...mammograms are stronger than in the past. In a recent study it has confirmed that mammograms benefit for women in their forties and fifties. Women feel confident about the benefits that are associated with a regular mammograms for finding cancer early. However, mammograms can have their limitations. A mammogram will miss some cancers, and it sometimes can lead to follow up of findings that are not cancer that could include biopsies. Women should be told about the benefits, limitations, and potential harms that are linked with regular breast cancer screening. Mammograms can miss some cancers. But considering the limitations associated with it, they remain a very effective and a valuable tool reduce the mortality or survival rate from breast cancer. Mammograms for women in their forties and fifties should be based on the individual, r health, and other serious illnesses. Age should definitely not be the reason to stop having regular mammograms. As long as a woman that is in good health and would be a candidate for the treatment, she should continue to be screened with a mammogram that is recommended by her doctor. 1. What differences are there between the Case Study results and the current healthcare industry research, trends, treatment protocols, and published data results you identified? A study that was performed on two age groups of women one age group was in their forties and the other in their fifties. This study showed that if women continue to get regular mammogram...
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...DIAGNOSED RESEARCH PROJECT A PROSPECTIVE STUDY MARCH 2008 FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EXTENSION DIVINE WORD UNIVERSITY Page | 3 Contents Title Page… ………………………………………………………………………………...........……….3 Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………...4 Map of West Sepik Province……………………………………………………………………………….5 Lateral View of the study site……………………………………………………………………………....6 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………....7 Glossary and Abbreviations………………………………………………………………….......................8 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………....9 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….10-11 Background……………………………………………………………………………….….....................11 Provincial & District Profile…………………………………………...........................................11 Aims and Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………………………12 Methods and Materials………………………………………………………………………………...12-13 Study population and sites…………………………………………………………......................12 Data collection tools……………………………………………………………………………....12 Verbal interview questionnaires…………………………………………………………………..13 Results……………………………………………………………………………………….................14-17 Figure 1-Simple & Treatment Failure malaria cases in table…………………………………….14 Figure 2- Severe Malaria & Deaths arising from in tables……………………………………….14 Figure 3-Line graph showing simple malaria cases, 2001 to 2007……………….........................15 Figure 4-Line graph showing Treatment Failure cases, 2001 to 2007………………………..15-16 Figure...
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...CHAPTER ONE Introduction This dissertation is an ethnography study of the root causes of suicide among married women in Chitral Khyber Pakhtunkhawa(KPK), Pakistan, based on the experiences of family members of women who committed suicide. This thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter one begins with the issues of a gradual increase in the numbers of suicides among the people, including women, in the rural areas of Pakistan. Moreover, chapter one highlights the contributing factors at the global, national, and regional level, and provides a background of the study. In addition, chapter one also contains the purpose, questions, significance, and context of the research. Chapter two presents the literature review pertinent to the study....
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...Should the public find solutions to the problem of obesity? In the early ‘80s, the news media portrayed the problem of obesity as an American problem. With many news articles and news series on the topic, politicians began a campaign to reduce the number of Americans who are considered obese. Politicians began their quest to limit the number of fast food restaurant in cities across America. They also enforce laws that limit fast food restaurants from setting up near schools or playgrounds to reduce the number of obese kids. With all of these activities from politicians, I believe there are convincing evidences that obesity is not a problem for America. Was the politician’s quest to rid us the problem of obesity necessary? Sometime in the past, I had been considered to be overweight. This topic is somewhat relevant to my view of the obesity problem. There are many reasons why people are obese. In my case, I was taking medications that retained water in my body. Thus, we should not jump to conclusion and judge people who are obese as individuals with eating disorder. In the following paragraphs, I will provide a full investigation of the obesity problem in the United States and my personal view of the topic. Early in the ‘80s, many newspapers alerted the public to this new epidemic (the problem of obesity). The news articles publicized the problem as an American problem. There were scientific articles that describe the scope of the problem. According to April Durrett,...
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...screening in most developed countries, with the aim of reducing breast cancer mortality through early detection of the disease. However, the organization and delivery vary across geographic regions in ways that may influence its effectiveness (Domingo et al., 2015). In this article critique paper, I choose two relevant peer-reviewed articles using case-control study design to explore the effect of mammography screening on breast cancer survival. The first one is Mammography Screening and Risk of Breast Cancer Death: A Population-Based Case–Control Study (Suzie et al., 2011). STUDY AIMS The authors conducted a case–control study to assess the effectiveness of the Dutch population–based program of mammography screening. The hypothesis of this study was that mammography screening was associated with a decreased risk of dying from breast cancer. METHODS A. What was the main outcome of interest? The main outcome was the breast cancer. Data on breast cancer were obtained from the Comprehensive Cancer Center Rotterdam. Causes of death were obtained through linkage with Statistics Netherlands. B. What was the main explanatory variable of interest? Mammography screening was the main explanatory variable of interest. It was measured by the National Supervisory Committee of Population Cancer Screening Registry system. C. What type of study design was this? This was a case–control study. The study design was appropriate because, in order to evaluate the efficiency of mammography screening...
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...even witness death, it is important to acknowledge that death is a reality, and that all health care practitioners will be subjected to death at some point. For that reason, I raise the question; is there an appropriate time to lose a patient? From my perspective the answer is yes, and for good reason. Having recently finished twelve weeks of Internal Medicine, the first of my core third year rotations, I vividly remember the excitement I felt when walking into the hospital. I knew all the work I accomplished in the classroom was about to be put to good use. I had the opportunity to help interns, residents, and attendings to positively impact individuals’ lives. I would see patients with diseases that I had previously only encountered in textbooks, although I knew that these textbooks rarely highlight and explain the pain and suffering that accompany these pathologies. In fact, my studies to that point had left me with some naivete, which I must assume all medical students experience when first starting clinical work. We are excited to see cases we read about, although we often forget that many of these ailments take the lives of those afflicted. Throughout our education, we transform conditions into hypothetical situations, rarely developing an understanding of their severity. It is easy to regard a set of symptoms as fiction or case study, and it was only through experience that I discovered that we must not be so quick to desensitize ourselves to these cases and the people...
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...longevity: new ideas and findings Leonid A. Gavrilov and Natalia S. Gavrilova∗ Abstract Studies of centenarians are useful in identifying factors leading to long life and avoidance of fatal diseases. In this article we consider several approaches to study effects of early-life and midlife conditions on survival to advanced ages: use of non-biological relatives as controls, the within-family analysis, as well as a sampling of controls from the same population universe as centenarians. These approaches are illustrated using data on American centenarians, their relatives and unrelated shorterlived controls obtained from the online genealogies. The within-family analysis revealed that young maternal age at person’s birth is associated with higher chances of exceptional longevity. Comparison of centenarians and their shorter-lived peers (died at age 65 and sampled from the same pool of online genealogies) confirmed that birth timing in the second half of the calendar year predicts survival to age 100. Parental longevity as well as some childhood and midlife characteristics also proved to be significant predictors of exceptional longevity. 1 Introduction Studies of centenarians (people living to 100 and older) could be useful in identifying factors leading to long life and avoidance of fatal diseases. Even if some individual characteristics have a moderate protective effect on the risk of death, people with this trait/condition should be accumulated among long-lived individuals, because...
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...THE PINTO CASE A SHORT SUMMARY In the early 1960s Ford’s market position was being heavily eroded by competition from domestic and foreign manufactures of subcompacts. Lee Iacocca, then President of Ford, was determined to regain Ford’s share of the market by having a new subcompact, the Pinto, in production by 1970. Then Ford engineers crash tested an early model of the Pinto. They found that when the automobile was struck from the rear at 20 miles per hour, the gas tank regularly ruptured. Stray sparks could then ignite the spraying gasoline, engulf the car in flames and possibly burn the trapped occupants. Nonetheless, Ford management decided for several reasons to go ahead with production of the Pinto as designed. First, the design met all applicable federal laws and standards then in effect. Secondly, the Pinto was comparable in safety to other cars being produced by the auto industry. Third, an internal Ford study indicated that the social costs of improving the design outweighed the social benefits. According to the study it was estimated that a maximum of 180 deaths might result if the Pinto design were not changed. For purposes of cost/benefit analysis the Federal government at that time put a value of $200,000 on a human life. Consequently, the study reasoned, saving 180 lives was worth about a total of $36 million to society. On the other hand, improving the 11 million Pintos then being planned would cost about $11 per car for a total investment of $121...
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...and began early on in the settlement of the European colonies. The earliest recorded execution dates back to 1608 (Death Penalty Information Center, 2011) . However, the use of capital punishment in the United States centuries later has been very controversial. Thirty-four states still use the death penalty as a punishment while 16 states have abolished its use (Death Penalty Information Center, 2011) . The constitutionality of capital punishment is in question and is constantly interpreted. The death penalty requires arbitrary decisions to be made by jurors. The studies on race in death penalty cases, the exonerations of those individuals on death row, and the cost of the death penalty are reasons to abolish capital punishment in the United States. Recent studies on the death penalty show surprising facts about the race of defendant and victim. In North Carolina it was found that the odds of receiving the death penalty rose by 3.5 for defendants whose victims were white. A California study found that defendants who murdered Whites were three times more likely to receive the death penalty than those who murdered Blacks and four times more likely than those who murdered Latinos. Race-of-victim and race-of-defendant discrimination has been found in 96 percent of the states in which death penalty and race studies have taken place (Death Penalty Information Center, 2011) . The exonerations of those on death row are somewhat shocking. To know that individuals on death row could be...
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...SCREENING AND EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER SAVES LIVES (THE PROS AND CONS) Cancer screening and early detection have major importance in the survival of patients with cancer. For virtually every site, statistics show far better survival rates for early cancers than for advanced cancers. The success of treatment is largely determined by the extent of disease at the time of diagnosis with the exception of the leukemias and lymphomas. Treatment of advanced cancers, using any known modalities, is seldom curative. The objective of early detection and screening is to shift the extent of disease at diagnosis from advanced to early through the systematic examination of asymptomatic and symptomatic people. The examinations vary from self-examination...
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...HCS/438 Ann Impen April 11, 2011 2. Analysis of a Research Report Paper The article I chose was from the Annals of Surgery, called Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Death Following Gastric Bypass for Treatment. I chose this article, because I did have this surgery done with no complications, and it is also a fascinating procedure and hope to one day work in this area. Pre operative mortality is the most feared outcome of bariatric surgery, it is reported to happen between 0.5 ad 1.5% of patients. In this article it identifies mortality fore either open or laparoscopic Roux-en-y bypass. The database is from Virginia Commonwealth university and was queried for patients who had undergone either an open gastric bypass (O-GBP) or a laparoscopic gastric bypass (L-GBP). A multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify factors related to perioperative mortality was performed. The factors examined included was age, gender, body mass index, preoperative weight, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, venous 3. Analysis of a Research Report Article stasis ulcers, intestinal leak, small bowel obstruction, and pulmonary embolus. The data was found to find independent factors related to early death. Early death was defined as death that occurs within 30 days of the initial procedure or as a direct result of a complication of the original procedure (Annals of Surgery p3). In this article tables were used to compare...
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...ventilatorassociated pneumonia: impact of appropriate therapy and other factors. AMJ 2012, 5, 2, 135-140. http//dx.doi.org/10.4066/AMJ.2012.1004. Corresponding Author: Dr. Noyal Mariya Joseph, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry – 607 402 (India) Email: noyaljoseph@yahoo.com Please use these fonts and font sizes only. Abstract inappropriate therapy (defined as lack of coverage of one or all the significant VAP pathogens) were at significantly high risk for death (Relative risk, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 3.52; P 0.0008). A delay of > 2 days in administering the first dose of appropriate antibiotic therapy significantly prolonged the duration of ventilation (P < 0.0001). Infection by multi-drug resistant pathogens, polymicrobial infection and time of onset of VAP did not have significant impact on the outcome of VAP. Conclusion Early administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy, based on the antibiogram of the VAP pathogens identified by quantitative culture of endotracheal aspirate, could lead to an improved outcome of patients with ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Key Words Ventilator-associated pneumonia; appropriate therapy; quantitative culture;...
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...might be the main cause they aren't the only way in which disease can spread. Prions are one such challenge to this simple germ-disease paradigm. In this paper, the following questions about prion diseases (focusing primarily on kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) will be examined: “What are they and what does their discovery mean for our understanding of disease and evolution?” The prion protein (PrPC) is a protein seemingly found in the brains of almost all vertebrate animals which leads to the conclusion that it serves an evolutionarily important role. Due to its affinity for copper and location in the brain, the role PrPC plays in the brain is possibly related to the absorption of excess copper released after a neuron fires. However, studies with mice genetically engineered to lack the PrPC protein suggest that it is not necessary for normal development and that there...
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...chance of being successfully treated. "Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer among both men and women, with 168,000 new cases in 1992 and 146,00 deaths" ;(Winawer 283). "If you fall into the following categories of people who have been heavy smokers, you have the greatest chance of being diagnosed with lung cancer: a male over 60 ;someone who has smoked one for more packs of cigarettes a day for 20 years or longer ;someone who began to smoke before the age of 20 and is still smoking: a worker in a industrial plant with a high risk material, such as asbestos, who also smoke. Someone who has persistent or violent smokers cough ;someone who does not smoke but is frequently exposed to unnecessary passive smoke" ;(Cooper 114-120). Numerous studies all over the world have shown a link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, as well as other cancers, with an increase in cigarette smoking followed by an increase of lung cancer. Most of these studies involve the testing of non-smokers and smokers to see how things can affect them differently and why. The most common symptom of lung cancer is a cough caused by a blockage of the air passage to the lung as the tumor grows. Smoking is a major cause of lung cancer, as well as other cancers and diseases, such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. "Smoking is considered the single largest unnecessary and preventable cause of disease and early death in the United States" ;(Napoli 123). The...
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...1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Research Problem Much attention has been given to the dangerous work of journalists in conflict zones where they are vulnerable to kidnappings, death by crossfire or by murder. Since the onset of the U.S. led war on terror, no one has been spared by print, radio and television news accounts of the many local and international journalists being physically harmed and gruesomely killed, with Iraq contributing the most to the general increase in media deaths worldwide (Taback & Coupland 2006). Though arguably true, descriptive accounts of antipress violence, in particular murders have not been completely absent. In the early 1990’s, African journalists worked under turbulent environments, where nations such as Angola and Rwanda, nations plagued by civil war, reflected the situation of many other nations in the continent at that time (Matloff 1995). However, there is little attention in academic and mainstream media discussion on the targeted homicide of journalists in democratic nations. Murders of journalists affect many new and or transitional democracies-- “peace time” nations such as the Philippines, Mexico, India, Brazil and Russia 1 (CPJ 2009). One case in particular has garnered international attention, that of Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya, famed for her investigative reports on Chechnya (Chivers 2006). She was killed in 2006, gunned down in her own apartment building (ibid.). 1 Whether a...
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