...ECTOTHERMS METABOLIC RESPONSE TO A CHANGING TEMPERATURE Abstract The effects of changing temperature on a chameleon’s metabolic rate by allowing the organism to interact with changing temperatures form 5oC to 40oC. In the laboratory, the animal was placed in a closed chamber, were the flow of gases was recorded, and the change in Oxygen intake was recorded using a gas sensor. Indirect calorimetry was employed. The data outcome shows a linear relationship between the animal’s body temperature and the ambient temperature, while also showing a small exponential relationship with steady increments of both the O2 consumption and body temperature, as the ambient temperature increased. Thus leading to a supported hypothesis. Introduction An ectotherm's metabolic rate is largely dependent on the temperature of its environment because, they are organisms that allow their internal temperature to mimic that of the environment they are inhabiting (Wyse, Hill & Anderson, 2009). Ectotherms control their body temperatures primarily through behavior. Contreras & Bradley (2011), found that as the temperature increased the metabolic rate of insects, which are ectotherms, increased; thus showing an expected linear relationship between temperature and mass-specific metabolic rate. The metabolic rate of an ectotherm can be measured by analyzing the oxygen intake per unit time per unit mass, using a respirometry system. In this lab the metabolic rate change of an ectotherm, a chameleon...
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...Being small helps to quickly absorb and lose body heat due to the increased surface area to volume ratio (Bakker 70). Dinosaurs had achieved immense evolutionary success, and this can only be explained by their supposed endothermy especially considering that most of their species were enormous in size. Small sized mammals coexisted with the dinosaurs, but they were insignificant in comparison (Marsh 413). High order mammals only evolved after the extinction of dinosaurs pointing to the latter’s superiority. Considering the argument that endotherms are superior to ectotherms, it does not make sense for these creatures to have been...
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...regulator is one in which it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face external fluctuation. (an otter regulates body temp independently of exterior cold water). -Homeostatic conformer is one in which the organism if it allows an external influence the internal conditions of the organism. (Bass fish conforms to the temp of the lake that it inhibits) 2. In your own words, provide a definition for poikioltherm, homeotherm, ectotherm and endotherm. Provide an example of an animal for each of the following combinations and explain why it fits these terms: - Poikioltherm: An animals whose body temp varies with the surrounding temperature -Homeotherm: An organism such as a bird or mammal, having a body temp that is constant and largely independent of the temperature surrounding. -Ectotherm- heat acquired from external environment -Endotherm- heat generated by metabolism Poikilotherm & ectotherm: Fish, amphibians, reptiles. Poikilotherm & endotherm: Mammals and birds, insects Homeotherm & ectotherm: tropical reptiles Homeotherm & endotherm: Mostly birds and mammals 3. Describe the 4 mechanisms through which animals exchange heat with their environments. -Radiation: Release of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero. -Convection: Transfer of heat by movement. Warm blood from core moves to extremities. -Conduction: Direct transfer to thermal motion between molecules of objects in contact with each other. -Evaporation:...
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...Republic of the Philippines SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences Lucban, Quezon NSC01- Biological Sciences (Lecture) Removal Examination Name: Course and Year: Date: GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: Type your answer in a separate file, submit it one hour after you received this exam. You may open your notes. Late submission will not be accepted. Please email me: restanmarkalvin@yahoo.com. Do not answer questions in RED. Good luck. _____1. The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at a particular temperature is called A. metabolic rate B. BMR C. SMR D. budget allocation _____2. The internal environment of vertebrates is called A. blood B. interstitial fluid C. hemolyph D. plasma _____3. It allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes A. ectotherm B. endotherm C. regulator D. conformer _____4. The mammalian trachea and esophagus both open into the A. large intestine B. stomach C. pharynx D. rectum _____5. To extract the most simplified food substance from the digestive system, it is best to study the A. mouth B. esophagus C. stomach D. small intestine _____6. The diffusion in and out of the blood of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes occurs only in the A. capillaries B. arterioles C. arteries D. veinlets _____7. ____________ carry blood away from the heart. A.Capillaries B. Venules C. Vein D. Arteries _____8. The component of blood that is responsible for clotting is: A.platelets B.Erythrocytes C.neutrophils...
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...propinquus. Mean is ± SE, n (warm)= 34, n (cold) = 32. The warm acclimated crayfish were at a temperature of around 21°C and the cold acclimated crayfish were at a temperature of around 5°C. Discussion The 14 day acclimated crayfish, Orconectes propinquus, showed no difference in the metabolic rate through oxygen consumption levels between warm and cold temperatures. When observing Figure 1, there is a similar error bar range and a minute difference between the two oxygen consumption rates at both temperatures. This parallels the hypothesis that cold and warm acclimated crayfish would have similar metabolic rates leading to very similar oxygen consumption levels. This is in part, due to the fact that crayfish are ectotherms. Due to environmental temperature changes, ectotherms must regulate their internal body temperatures to maintain a stable metabolic rate (Pörtner et al., 2007). This compensation can be observed through the metabolic rates taken at the different time checkpoints in lab. The first measurement was collected in the first half hour of the experiment and the second measurement was collected in the second half hour of the experiment. The significant difference between the two time measurements were that when the crayfish were initially put in to either the warm or cold water, they had to start compensating. By the time the second half hour came, they were fully compensating, leading to a change in oxygen consumption rates. Experiments involving a live species comes with...
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...blood stream, high concentrations of ADH make the tubules more permeable. * If less water is required in the blood stream, low concentrations of ADH make the tubules less permeable. Temperature Homeostasis (thermoregulation) One of the most important examples of homeostasis is the regulation of body temperature. Not all animals can do this physiologically. Animals that maintain a fairly constant body temperature (birds and mammals) are called endotherms, while those that have a variable body temperature (all others) are called ectotherms. Endotherms normally maintain their body temperatures at around 35 - 40°C, so are sometimes called warm-blooded animals, but in fact ectothermic animals can also have very warm blood during the day by basking in the sun, or by extended muscle activity (e.g. bumble bees, tuna). The difference between the two groups is thus that endothermic animals use internal corrective mechanisms, whilst ectotherms use behavioural mechanisms (e.g. lying in the sun when cold, moving into shade when hot). Such mechanisms can be very effective,...
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...the heat generated by our metabolism and we use a range of internal mechanisms to control our internal body temperature. Humans are a part of a specific class of endotherms called ‘homeotherms’ and this is because we are able to maintain a constant body temperature by metabolic activity. As homeotherms, we have various behavioural, structural and physiological adaptations which enable us to exploit a number of different external environments while still maintaining our internal body temperature within the narrow range that is required for metabolic reactions to take place. Ectotherms, like lizards and snakes, do not have a direct internal way of regulating their core body temperature, they are dependent on the external environment. For this reason, endotherms use adaptive techniques like hiding in the shade to cool down their body temperature or basking in the sun to warm up their body temperature. Ectotherms rely on their external environment to regulate their internal temperature and, therefore, must use behavioural strategies to maintain a stable body temperature because there cannot use metabolic heat to do so. Endotherms, sometimes called warm-blooded animals, use metabolic heat to maintain a stable internal temperature even in changing external temperatures. Endotherms have a range of mechanisms to control core body temperature and are, therefore, able to maintain the optimal internal body conditions. Endotherms have multiple methods to increase or decrease their internal...
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...of the body via the blood stream. The nervous system – Sends messages throughout the body that help to ensure that the bodily functions occur at an optimum level. Neurons are a part of the nervous system and these are located in the brain; with the function of sending electrical messages to other parts of the body through the spinal cord. The controlling of the body’s temperature is the most important homeostatic function. Organisms that are able to control their body temperature are called endotherms; whilst those that cannot are called ectotherms. Organisms that have no control over their body temperature and are the same temperature as their environment are called polkiotherms e.g jellyfish. Endotherms maintain a body temperature of 37 degrees and are known as warm-blooded animals. The main difference between ectotherms and endotherms is that endotherms use internal mechanisms to control body temperature whereas ectotherms use behaviour mechanisms such as sunbathing in order to maintain their body temperature. Endotherms use huge amounts of energy to control and maintain their body temperature and in humans, the temperature is controlled by the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus. It receives inputs from 2 sets of thermoreceptors which...
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...Outline for Climate Change Introduction: Why does climate change matter? Biochemically speaking, why is temperature so important? Temperature is critical to biochemical reactions, because it determines the effectiveness of the enzymes controlling the reactions. What is an ectotherm? ectotherms, organisms whose body temperature depends on the surrounding environment. What is the connection between performance and temperature in ectotherms? For these organisms, how fast they grow,1 how quickly they move,2,3 and almost everything else about their behavior and functioning is affected by external temperatures. What is the Goldilocks principle? And to what can it be applied when it comes to temperature? Goldilocks principle when the temperature is just right, enzyme activity is maximized. It is the optimum temperature, where an enzyme or things work at its best. Can be applied to enzymes, performance, population growth rates. How does temperature relate to species richness? As temperature increases the species richness (the number of species in a given area) increases So, what’s the big deal? many biological processes exhibit the same basic hump-shaped relationship with temperature, in which temperatures that are too low or too high impair or sometimes even terminate critical biological processes.1This is why climate change is the focus of so much scientific research. Part 1: Detecting climate change What is the difference between weather and climate? How is this...
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...At any given time and location animals are subjected to daily and seasonal changes in their surroundings. By far, the most obvious change is the daily fluctuation in temperature of their environment (Clarke & Fraser, 2004). The physiological effects of such changes in temperature is seen clearly in ectotherms (Clarke & Johnston, 1999), who rely on external heat sources for metabolic efficiency. It is generally known that the metabolic rate, and thus the heartrate, of animals scale exponentially with a change in temperature. A common rule of thumb is that the metabolic rate of an animal doubles with a 10 ͦC increase in temperature (Lawson, 2001) Daphnia, more commonly known as water lice, are soft-bodied aquatic animals used for live feeding of aquarium fish. The transparent exoskeleton of this animal makes it...
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...enery. 2. Compare and contrast how positive and negative feedback mechanisms are used to maintain homeostasis. Use these concepts to describe: * The maintenance of blood glucose levels When there is too much glucose in the body, insulin us used to bring it back to the normal level. This uses negative feedback because it is bringing the blood glucose levels back to normal. * The release of platelets to form blood clots. The first platelets will bind to the area of the wound and will release a signal that recruits more platelets tot come to the site. This is an example of positive feedback- the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. 3. What does it mean if an organism is an ectotherm? Endotherm? Give an example of each. An ectotherm does not regulate its own temp and depend on the envirmental temp. and endortherm can control its temp. 4. Herbivorous mammals tend to have extremely long digestive systems, especially the intestines; omnivores have intermediate length intestines; and carnivores have extremely short intestines. What might be a logical explanation for this pattern? It takes longer to digest plants because of the cell wall. Thus there needs to be a longer digestive tracks so that herbivores can get all the nutrients that need foe their body. 5. Why do strict vegetarians (vegans) have to be more careful of their choices of food than do vegetarians that also eat cheese, eggs, and dairy products? Thye are not able to get...
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...Course: Bio 102 Instructor: Marina Yoffe Assignment: Lab report (Introduction and discussion) Introduction The way in which different organisms acquire oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide has truly evolved. The exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen is essential for the survival of organisms that need to produce the energy molecule ATP through the process of cellular respiration. Respiration (breathing) is the way organisms exchange gases with their environment (White and Campo 2004). During cellular respiration organisms break down energy rich macromolecules such as starch to make ATP in a chemical reaction where oxygen and water is involved (Ege R. and A. Krogh 1914).The use of oxygen is very important; therefore the efficient acquisition of oxygen is very necessary for an animal’s survival. Depending on what type of organism is involved, our sources of oxygen are different and occur through diffusion. Terrestrial animals obtain oxygen through the air while organisms living in water depend on the oxygen from the water. Unlike terrestrial animals, the amount of oxygen for animals living in water is limited based on the amount of oxygen that has dissolved in the water. Since an adequate amount of oxygen is necessary, animals developed respiratory organs to help them ventilate and obtain as much oxygen from their respected sources as possible (W.C and R. Oesting 1934). One organism that has developed an efficient way of acquiring oxygen is fish. Fish use a counter-current exchange...
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...The green turtle is one of the largest sea turtles and the only herbivore among the different species. Green turtles are in fact named for the greenish color of their cartilage and fat, not their shells. In the Eastern Pacific, a group of green turtles that have darker shells are called black turtles by the local community. Green turtles are found mainly in tropical and subtropical waters. Like other sea turtles, they migrate long distances between feeding grounds and the beaches from where they hatched. Classified as endangered, green turtles are threatened by overharvesting of their eggs, hunting of adults, being caught in fishing gear and loss of nesting beach sites. Body Temperature- All reptiles are ectotherms. They are cold blooded and their bodies cannot create heat, so they must get it from another source, the sun. Body Covering- have a body covering of scaly skin. All reptiles have scaly skin. This tough, scaly skin is called scute or osteoderms Habitat-They both live in Land and Water How they Reproduce-The reproduction process of sea turtles is important as it is what keeps the various species alive. The age for maturity significantly varies from one species to the next. For some, it is when they are 3-5 years of age. For others though it is as late as 20-50 years of age. It will depend on the type of sea turtle species you are talking about. The mating process takes place in the water so there isn’t too much known about it. This has been confirmed due...
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...4.1 Answers Remembering 1 Helps you find what you want. 2 Types, subject and author. Understanding 3 a Function of item b Service it provides c Season or popularity d Year the car was made or the model (type) of car e Genre 4 Similarities: Branching and dichotomous keys start with one large group and slowly divides into smaller more defined groups. Each division is a choice. Differences: Branching keys offer two or more divisions at each branch, whereas dichotomous keys have only two choices at each branch. Applying 5 a beetle b butterfly c grasshopper d mosquito e rhino beetle f termite solider Analysing 6 a Herman b Ken c Eugene d Louisa e Jane 7 Xero 8 Student responses will vary. [pic] Evaluating 9 Student responses will vary. Creating 10 Student responses will vary. a How are all the lollies at the cinema different? b Why are boys’ names different? 11 Student responses will vary. [pic] 12 Student responses will vary. 13 Student responses will vary. 14 Student responses will vary. An example follows: 1 a short Chris b not short Go to 2 2 a male Ro b not male Go to 3 3 a brunette Marg b not brunette Jacinta 15 Student responses will vary. 16 Student responses will vary. Examples follow: a [pic] b 1 a Lives in water ...
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...nanoT - VaryCell TM Micro stage for time lapse imaging and temperature mediated cellular studies. Cells derived from mammals have an optimum in vitro growth rate between 36°C to 37°C as their in vivo physiological temperature ranges between 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F) in a normal individual. Homeostasis process maintains the constancy of the organism’s internal environment in response to changes in external conditions. Thermoregulation is part of the aforementioned process as controlled by the organism’s circadian rhythm. Figure 1: Diurnal temperature variation chart However there are cell types which have optimum growth at different to that of human cell types i.e. insect, avian, amphibians and cold water fish cells. Ectotherms or cold blooded animal cells can grow within a temperature range between 15°C and 26°C. Insect cells has an optimal growth at 27°C and can grow between 27°C and 30°C. Avian cells has an optimal growth at 38.5°C, however they can be cultured at temperature ranging between 37°C to 38°C. All the above cell types can be cultured in vitro at their optimal growth condition including biological gas flow using nanoT - VaryCellTM . Figure 2: nanoT – VaryCellTM The design is compatible with any type of microscope such as inverted, upright, fluorescent, confocal, stereoscope as the footprint of the nanoT - VaryCellTM mimics a standard 96/ 24/ 24 tissue culture plate. nanoT - VaryCellTM is compatible with required biological gas supply such as 5 %...
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