in today’s rental car fleets are hybrid, ethanol, and electric vehicles. ...
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...The Eight Types of Alternative Fuel There are different kinds of alternative fuels in the world at present. There are eight different types of alternative fuels which are Ethanol, Natural Gas, Propane, Hydrogen, Bio-Diesel, Electricity, Methanol and P-series. All these alternative fuels have different properties, different source used, and different vehicle's used and different impact on the environment and on the world. But one point to be noted is that even though they have different impact on environment, alternative fuels in vehicles can generally reduce harmful pollutants and exhaust emissions. Another interesting fact I found about these fuels in particular is that they can rather be domestically produced and can be derived from renewable resource but the fossil fuels which are being used today such as petroleum and diesel cannot be derived from renewable source. Once these fossil fuels will be extinct alternative fuels are the one which will come to use. I personally think that if even a small majority of the people in the world start using alternative fuels then the pollution and disease will decline and the pressure on fossil fuels, of course, will decrease. The advantages to use alternative fuels are massive. The impact of alternative fuels can have on earth, on people, on so many things is just great. Using alternative fuels can change a lot of things on earth a pollution free place. Here are some possible alternative means of propulsion for road vehicles...
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...ranked the top vehicle of the year. The Auto Press actually proclaims the F-150 number 1 against the other 8 competitors who make full size pickup trucks. Based on the numbers from performance, exterior, interior, safety, and reliability the U.S. News scores the Ford at a 9.0. For all of you Ford haters out there, I would take a look at this review and think twice before you say “Found On Road Dead” or “Fix Or Repair Daily.” The review is not saying that the 2010 Ford is not the only option it just ranks as the top for trucks. The 2010 Ford F-150 has numerous features stretching from heated seats to a Platinum trim package. It offers many options to truck buyers, but the basic version is an automatic two-wheel drive regular cab with a 6 ½ foot bed XL priced at MSRP $21,820. The fuel economy is great on the new 2010’s with a MPG of 15 city and 21 highway. These are the basic specs if you go to a Ford Dealership and buy this right off the lot. Since Ford’s competitors have larger engines, Ford is looking to add a 400 horsepower, 6.2 liter engine later in this year’s lineup. All of the extra features are too many to list so going to Ford.com or asking a local dealership what options you can get is best way to figure what you want on your 2010 Ford F-150. The performance ratings are high and the engine options are great because...
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...Marketing Case Project: General Motors [pic] Zach Bauer Matt Biersdorf Matt Flinn Amy Oliver Danielle Provance Marketing Strategies Professor Paul 11/08/2006 Executive Summary General Motors is one of the largest motor vehicle manufacturers in the world and has been a market leader for over 75 years. The company itself has been going through changes especially in the way that they are creating products and on an internal basis, however, there are some changes that the company still needs to overcome. One of the changes that General Motors has promoted is its’ Flexible Fuel Vehicles which do not run on solely petroleum, rather Ethanol 85. These vehicles cost only $150 more than a normal vehicle, however, the lacking of E-85 fueling stations throughout the nation are making it harder for consumers to take advantage of this “greener” technology while also saving money. The company has also decided to implement a widespread corporate restructuring initiative to help alleviate company debt as a result of rising costs of employee healthcare, benefits, and pensions. Such a plan includes the closure of over a dozen North American plants and manufacturing lines, as well as making substantial job cuts. This three-year endeavor is necessary in keeping General Motors in line with competitors. General Motors is struggling to keep up with its competition in hybrid technology. In order to become a major competitor in the automotive market GM needs to penetrate...
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...Introduction Automobiles industry produces automobiles and other gasoline-powered vehicles, such as cars, buses, trucks, and motorcycles. The automobile industry is one of the most important industries in the world, affecting not only the economy but also the cultures of the world. The automobile industry is considered the single largest manufacturing sector in the world (Turnbull et al., 1992). It provides jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollars in worldwide revenues, and provides the basis for a multitude of related service and support industries. Automobiles revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. The energy that automobile industry use to produce vehicles will result carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions which the most significant of the green house gases(GHG). Historian Mark Foster has estimated that “fully one-third of the total environmental damage caused by automobiles occurred before they were sold and driven.” He cited a study that estimated that fabricating one car produced 29 tons of waste and 1,207 million cubic yards of polluted air. Extracting iron ore, bauxite, petroleum, copper, lead, and a variety of other raw materials to process steel, aluminum, plastics, glass, rubber, and other products necessary to construct automobiles consumes limited resources, uses great amounts of energy, and has serious environmental repercussions. Nowadays, environmental problems are becoming...
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...customers include high-profile figures like Arnold Schwarzenegger, George Clooney, and Jay Leno Designs and builds many of the components in its cars, including the power electronics, motor and battery packs Weaknesses • • • • Doesn’t have much brand recognition among the general public A very small company with small sales volume, so no economies of scale Possible supply problems with components, especially if demand increases The Tesla Roadster hasn’t been on the market for very long, the longevity of fully electric cars remains to be proven Opportunities • • • Threats • • • • Wrightspeed X1, a prototype high performance electric car that caters to the same market; the only direct competitor to Tesla that offers a similar product Large automobile companies entering the market with full and hybrid electric cars, the GM Volt and Toyota Prius The price of oil falling dramatically in the short run A competitor having a breakthrough in related energy technologies, like hydrogen powered cars, natural gas, or ethanol Moving towards the family sedan market and making a product that is meant for more of the automotive market Price of oil and gasoline skyrocketing, making the price premium for an electric car less of an issue Expanding into developing lithium-ion batteries and other energy technologies, partnering with a battery company to improve battery technology 2 2 Six Force Analysis Competitors • WrightSpeed X1 – small two-seater performance electric car based...
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...SECTION I: Introduction/Executive Summary Tesla Motors, Inc. is an American company that designs, manufactures and sells electric cars and electric vehicle powertrain components. Named after the scientist Nikola Tesla, Tesla Motors ($TSLA) was founded in 2003. Exactly who founded Tesla Motors can be discussed, but it was probably by a group of intrepid Silicon Valley engineers Martin Eberhard, Marc Tarpenning, and Ian Wright. Their goal was to build an electric vehicle with the same performance as a Porsche and more environmental friendly than a Toyota Prius. The problem was that the founders didn't have the money needed to realize their idea, so they contacted Elon Musk, who decided to invest in the company. Elon Musk had earlier founded the companies Zip2, PayPal, and SpaceX. The difference between Elon Musk and the founders was that Elon Musk wanted Tesla Motors to become an improved General Motors with several car models, while the original founders wanted to design only a sports car. Elon Musk became interested in electric cars because he is well aware of peak oil. The idea behind peak oil is that oil is a finite resource we will run out of. Elon Musk believes the production of oil will begin to decrease after year 2020. As the production of oil decreases, the price of oil will increase and more people will buy electric cars SECTION II: Current Situation Tesla Motors headquarters is in Palo Alto, California. Its goal is to speed up this transition from gasoline cars to...
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...General Motors’ Crisis Communication Plan Public Relations & Corporate Communications Company Overview General Motors (GM) is an American global car manufacturer headquartered in Detroit Michigan. Employing 202,000 people, GM produces automobiles in 31 out of the 157 countries in which it conducts business. In 2011, GM succeeded in surpassing Toyota and Volkswagen with the largest number of sales worldwide, 9.03 million vehicles1. At the heart of General Motor’s charge is customer satisfaction: “At the new General Motors, we are passionate about designing, building and selling the world’s best vehicles. This vision unites us as a team each and every day and is the hallmark of our customer-driven culture.”2 Background Information As the world emerged into the 20th century, automobiles were viewed as new, cutting edge technology. Little did the world know how dependent economies would become on this “carriage with no horses.” In order to meet the growing public demand for automobiles, new companies emerged on a widespread scale. Among the first on the scene was General Motors founder, William “Billy” Durant who founded the company on September 16, 19083. Throughout the first few decades after the company’s creation, General Motors only held possession of Buick Motor Company, but as the years progressed General Motors acquired an additional twenty car manufacturers including Oldsmobile, Cadillac and Oakland, also known as Pontiac. After the world recovered 1 http://www...
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