...Introduction & Hypothesis: Enzymes are important for every living organism, because they are the reason that reactions occur. Although most reactions would take place without enzymes, enzymes allow these chemical reactions to happen at a much faster rate, therefore making cells more efficient (Reece, 2011). Enzymes are catalysts, and almost always proteins, that speed up the rates of reactions by lowering the activation energy without being consumed in the reaction (Helms, 1998). Throughout this experiment, four procedures will be performed to indicate the factors that alter the functioning of enzymes, and the importance that these factors are to be in correct levels in order for a cell to function properly. Proteins are macromolecules with unique polypeptide chains that make up their structure (Reece, 2011). The functions of proteins are dependent on their structure, and since enzymes are almost always proteins, the structure of the enzyme is very important for the enzyme to function. However, there are factors that can disrupt the structures of enzymes. These can be environmental factors such as temperature and pH, or they can be concentration changes, such as an increase or decrease in enzyme or substrate concentration (Eed, 2013). Temperature is an environmental factor that can alter enzyme activity (Reece, 2011). An increase in the kinetic energy of a solution results in an increase in temperature (Reece, 2011). As the temperature increases, the molecules in the...
Words: 2657 - Pages: 11
...Introduction Enzymes are biological catalysts. Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up themselves. Enzymes are also proteins. They all have different and complex shapes that allow smaller molecules to fit into them. The place where these substrate molecules fit is called the active site. The shape of an enzyme can change; its active site may no longer work. It is said the enzyme is denatured. They can be denatured by high temperatures or extremes of pH. Like all other proteins, enzymes are made of amino acids. Each enzyme is made of between 100 to 1 million amino acids placed like pearls on a string. Each amino acid is bonded to the next by chemical bonds. Some enzymes can be made from 20 different kinds of amino acids. No two enzymes are alike. Each enzyme has its own unique sequence of amino acids, which is determined by the genes in the cells. Enzymes consist of millions of amino acids placed one after the other, however, do not look like a long string of amino acids. In most enzymes the string is coiled and folded thousands of times to form a highly complex three-dimensional structure. It is the chemical interactions between the amino acids that force the enzymes into their three-dimensional structure, which is held together by the many different links between the different amino acids. Each enzyme has its own unique three-dimensional structure that determines the function of the enzyme. The three-dimensional structure of enzymes...
Words: 960 - Pages: 4
...The Effects of Temperature, pH, Enzyme Concentration , and Substrate Concentration on Catecholase Introduction Enzymes are biological proteins that speed up the reaction rate of a chemical reaction. They work in the human body by lowering activation energy making certain that reactions will initiate. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In this case, factors that influence the activity of an enzyme are called modulators. If modulators activate enzymes the reaction rate catalyzed will significantly increase, but if the modulator inactivates enzymes the reaction rate catalyzed will significantly decreased (Silverthorn, 2004). The potentially disastrous influence of temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration on enzymes and other proteins is one reason why these modulators are very strictly regulated by the body (Silverthorn, 2004). Temperature, a measure of the intensity of heat, is an important factor in the activity of enzymes. The velocity of an enzymatic reaction is influenced by temperature. This is because substrates collide with active sites frequently in the presence of rapidly moving molecules. In addition, although these molecules do move rapidly the speed of the reaction drops sharply. In short, thermal agitation causes protein molecules (enzymes) to denature ( breakdown of protein structures). All enzymes have an optimal temperature at which reaction rates go fastest without denaturing the enzyme (Campbell and Reece, 2002)...
Words: 1991 - Pages: 8
...Chapter 3 Enzymes Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) explain that enzymes are globular proteins that catalyse metabolic reactions; (b) explain the mode of action of enzymes in terms of an active site, enzyme/substrate complex, lowering of activation energy and enzyme specificity; (c) [PA] follow the progress of an enzyme-catalysed reaction by measuring rates of formation of products (for example, using catalase) or rates of disappearance of substrate (for example, using amylase); (d) [PA] investigate and explain the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration on the rate of enzymecatalysed reactions; (e) explain the effects of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors on the rate of enzyme activity; (f) use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems. Enzymes are globular protein which act as catalysts • Enzymes are protein molecules defined as biological catalysts which speed up a chemical reaction and remain unchanged at the end of reaction. • Enzyme names end in –ase E.g. amylase, ATPase • Enzyme are globular proteins. Enzymes are globular protein which act as catalysts • Enzyme molecules are coiled into a precise threedimensional shape, which hydrophilic R groups (side-chains) on the outside of the molecule ensuring that they are soluble. Enzymes are globular protein which act as catalysts • Enzyme molecules have active site. • The active site of an enzyme is a region...
Words: 1738 - Pages: 7
...Introduction (5 marks) Enzymes are globular shaped proteins that are found throughout the body, with their main function being to act as biological catalysts. An enzyme can act to speed up or regulate the rate of the reaction, in order to maintain an efficient rate of biological reactions. Enzymes, whilst having an important role in the reaction of many chemicals within the body, are not consumed in the reaction, and so are able to catalyze many reactions in their life cycle. Enzymes are able to reduce the activation energy of the reaction; the energy required to break bonds between the reactants, and form new bonds in the products, which allows more product to be formed. (Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, pp.51-53). Enzyme activity is affected by changes in the pH of their solution. For each individual enzyme, there is a corresponding pH at which, that particular enzyme’s activity will be at it’s maximum. This is known as the optimum pH. If the pH of the solution is getting closer to it’s optimum pH for that particular enzyme, then the activity of the enzyme, and therefore it’s rate of reaction, will increase. At extremes of pH (either extremely acidic or basic) enzymes tend to become denatured; a state in which they lose all of their biological activity. (Worthington Biochemical Corporation, 2011). Temperature has the ability to increase the reaction rate of chemical reactions, by increasing the kinetic energy of the molecules themselves. By increasing the kinetic energy...
Words: 2043 - Pages: 9
...Science > Amylase enzyme: the effects of temperature About Contact Amylase Enzyme: The Effects Of Temperature Amylase is an important metabolic enzyme. Its function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of starch into glucose. At high temperatures, Amylase becomes denatured, denatured amylase no longer catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into glucose. Amylase is an important metabolic enzyme. Its function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of starch into glucose. This particular enzyme, which is found in all m ammals, speeds up specific digestive processes which take place along the digestive track running from the mouth to the small intestines. Amylase's essential role in digestion makes it an attractive prospect for research. The human body must be kept within several degrees of 37° Celsius for biological functions to continue working. If body heat exceeds 37°C by too much cells become impaired or permanently damaged, at lower temperature metabolism decreases without permanent damage until ice crystals form in the cells. What happens to Amylase at extreme temperatures? Perhaps the answer to that question will give insight into metabolism's reaction to low temperatures. There are over 700 enzymes which have currently been identified. An enzyme is defined as a catalyst which increases the rate of a metabolic reaction. Most enzymes are specific, meaning that they only work on a particular reaction or class of reactions. Many industrial processes m ake use of enzymes to create their...
Words: 632 - Pages: 3
...Title: What is the effect of temperature on Enzyme activity? Purpose: Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells. They break down molecules called substrates. Each enzymes have only one substrate that breaks down. Enzymes are produced in the cells of the body and affect the rate of almost all the chemical reactions which take place in living organisms. The rate of enzymes activity is influenced by temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. The purpose of this lab was to determine the affects of enzyme activity under specific temperature changes, pH values and substrate concentration. Since heat increases the rate of most chemical reactions, the addition of heat causes faster molecular movement. Most enzymes active in living tissue becomes denatured, their secondary or tertiary protein structure breaks down, at the temperature above 40 degrees C. In the effects of pH, it is expected that the changes in pH would have an effect on the action of enzymes. Lemon juice helps keep the apple from growing, because its full of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and it has a low acidic pH level. But extreme high levels of low pH values can result in a complete loss of enzymes activity thus leaving the apple to brown. The effects of substrate concentration, an enzyme substrate complex is formed when a substrate fits into active of an enzyme. The velocity, the rate of speed, at which the enzymes works will increase until it reaches a maximum. If the substrate...
Words: 310 - Pages: 2
... Enzyme lab report Determining the properties of an Enzyme Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that acts as catalysts for reactions. This means that enzymes lower the activation energy essential for a reaction to take place, allowing a specific reaction to occur much quicker and easier. Certain enzymes only lower the activation energy for certain reactions, and enzymes are shape precise. The distinctive folds of the amino acid chains that make up an enzyme result in the formation of a precisely shape active site. When the reactants of a reaction, substrates, fit seamlessly into the active site of an enzyme, the enzyme is then able to catalyze the reaction. The activity of enzymes is affected by the concentration of enzymes current and the concentration of substrate current. As the amount of enzyme present increases, the rate of reaction increases. Most enzymes need specific environmental conditions to be met in order for them to function properly and efficiently. These conditions include the pH level, temperature, and the inhibitor. If the ideal conditions for an enzyme are altered, the enzyme may denature, or change its shape, resulting in deactivation. As a result, the enzyme activity would be that it would no longer be able to catalyze the reaction, and the reaction rate would significantly decrease. Methods and Materials: * Temperature effects: The materials that...
Words: 590 - Pages: 3
...An experiment to show effect of the temperature on the action of an enzyme Abstract The experiment was to analyse what reaction temperature would have on Amylase enzyme. We heated alpha amylase solution to set temperatures then tested for the presents starch with iodine solution. Any starch would turn the iodine black. Once the starch had broken down the iodine would remain brown to suggest the presents of maltose. Usually I would expect to find that the reactions would increase as the temperature increased. After it reached its optimum temperature then the reaction would slow down rapidly or stop all together. However throughout the experiment we uncovered a number of flaws, the flaws would have contributed to the failure of this experiment and the rejection of my hypothesis. Introduction Enzymes are proteins that were made during protein synthesis. They are globular in shape and of a tertiary structure that has an active site. The protein molecules act as a catalyse biochemical reaction in living organisms. (Indge, B (1993), A-Z Biology. London. Wearset. 90). A catalyse is something that makes a chemical reaction happen more quickly without itself being changed. This means that enzymes can be re-used. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy necessary to start a reaction. As less energy is necessary, biochemical reactions can take place at the temperatures and pressures found in living cells. (Indge, B (1993), A-Z Biology. London. Wearset. 90). ...
Words: 2628 - Pages: 11
...Introduction Catalysts help speed up reactions. Catalysts come from a certain molecular substance found in cells. These are called enzymes. Enzymes would temporarily bond to one or more reactants of a reaction and catalyze, meaning they speed up the process with lower activation energy needed. Enzymes provide a variety of functions such as cells using an enzyme to rid themselves of a poisonous substance (hydrogen peroxide) and also energy usage. catalase 2H2O(l) ( 2H2O(l) + O2(g) This lab measured the time it took for a disc of filter paper soaked with different concentrations of enzyme to make its way to the surface of the test tube containing peroxide. The evidence observed that proved there was indeed catalase present was the oxygen bubbles forming and causing the disc to rise to the surface. Materials and Method (as per teacher instruction) Referring to the data recorded in part I, the concentration of the catalase that had the fastest rate of reaction was at 100%. Whereas the slowest was at 0%. Part I : Effect of enzyme concentration | | |Reaction rate (mm/s) |Class average | |% of catalase |Group 1 |Group 2 |Average | |100 |7.40 |9.46 |8.43 | ...
Words: 650 - Pages: 3
...The purpose of this experiment is to examine the effect that enzyme concentration has on reaction time and the effect that substrate concentration has on enzyme reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts that catalyze different chemical reactions. In general, enzymes are proteins and they are each specific to specific chemical reaction. In order for enzymes to process properly, they should maintain a specific three dimensional structure. When enzymes function, they combine with their substrates (reactant) to form susbtrate-enzyme complex. Then this complex converts into a product and unaltered enzyme. Substrate + Enzyme Substrate-Enzyme Complex Product + Enzyme OR Substrate –Enzyme Product (From this equation, in general, the reaction of enzyme is irreversible.) Some of the factors that affect the rate of reaction are temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, product concentration, etc. The rate of reaction is affected by the level of pH. The extreme level of pH can denature enzyme and result loss of its action. The optimum pH is 14 and this is the level of pH where the rate of reaction is the highest. Temperature also affects the rate of reaction. As temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases as well; however, it increases until the optimum temperature. After optimum temperature, the enzyme denatured. The concentration of enzyme and substrate affect the rate of reaction. In theory, the higher the concentration of substrate, the...
Words: 817 - Pages: 4
...TYPE YOUR FULL NAME: Ericka Burton TYPE YOUR FULL NAME: Ericka Burton UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 4: Enzymes Experiment 1: Effect of Enzyme Concentration Table 1: Effect of Enzyme Concentration on the Production of Gas Tube | Amount of yeast | Balloon circumference (cm) After 1 minute | Balloon circumference (cm) After 3 minutes | Balloon circumference (cm) After 5 minutes | Final Circumference (cm) | Time Required to Complete | 1 | 0.05 g | 15.5 cm | 17.2 cm | 20.5 cm | 21.9 cm | 11 mins | 2 | 0.005 g | 13.8 cm | 15.1 cm | 19.6 cm | 20.1 cm | 12 mins | 3 | 0.0005 g | 8.8 cm | 10.5 cm | 13.1 cm | 13.1 cm | 9 mins | Questions 1. What is the enzyme in this experiment? What is the substrate? Yeast is the enzyme. Sugar as the substrate. 2. Did you notice a difference in the rate of reaction in the tubes with different concentrations of enzymes? Why or why not? It is yes, since there is change in balloon size. More the concentration of the enzyme more will be the consumption of substrate. That indicates the rate of reaction is more. 3. What was the effect of using less enzyme on your experiment? There is less size of the balloon for less enzyme concentration. There is less production in the gas. 4. Do you expect more enzyme activity if the substrate concentration is increased or decreased? Draw a graph to illustrate this relationship. If you increase the substrate concentration the rate will also increase up to a...
Words: 1180 - Pages: 5
...An enzyme is a globular protein functioning as a biological catalyst. An active site is the place on the surface of an enzyme to which substrate or substrates bind. 3.6.2 Explain enzyme–substrate specificity. The active site has a particular three-dimensional structure that corresponds to a specific substrate rather like a lock and key. 3.6.3 Explain the effects of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on enzyme activity. For all enzymes, there is an optimum temperature at which the maximum amount of collisions occur in the active sites. As the temperature decreases, there is less movement and fewer collisions, so enzyme activity decreases. There is a limit to which the enzyme activity can increase because at a certain temperature the active site is distorted by heat Enzyme activity increases with substrate concentration but only up to a certain point. There is an upper limit to the increase in enzyme activity because at some point all available active sites are filled. Enzymes are pH sensitive. Hydrogen ions can interfere with hydrogen bonding and, in extreme cases, may even break covalent bonds. There is an optimal pH level for each enzyme. 3.6.4 Define denaturation. Denaturation is a structural change in a protein that results in the loss (usually permanent of its biological properties. Refer only to heat and pH as agents 3.6.5 Explain the use of lactase in the production of lactose-free milk. Production of lactose-free milk is an example of an industrial...
Words: 335 - Pages: 2
... Title: What is the effect of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on Enzyme activity? Purpose: Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells. They break down molecules called substrates. Each enzymes have only one substrate that breaks down. Enzymes are produced in the cells of the body and affect the rate of almost all the chemical reactions which take place in living organisms. The rate of enzymes activity is influenced by temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. The purpose of this lab was to determine the affects of enzyme activity under specific temperature changes, pH values and substrate concentration. Since heat increases the rate of most chemical reactions, the addition of heat causes faster molecular movement. Most enzymes active in living tissue becomes denatured, their secondary or tertiary protein structure breaks down, at the temperature above 40 degrees C. In the effects of pH, it is expected that the changes in pH would have an effect on the action of enzymes. Lemon juice helps keep the apple from growing, because its full of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and it has a low acidic pH level. But extreme high levels of low pH values can result in a complete loss of enzymes activity thus leaving the apple to brown. The effects of substrate concentration, an enzyme substrate complex is formed when a substrate fits into active of an enzyme. The velocity, the rate of speed, at which the enzymes works will increase until...
Words: 1327 - Pages: 6
...Enzymes are globular proteins folded into a complex 3-dimensional shape that contain a special surface region called the active site where specific substrate can bind structurally and chemically. They act as catalysts, meaning that they are substances which lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur and therefore increases the rate of the reaction. Activation Energy is the minimum energy barrier needed to be overcome before a reaction can occur by providing an alternative reaction pathway. The beneficial aspect of enzymes is that they are extremely efficient and may be used repeatedly. One enzyme may be used to catalyze thousands of reactions every second. The two factors that affect the efficiency of how enzymes...
Words: 1434 - Pages: 6
