...systems. Recognize major organs and 1-2 major functions of each organ system. 4. Arrange the levels of structural organization from the most complex to simple. 5. What is homeostasis? 6. What is meant by the idea that homeostasis is a “dynamic process”? 7. What 2 organ systems are primarily involved in the maintenance of homeostasis? Which responds more quickly? 8. Can you describe an example of the nervous system regulating homeostasis? 9. Can you describe an example of the endocrine system regulating homeostasis? 10. List and describe the 3 basic parts of a homeostatic regulator mechanism? 11. What are characteristics of negative feedback? 12. What are characteristics of positive feedback? 13. Diagram an example of negative feedback. Identify the 3 basic parts in your example. 14. List 2 examples of positive feedback. 15. What is a homeostatic imbalance? What is a possible outcome of homeostatic imbalance? 16. What are general effects of aging on homeostasis? 17. Describe/recognize the anatomical position. Why do we need to understand this? 18. Name/label the major body cavities, their subdivisions, and the major organs contained within (be complete) . 19. What is the structure and function of serous membranes? 20. There are 2 layers of serous membranes. Name each and describe where each layer is located with respect to the organ/cavity. 21. What are the specific names of the serous membranes of the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs? 22. Be able...
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...Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environment changes. However both the nervous system and also the endocrine system control homeostasis in the body through feedback mechanisms which involves various organs and organ systems. Some examples of this are body temperature, pH balance, water, electrolyte balance, respiration and also blood pressure. The internal environment is the conditions inside the body; homeostasis aim is to maintain this at a constant level. Each process has a desirable peak environment which is called the norm, influences such as the external environment can cause deviation away from its norm level and the body will do this through negative feedback. Negative feedback in homeostasis describes the process by which bodily systems maintain their normal environment or states. Homeostasis describes the body’s overall regulation of its internal system. However when it changes for example body temperature negative feedback responses are triggered to then be able to bring the temperature back to its normal point. For example if the body becomes too hot sweating will occur to try and cool the body down, and if the body became too cold shivering would occur to warm the body back up . The typical state of a bodily system is called the set point; however negative feedback in homeostasis can’t keep systems exactly at the set point. Therefore negative feedback in homeostasis acts to keep body temperature within a normal...
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...TMA 1 1.1 Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions. The four basic human structure units are : * Cells * Tissues * Organs * Systems Cells : These are the basic structural unit of the body that maintain life. Every person consists of billions of cells that perform a infinite number of tasks in order to maintain the continuation of life. These live independently and can reproduce themselves. A cell also comes in different shapes and sizes depending on their function within the stability of life, for example, a mature red blood cell is less than 1mm in diameter and their function is to transport oxygen around the body. Tissues : Tissue is a collection of cells, not identical but a similar function, specialised to perform a specific function. Tissue comes in many different forms including blood, muscle, glands and bone(such as cartilage). These can also form nerve tissue to which are cells that specially conduct electrochemical nerve impulses throughout the body. Organs : All organs are formed when tissue combines with other forms of cells. This then gives you a structural unit, for example, a heart, that perform a specific function. Other examples of organs include the eye, liver, stomach, testis, uterus and kidneys all with their own particular function in sustaining life. Systems : System are cells, tissues and organs all working together to get a final outcome. For example, your digestive system needs a mouth,...
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...29th. • 1. Homeostasis is an important theme in studying the human body. Discuss homeostatic processes in each of the organ systems we covered this semester. Be sure to include discussion of negative feedback, set points, receptors and effectors. (7 points each) 2. Homeostasis- The tendency of a living body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment. (Saladin, 2015) a. Integumentary System – Homeostasis is critical for our body function, in order to stay in homeostasis the body goes through a process called negative feedback. Negative feedback mechanism in the integumentary system goes through 4 steps in order to maintain homeostasis; 1. There is a stimulus or change in the body. Example. Change in the body temperature. a. If the body is too cold it will trigger shivering to warm your body. b. If your body is too hot it will trigger sweating to release heat. 2. The sensor or receptor (sensory neuron) detects change in your body. 3. The control center (brain) sends out signals and messages to the effector. 4. The effector (muscle or gland) is in charge of restoring the body back to homeostasis. (Saladin, 2015) The body must regulate its own body temperature. Our normal set point is 98.6.When we are overheating our body responds in numerous ways in an effort to cool itself, such as sweating. Alternatively, if our body temperature is falling, we stimulate a process that conserve or...
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...Communication, Homeostasis & Energy Communication & Homeostasis Outline the need for communication systems within multicellular organisms, with reference to the need to respond to changes in the internal and external environment and to co-ordinate the activities of different organs. Organisms need to respond to external stimuli, e.g. temperature, oxygen concentration and levels of sunlight. These may be over time, e.g. winter fur to summer fur, or quickly, e.g. changing size of pupils. Internal environments change too- the build up of carbon dioxide as a result of respiration changes the pH of the tissue fluid, and therefore inhibits enzyme activity. Multicellular organisms need to coordinate different organs, so this requires a good communication system which will: • Cover the whole body • Enable cells to communicate with each other • Enable specific communication • Enable rapid communication • Enable both short and long-term responses. State that cells need to communicate with each other by a process called cell signalling. State that neuronal and hormonal systems are examples of cell signalling. Define the terms negative feedback, positive feedback and homeostasis. Negative feedback- A process in which any change in a parameter brings about the reversal of that change so that the parameter is kept fairly constant. Positive feedback- A process in which any change in a parameter brings about an increase in that change Homeostasis- The maintenance of a constant...
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...Unit 5 – Anatomy& Physiology P5 - Understand how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the maintenance of an internal environment P5- Explain the concept of homeostasis In this assignment, I will be explaining the concepts of homeostasis, and how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the maintenance of an internal environment. These consist of; heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and lastly blood glucose level. Homeostasis Homeostasis is the mechanism in our bodies which regulates and maintains a stable and constant environment. Our bodies are always making adjustments to regulate normal body function; luckily these adjustments are done automatically, otherwise we would be very busy people, regulating our internal environment repeatedly. Homeostasis is controlled by the nervous system and the endocrine system. Homeostasis is described as a ‘negative feedback system’. This just basically means that the system is able to take remedial action to preserve a constant environment. Homeostasis is in charge of maintaining the constant level of many body functions, such as heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and blood sugar levels. (Rasheed, Hetherington and Irvine, 2010). Heart rate Roles of internal receptors, autonomic nervous system-sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply, cardiac centre and sinoatrial node A receptor is the structure that monitors internal conditions. Receptors intellect changes in function and begins the body's homeostatic...
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...stress I would like to give is care giver stress. Care Giver Stress Homeostasis – the tendancy of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment while continuously interacting with and adjusting to changes originating within or outside the system. (medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/homeostasis.) The composition of the internal environment is maintained within narrow limits, and this fairly constant state is called homeostasis. Literally, this term means 'unchanging', but in practice it describes a dynamic, ever-changing situation kept within narrow limits. When this balance is threatened or lost, there is a serious risk to the well-being of the individual. There are many factors in the internal environment which must be maintained within narrowlimits and some of these are listed in Box 1.1.Homeostasis is maintained by control systems which detect and respond to changes in the internal environment. A control system (Fig. 1.3) has three basic components: detector, control centre and effector. The control centre determines the limits within which the variablefactor should be maintained. It receives an input from thedetector or sensor, and integrates the incoming information. When the incoming signal indicatesthat an adjustment is needed the control centre responds and its outpu to the effector is changed. This is a dynamic process that maintains homeostasis. (Ross and Wilson) page 5Adrenaline and noradrenaline Noradrenaline is...
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...P5- Explain the concept of homeostasis In this assignment, I will be explaining the concepts of homeostasis, and how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the maintenance of an internal environment. These consist of; heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and lastly blood glucose level. Homeostasis Homeostasis is the mechanism in our bodies which regulates and maintains a stable and constant environment. Our bodies are always making adjustments to regulate normal body function; luckily these adjustments are done automatically, otherwise we would be very busy people, regulating our internal environment repeatedly. Homeostasis is controlled by the nervous system and the endocrine system. Homeostasis is described as a ‘negative feedback system’. This just basically means that the system is able to take remedial action to preserve a constant environment. Homeostasis is in charge of maintaining the constant level of many body functions, such as heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and blood sugar levels. (Rasheed, Hetherington and Irvine, 2010). Heart rate Roles of internal receptors, autonomic nervous system-sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply, cardiac centre and sinoatrial node A receptor is the structure that monitors internal conditions. Receptors intellect changes in function and begins the body's homeostatic response. The receptors transmit a message to the brain, which in turn sends a message to the effectors, the heart and blood vessels. The heart...
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...assignments will she was at school. 2. Planning Instruction: Goals for this unit were to show that the process of structure determines function starts in cells and this process enables living things to maintain a balanced equilibrium, homeostasis. Within this unit, we covered cell parts, cell transport, effect of energy drinks on cells, how the excretory system uses cell transport, and positive and negative feedback to keep the body at homeostasis. These concepts are covered in the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) High School Life Science (HS-LS) 1-1 A: Systems of specialized cells within organisms help them perform the essential functions of life and multicellular organisms have a hierarchal structural organization, in which any one system is made up of numerous parts and is itself a component of the next level. This is also covered in HS-LS 1-3.A: Feedback mechanisms maintain a living system’s internal conditions within certain limits and mediate behaviors, allowing it to remain alive and function even as externa conditions change within some range. Feedback mechanisms can encourage (through positive feedback) or discourage (negative feedback) what is on inside the living system. There are several learning targets for students in this unit: 1-identify and describe the functions of each organelle, 2-identify and describe the functions of the cell membrane, 3- describe how substances move across the cell membrane, 4: explain how the kidney uses cell transport 5- to...
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...1. Cells 1.1 Describe the structure and function of animal cells to include: * cell membrane * Exhibits selective permeability, regulates the passage of material into and out of the cell. * Lipid membrane one factor responsible for the control of material into and out of the cell, in addition to the proteins in the membrane. * Hydrophobic interior prevents charged or v. Polar molecules from diffusing across membrane. Small non-charged can pass through * cytoplasm * nucleus: carries the genetic information * Mitochondrion. 1.2Describe the structure and function of plant cells to include: * cell membrane * cytoplasm * nucleus * cell wall * chloroplast * mitochondrion * vacuole. 1.3 Describe the structure and function of a bacterial cell to include: * cell membrane * cytoplasm * cell wall * chromosomal DNA/no ‘true’ nucleus. 2.4 Know the levels of organisation as: cells to tissues to organs. 2. Movement across membranes 2.1 Know the definition of and examples of diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Diffusion: net movement of dissolved particles down the concentration gradient, from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Passive. Facilitated diffusion: net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient with the help of carrier proteins in the membrane. Passive. Ion channels are examples of membrane proteins involved in facilitated diffusion; channels...
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...Page 1 Louise Shooter NC33297 6 New Street, Milnsbridge Huddersfield, West Yorks HD3 4LN HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LEVEL 2 Assignment 1 TMA 1 1.1 Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions? The four basic human structures are cells, tissues, organs, and systems. The cell is the smallest building block of the body, and is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. They live independently and can reproduce itself. A group of cells form Tissues. They come in all different sizes such as elongated, square, oval and even star shaped. The cell is made up of protoplasm (jelly like substance), it is 70% water plus organic and inorganic salts, carbohydrates, lipids (fatty substance), nitrogenous substances, (these are amino acids obtained from protein), and compounds of all the above. Blood for example is a liquid tissue made up of several different types of cells. Cells allow us to breathe, digest, excrete, reproduce, sense, grow, move, die. When a cell goes wrong this can be the origin of disease and illness. Tissues, is a group or cells joined together, there is four different types of tissue, epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular. Epithelial There is two categories of epithelial tissue, simple and compound, simple is often found as a covering or lining...
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...M2 - Discuss the probable homeostatic responses to changes in the internal environment during exercise. What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is defined as “maintaining a constant internal environment.” [1] The term internal environment refers to the area and components inside an individual’s body e.g. this consists of the blood, tissue fluid, body cell contents and all of the metabolic processes that occur. Constant means an ongoing process and too regulate and control. Homeostasis controls a range of conditions and physiological processes in the body such as body temperature, water content and blood glucose concentration. For example the homeostasis concept means that if it detects that the internal body’s temperature is too hot, the body will begin to sweat and loose heat to its surroundings to bring it back to its optimum temperature. Homeostasis works alongside the negative feedback mechanism. Negative feedback system The negative feedback system is a mechanism that occurs and works with homeostasis to help regulate the internal environment. Below is a generalised negative feedback cycle that can be applied to variables in homeostasis. The first stage is detecting a stimulus in the variable. For example the variable could be body temperature and a stimulus is when there is a change or imbalance in the internal environment so this would mean an increase or decrease in body temperature (+/- 37°c). Secondly this change is then detected by a receptor (sensor); a receptor is...
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...Excretory system Cliffs page 203-206 Textbook diagrams Study guide questions What is the function of the excretory system? Maintains homeostasis by disposing metabolic wastes and control body fluid composition Describe 2 specific examples of osmoregulation in fish. Osmoregulation: the general process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss Salt water fishes: Gain water and salt ion through drinking seawater or from food, Excretion of salt ions from gills, Osmotic water loss through gills and other parts of body surface, Excretion of salt ions and small amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys Fresh water fishes: Uptake of water and some ions in food, Uptake of salt ions by gills, Osmotic water gain through gills and other parts of body surface, Excretion of large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys There is diversity in the excretory mechanisms of living thing. Describe each and include an example. Contractile vacuoles: Flame cells Nephridia Malpighian tubules Mammalian kidney Describe the functional unit of the human kidney Nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and pressure, controls levels...
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...September 16, 2015 Acid-Base Balance The acid base balance is a homeostatic process that aides the body in maintaining a pH in the arterial blood between 7.35-7.45 (Patient, 2015). The body works together through multi-systems to ensure that acidity or alkalinity never take over within the blood. The purpose of the following paper is define the classification of the acid-base balance, define the factors from the case study, explain the pathophysiology, describe the compensatory mechanisms, pharmacological interventions, and the educational needs of patients with an imbalance. Classification In the following case study, the patient presents with metabolic alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis is a state within the blood when sodium bicarbonate (HCO3) increases. This condition can arise when the there is an acid loss within the body and HCO3 in the blood increases (Merk Manual, 2015). This process can cause the intracellular shifting of hydrogen ions, thus causing HCO3 retention. In the case study it is identified that the kidneys have a higher content of HCO3 because of the volume depletions. Normally, the kidneys filter out the HCO3 and excrete it into the urine (Merk Manual, 2015). In the case study, compensatory mechanisms have not activated, because the PaO2 is still within normal range of 35-45mm Hg, with a level of 40mm Hg. When excretion does not occur, the acid-base balance shifts from homeostasis and the body attempts to correct the alkalinity imbalance. Factors In the...
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...Goosebumps Ever wonder why you get goose bumps? Do they serve a purpose? Why do they develop when we are cold? Cutis anserine is one of the medical terms for Goosebumps (cutis means skin and anserine means goose). The term describes a change in the skin from smooth to bumpy which usually occurs after exposure to the cold. Most animals regulate their body temperature at a particular level. For humans it is 37°C. If the temperature is too high the body will apply different mechanisms to decrease its temperature. E.g. sweating and dilation of blood vessels. If the temperature is to low the body will counteract to increase the temperature. E.g. shivering, constriction of blood vessels and goose bumps. This is a negative feedback system which allows us to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the process of keeping a constant internal condition. How do we keep things the same? To keep our body at a constant temperature we need three things: receptors, a processing centre and effectors. Thermoreceptors in the skin detect changes in external temperature. They pass this information on to the processing centre in the brain called the hypothalamus which is a tiny gland in the brain. An important job...
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