...Justification of the huge salaries paid to some top athletes; an economic perspective. Over the last century there has been much research into the area of Labour Economics, and hence the determinants of supply, demand and wages for labour. In this essay, I will be looking at the unique example of the Sports Labour Market with specific focus on the European Football Market, and use various economic models to justify the huge salaries currently offered to top athletes within this field. The wages of professional footballers have risen dramatically since the Bosman ruling in December 1995, in which EU football players were given the right to a free transfer at the end of their contracts, with the provision that they were transferring from a club within one EU Association to a club within another EU Association (European Commission, 2012).This has been supported by various studies, including (Simmons, 1997), who argued that the move towards a free agency had the consequent impact of increasing players’ salaries, as the forgone transfer fees translate into increased salaries, since the bargaining power is transferred to the player. This was reinforced by (Downward, 2000) who found that post-Bosman, the wages within the United Kingdom’s Premier League rose considerably. However, these findings conflict with other studies conducted, including (Szymanski, 1999), who argued that the new ruling only lead to increased wages for superstar players who have the greatest bargaining power...
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...Racial disparity of lacrosse in school athletics “For years, parents and educators in poverty-ridden pockets of the South sensed the public schools were shortchanging their children. And they were right (Cenziper, Mellnik, 2013) Many public schools lack the resources to expose students to the world beyond their own poverty-stricken communities. The large disparity among schools in areas such as academics, advantages in higher education, and extracurricular activities particularly sports is based on the economics of the surrounding area. Funding for sports programs are the first to go when a school has difficulty meeting financial obligations despite it being proven that participation in schools sports increases both academic success and test scores. Americans continue to allow programs that assist in closing the economic gap between students and schools be removed under the guise of cost. Why are only certain sports offered in affluent school systems? Children attending school in impoverished communities are not afforded the same opportunities as those students in wealthier areas as a result diversity is lacking in sports that are more expensive to participate in. Racial disproportion is evident in most exclusive sports across the United States. In sports like lacrosse the ethnicity of the team vary rarely reflects the demographics of the state. There have been numerous attempts by non-profit organizations and clubs to diversify lacrosse but they have been unable to break...
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...considered national holidays? If a university offers "African-American Studies" or "Black Studies" as courses, should it also offer "European-American Studies" or "White Studies"? How do certain television programs perpetuate racial or ethnic stereotypes? Should Columbus Day be discontinued in favor of a new post-colonial perspective? Should schools only purchase textbooks that offer revised or alternative histories of historical events? What should be done about racial disparities in the sentencing of criminals? Should the American government pay reparations and return land to Native Americans? Should hate groups have the right to distribute literature on university campuses? If research shows that certain racial or ethnic groups receive poorer medical care on average, how should this problem be corrected? Should governmental organizations have staffs that accurately reflect the racial, ethnic, and gender balance in society? Gender and Sexuality What should be done to eliminate salary disparities between men and women? What should be done to create equity in executive positions for women in particular corporations and industries? Should women be allowed in military combat? To what extent? Is healthcare for women underfunded? In what ways? Should insurance companies which cover the cost of Viagra prescriptions also be required to cover birth...
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...came into use in this period. The philosophy underlying this approach is that women are lagging behind in society and the gap between men and women can be bridged by remedial measures within the existing structures. The WID approach started to recognize women as direct actors of social, political, cultural and working life. Therese Blancher mentioned gender disparity of Bengali society as: The birth of a boy is always greeted with joy. The birth of a girl is welcome when it is a first child (the first fruit which announces the fertility of the plant), or when there are already boys and no girl in a family. Otherwise, it is often received with resentment. Boys represent wealth, but girls are seen as a cumbersome responsibility. They are born to be given in marriage. This will require a dowry and impoverish the family most prefer a large number of sons. The reverse situation is a source of resentment and anguish (1996: 50). Both man and women works for the society but especially women all over the world perform multiple roles in productive labour (paid and unpaid), which is not reflected in their official measures of economic activity. Their access to equal pay for comparable work, family benefits, financial credit and the right to own and...
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...came into use in this period. The philosophy underlying this approach is that women are lagging behind in society and the gap between men and women can be bridged by remedial measures within the existing structures. The WID approach started to recognize women as direct actors of social, political, cultural and working life. Therese Blancher mentioned gender disparity of Bengali society as: The birth of a boy is always greeted with joy. The birth of a girl is welcome when it is a first child (the first fruit which announces the fertility of the plant), or when there are already boys and no girl in a family. Otherwise, it is often received with resentment. Boys represent wealth, but girls are seen as a cumbersome responsibility. They are born to be given in marriage. This will require a dowry and impoverish the family most prefer a large number of sons. The reverse situation is a source of resentment and anguish (1996: 50). Both man and women works for the society but especially women all over the world perform multiple roles in productive labour (paid and unpaid), which is not reflected in their official measures of economic activity. Their access to equal pay for comparable work, family benefits, financial credit and the right to own and...
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...Content Background of the organisation-Strengths | P.3 | Background of the organisation-Weaknesses | P.4 | International marketing experience and need to explore new markets | P.5 | ‘Rough’ Market Screening-Accessibility | P.6 | ‘Rough’ Market Screening- Profitability | P.7 | ‘Rough’ Market Screening- Market Size | P.8 | ‘Fine’ Market Screening-Analysis of markets and consumers | P.9 | ‘Fine’ Market Screening-Analysis of Competition | P.10 | Opportunity analysis of the country-market | P.11 | Reference | P.12 | Background of the organisation Strengths Taipan Bread & Cakes is a Hong Kong sale of Bread and Bakery chain, founded in 1984, currently has 30 outlets in Hong Kong, which is the well-known producer of snowy moon cake. It is the strength to be the first founder of snowy moon cake, in general, snowy moon cake is equal to Taipan while people having their snowy moon cake, they must think of Taipan. Hence, the other companies also imitate the manufacturing as they see the success of snowy moon cake. Taipan is strict with the production process, it invested over $ 20 million in snowy moon cake production line, starting with the raw material suppliers to the plant, the production process requires absolute hygiene at all times to maintain a sterile state. The snowy moon cake is only sold in Taipan store without any middlemen, it helped Taipan to control their level of service strictly and which is the effective management of product sales. In addition...
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...sharing and salary caps has revolutionized the business of professional sports. The National Football League implemented these concepts in order to promote competitive balance. Theoretically, revenue sharing is supposed to encourage equal distribution of wealth so as to not concentrate top-talent players to the teams with the most resources. In so doing, its practice should work to ensure that there is equal competition among small and large market teams. Also, by enacting a salary cap, larger market teams are prevented from monopolizing talent. Through a series of collective bargaining agreements and lawsuits, there has been a movement in the NFL toward benefiting both the players and owners. The NFL is the most successful professional sports league in the country. This is in large part due to its ability to run efficiently as a business and promote competition as a sport. In this paper, we examine the historical significance of the progressive collective bargaining agreements and how its changes have effected players and owners of teams in the league. We also examine the components of revenue-sharing and the salary cap implemented through the NFL’s CBA and their significance in promoting competitive balance. Historical Analysis of the Salary Cap and CBA The National Football League has undergone many changes since its inception in the 1920s. Early in the development of the National Football League, there was competition among teams in choosing players for their roster. As a result...
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...College hoops' black coaching issue Myron Medcalf [ARCHIVE] ESPN.com | July 18, 2013 When a national sportswriter calls to talk about minority hiring in college basketball, folks of all races seem to get nervous. As I sought feedback following last week's release of the "2012 Racial and Gender Report Card: College Sport" by Central Florida's Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport -- the report excludes historically black colleges and universities -- which states that the current pool of Division I African-American head coaches (18.6 percent through the 2011-12 season) is at its lowest mark since the 1995-96 season, people weren't sure what, if anything, they should say. Multiple administrators passed on the opportunity. The NCAA wanted to see my questions, and then it wanted a pre-interview phone conversation before it ultimately emailed its responses. The coaches who talked on the record always ended our chats with the same concern: "I didn't say anything that will make me look bad, right?" Shaka Smart Andy Lyons/Getty Images To reach Shaka Smart's level, black coaches often have to overcome certain labels. I don't blame them. It's an incendiary issue, because we're uncomfortable with race as dialogue. It's still a subject that makes athletic directors -- 89 percent of whom are white at the Division I level, per the report -- squirm. Minority coaches speak cautiously, because they don't want to be labeled as rebels or militants. That hesitancy...
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...S1 2015, Professor J. W, Webster University Introduction With the recent public backlash over the National Football League’s handling of domestic violence issues with its players, the League’s ethical policies and social responsibility behaviors are being highly scrutinized. It is an example of a highly successful, profitable company that has revealed itself to have a disparity between the social responsibility programs and ethical policies it has in place, and the degree to which it enforces them. Like most companies, is the NFL is at risk of decreasing profit margins in favor of ‘doing the right thing’? This paper will review the recent issues for which the NFL has come under fire, define corporate social responsibility programs, explain what measures the NFL is currently undertaking to rectify its public image problems, and explore the conflict that the National Football League, like any company, may experience with enforcing such measures. Discussion In 2014, NFL player Ray Rice was suspended by the League for two games, a suspension received as the result of the NFL discovering he’d perpetrated an act of domestic violence against his then fiancée, Janay. After the matter had been ‘settled’ by the League, news magazine TMZ obtained a video tape of the actual domestic violence incident from the casino where it took place. The tape clearly showed the football player punching his wife in the face which caused her to lose consciousness, and then showed Rice dragging his...
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... and the governing body. Essex County is bordered by human made boundaries. The weather of the community fluctuates according to the seasons. The usual temperature throughout winter stays within 24 to 42 degrees Fahrenheit. In the summer, it hikes up, and ranges between at 68 to 85 Fahrenheit. Natural disasters like flood, blizzards, snowstorms, heavy rains hurricanes, power outrage, water shortage common here. Essex county is the second most densely populated county in new jersey As of 2010 census population was 783969. The county is made up of 22 municipalities which are widely diverse encompassing large inner-city communities. Essex’s county’s economic wealth is not distributed uniformly across all residents, with large urban areas that include a large number of poor and minority populations with 11.7% county families had income below the poverty level. As of 2011, 10.8% residents were unemployed. Essex County is the first county in United States to create county wide park system. As of now 5,745 acres of...
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...Marketing Research Journal for YMCA Jonathan Lewis nathanolewis@gmail.com Abstract YMCA as commonly known is the acronym for Young Men Christian Association. This nonprofit organization is a worldwide organization in with more than 57 million beneficiaries all over the world. As the marketing manager, the purpose of this research journal to evaluate the internal and external marketing environments of the organization, this will give us a broader perspective into the success of the organization and the next level of growth for the organization. Although this is a nonprofit organization, but like for profit organization, there are different marketing factors and strategies such as the competitive environment, target audience, and many more that contributes to the success of the business. The observations and findings in this journal will be the groundwork upon with the business manager’s plan for this organization will be built. Keywords: competitive environment, target market, stakeholders, marketing mix, value proposition Introduction to YMCA Young Men's Christian Association is commonly known as YMCA or simply the Y. The organization comprises of over 125 national associations worldwide with more than 57 million beneficiaries from different walks of life. This nonprofit organization was founded on 6 June 1844 by George Williams in London. The main reason why he created the organization was to put Christian principles into practice by helping...
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...make its way into the world of sports. This paper concludes that the NFL, a space that is assumed to remove everyday concerns, ironically is filled with the underlying struggles America battles with—inequality and racism. With the help of Michelle Alexander and her findings regarding mass incarceration as the new form of the caste system, the paper will first unravel and present the racial politics of America. Alexander will help set the tone to a journey in recognizing the that racism and inequalities within the NFL are caused by the fear of intimacy that haunts white America. Following Alexander’s findings, search studies presented by the National Football League and Dr. C. Keith Harrison from the University of Central Florida, will reveal that inequality is in fact present in the NFL and that the league is not simply about football but about maintaining a monopoly. A big part of the history of the US is the idea that sports and other institutions in America are preserved for white men. That this is how they were founded and how they have been maintained. Furthermore, by presenting Kaepernick’s story, the paper argues that paychecks keep black athletes from speaking up and allowing for others to speak for them. Once again allowing inequality and racism within the NFL. The nightmare of racial hatred Kaepernick tries to bring to light is not outdated, but a present reality for many colored men in the States. Although the United States holds five percent of the world’s population...
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...An Analysis of the Impact of the Jock Tax on a Regional Basis Prepared for Professor McWhite Economics 5900 Spring 2016 Prepared by Zachary Zahedi Zahedi16@uga.edu 22 April 2016 Abstract: The study focuses on the marginal tax rate that professional football players face in the United States. This tax rate, which is assessed based on the proportion of days spent in the state of work throughout the NFL season, is called the jock tax. NFL players are not the only professional athletes in the United States that face this tax, however, the structure of their pay and the salary cap figures make the analysis the most manageable. After examining specific player data, my study determined that were significant discrepancies between a player’s effective tax rate within their conference and division and the average salary differences. The argument that critics have against the jock tax claim that players may be severely detrimental to the after tax earnings of all NFL players. Section I: Introduction According to a recent study in early 2016, the state of California collected just over $229 million from nonresident athletes due to the imposition of the ‘jock tax’ in 2013 (Artz, 2016). California is among 19 states that impose the jock tax on athletes that are visiting said states for performing in professional sporting events. The jock tax represents an auxiliary income tax imposed on nonresidents by the state in which the players are traveling. For example, a player...
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...The Progressive Era Following the Civil War, the mid-19th century brought a second industrial revolution. Many technological advances took place during this time, which gave way towards the beginning of the Gilded Age. Although the Gilded Age brought great economic improvement, many suffered. The economic development that this era brought to America was very appealing to immigrants, and America experienced a large influx of European immigrants towards the latter part of the 1800’s. Despite the technological and economic improvements of the Gilded Age, only a small percentage of the population in America reaped the benefits of this. Living and working conditions were abysmal, and tensions rose within the large, yet poverty ridden middle...
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...Chapter 3 THE CHALLENGES FACING PROFESSIONAL SPORTS The Financial Status of Professional Sports Growth of Professional Sports Major Leagues Minor Leagues State of Women’s Professional Sports Leagues Other Successful Sports Properties The Economic Reality of Professional Sports Team Financial Statements Controlling Player Costs National Football League National Basketball Association Major League Baseball National Hockey League European Soccer’s Path to Financial Health: UEFA’s Financial Fair Play Creative Accounting Roster Depreciation Allowance Franchise Appreciation Summary The Financial Status of Professional Sports Growth of Professional Sports Major Leagues The 1990s and early 2000s was a period of substantial growth for professional sports at all levels. The number of teams in the Big 4 major leagues grew from 103 franchises in 1989 to 122 franchises by 2001. During that time, the National Hockey League (NHL) added eight expansion teams, Major League Baseball (MLB) added four, the National Football League (NFL) added three, and the National Basketball Association (NBA) added five teams. In addition, several new leagues were launched in the 1990s with aspirations of becoming prominent national properties, most notably Major League Soccer (MLS) and the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). By 2001, each of the Big 4 leagues had reached a saturation point, having established franchises in nearly every market capable...
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