...The Effectiveness of Music Therapy in Treating Children with Autism: A Literature Review Abstract This literature review explores the use of music therapy in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and its degree of effectiveness in helping children to better develop social and communication skills. All of the sources discussed used improvisational music therapy to conduct different types of studies that address the usefulness of music therapy. Researchers used different methods of measuring children’s responsiveness to music therapy. A majority of the authors claim music therapy has a considerably positive effect in treating children with autism; however, some results indicated there is not enough evidence to confirm music therapy has a significant impact or that it is the best form of treatment for autistic individuals. There is a need for further research in order to determine whether or not music therapy is the most effective form of therapy. Future studies may be more strategically designed to minimize the difficulty in analyzing such complicated results. In addition, there should be studies that have clinical value and contain a larger number of participants so that the results may be better generalized. Introduction For years, scientists, doctors, psychiatrists, and several others have been trying to determine the cause of autism as well as a cure for the disease. Autism is a type of Pervasive Developmental Disease that is characterized by an inability...
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...Music Therapy: The New Approach for Psychiatric Patient Introduction Music therapy is the use of music interventions to achieve individualized goals of healing the body, mind, and spirit. It involves skilled music therapists, who act as mediators to interact with patients, assesses their physical, emotional, and mental needs, and offer them with the necessary healing through music. Music therapy integrates various musical elements and certain therapeutic protocols to achieve certain objectives (Bruscia, 2000). Many people obtain some kind of healing whenever they have emotional, cognitive, or social issues through music. People living with disabilities or certain illnesses have often found music to offer a soothing environment that facilitates the healing process. Music uses creative, emotional and a non-verbal language to enable users to gain self-awareness and self-expression. In many cases, people have found music to be more powerful than plain words, as it offers a unique channel of communication and expression. Essentially, people suffering from autism and Alzheimer’s disease, and those having developmental disabilities can always become beneficiaries of music therapy. This paper will give a brief history of music therapy, and its role as an alternative treatment for autism and Alzheimer’s disease. Thereafter, the paper will give a brief discussion on the politic of making music therapy a real treatment. History of music therapy Music therapy traces...
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...Literature Review on Autism Literature Review on Autistic Spectrum Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has become a widespread and familiar disorder in the 21st century. ASD is defined as an impairment of cognitional and emotional functioning. People with ASD will have difficulty interacting socially with their peers, and many struggle with developmental delays such as speech. Autistic children will often be less responsive to their caregivers than children without the disorder. In the research article by Tong &Brereton two important areas of difficulty for children with ASD is the ability to speak clearly, and the lack of skills needed to play and have an imagination (2010). Children with autism are very matter of fact, and rarely understand any metaphors. They may also be ritualistic and have compulsive behaviors. The cause and effect of ASD is still unknown, many researchers believe there are biological and genetic factors that play a role (Tong, Brereton, 2010). Since ASD as a behavioral disorder, can autism be cured? Will children who are diagnosed with the disorder live with the same delays and rituals as they did as a child? After reviewing many journals, I have failed to find any evidence of cures; I have however come across different therapy’s in there preliminary phases. Music and dog therapy are being used across the country. Gold, Wingram and Elefant explain in their article that music helps people who are non-verbal interact without the use of words...
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...1. What is the difference between a. and a. Music Helps us: Music brings our attention to enhance one’s health and well-being. Moreover, improve mood, decrease pain and anxiety. If you want to firm up your body, head to the gym. Should you want to exercise your brain, listen to music. As you can see, there are published to be many exceptional improvements like: Memory, Attention, Motor Control, Emotions, Perceptions and Language. 2. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'? What is Autism & Autism? It is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects socialization and communication and causes repetitive and stereotyped behavior. Experts estimate that occurs in 1.1 percent of the population. This was first reported in 1943 by Leo Kanner....
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...method of paining rather than finger painting which can be used for younger service users. Water colour painting is more complex and more of a challenge. Young children: There is so much evidence now-a-days about how children’s brains develop and the effect of creativity and the arts on this...
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...Is There Any Genetic Evidence to Explain Why Musical Prodigies Exist? Kristina Vianca Constantino Tabuena San Diego Miramar College Abstract By definition, one is considered a musical child prodigy if he or she possesses an exceptional ability, at a professional level, for music at a young age. Musical ability is defined as the capacity for music perception and production. This is really interesting because the children looks like they have been hand-picked by nature to have these gifts since they have parents who are just like any of us. This phenomenon has been known for a long time, however, there are only a few researches that have been done about this and that is why we hardly understand why musical geniuses exist and how come it is not common at all. Some theories suggest that prodigies are linked to autism. Some of these children have been treated as subjects for long-term researches to find any genetic factors that will link a trait that characterizes being a musical prodigy. The phenomenon of musical geniuses is a product of both genetic factors, as seen in their family background and link to autism, and environmental factors like family support and their devotion to practice. Methods I chose this topic because I find musical prodigies very interesting. I already started researching about them since I have been watching documentaries and following news about them. I watched a documentary about a polyglot, a master of multiple languages, named Tim Doner and I...
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...Music is more than hearing a favorite song on the radio or a popular artist on stage performing in front of thousands of people. Although that maybe a great way to start someone’s day, music is bigger than celebrities are. In today’s society, music is changing people’s lives. Music is now more capable of changing someone rather than just riding to tunes on the way to the grocery store. Music has served as medicine to help those who are incompetent, struggling with disabilities, the elderly, and children. Music is therapy. In a recent study, “The modem use of music therapy in hospitals developed during the 1950s in Europe and the United States. Many physicians began to use a multidisciplinary approach to medicine and, recognizing the soothing effect of music, provided music therapy to patients who were...
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...Genetics, Brain Structure, and Behavior Evaluation Over the years autism has been measured a mental illness, a personality disorder, an emotional disturbance, a communication disorder, a developmental disability a mental handicap, as well as, more recently, an information processing problem (Williams, 2006). Autism carries on to be classified as a all-encompassing developmental disorder, a term which mentions children and adults who have severe enduring difficulties in social plus communication skills beyond those accounted for by general developmental delay. Increasingly children are being diagnosed with an autistic spectrum disorder. It is significant that teachers are aware of the features of the disorder and have an understanding of its implications for learning, as well as being able to identify the disorder in its early stages so that appropriate help may be given. Autism is a complex disorder that may not be due to a single cause. It may be that a variety of influences affect neurological development at an early stage (Humphreys and Ramm, 2003). The factors that have been implicated are outlined below. Methodical research has failed to support any more than a small role for the social environment in the development of autism. The conviction that faulty parenting or family factors are implicated has now been discredited, even though raised anxiety levels within the family can lessen children's ability to cope. It is thought that a basic cognitive deficit to do with the...
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...An Overview of Autism As a future Speech Language Pathologist and educator, it is important to consider a vast variety of mental disorders when dealing with patients or students. The importance is evident because disorders affect how your clients respond to treatment or social interaction in general. It is imperative to be aware of a disorder’s affect on children, short term and long term. In terms of speech development, the effects of such a disorder are even more important to note. In this instance, I will examine autism, a developmental disability that takes place on a lifelong basis. It has an influence on how patients communicate or interact with others in their multitude of facets of life. First, I will look into a general overview...
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...cognitive functions. With the present understanding of the underlying mechanism use of auditory stimulation can be used for reprogramming brain connectivity. Studies indicate the effective reprogramming in psychiatric disorders such as autism and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and ALS, where...
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...AUTISM Autistic individuals typically have problems processing auditory information. One auditory processing problem occurs when a person hears speech sounds but he/she does not perceive the meaning of the sounds. For example, if someone says the word ‘shoe,’ the person may hear the speech sound, but he/she does not understand the meaning of the sound. Sometimes the lack of speech comprehension is interpreted by others as an unwillingness to comply. However, the person may not be able to retrieve the meaning of the sound at that particular time. Eric Courchesne of the University of California at San Diego has found significant impairments in auditory processing in autistic individuals using P300 brain wave technology (see Courchesne, 1987 for a review). The P300 brain wave occurs 300 milli-seconds after the presentation of a stimulus. (The ‘P’ refers to the positive polarity of the brain wave.) The P300 is associated with cognitive processing, and this brain wave is considered an indication of long-term memory retrieval (Donchin, Ritter, & McCallum, 1978). Edelson et al. (1999) examined auditory P300 activity prior to and three months following auditory integration training (AIT). Three autistic individuals participated in the experimental AIT group and two autistic individuals participated in a placebo group. Prior to AIT, all five individuals had abnormal auditory P300 activity, indicating an auditory processing problem. Three months following AIT, the results...
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...in 2-year-old girl with Down syndrome. Hypodontia in patient with Down syndrome. Small auricle and anomalies of folds. Protuberant abdomen and umbilical hernia. Wide gap between first and second toes and onychomycosis. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children with ADHD find it more difficult to focus and to complete their schoolwork. Children with ADHD tend to get distracted from schoolwork rather easily, and they often behave disruptively Causes: ------------------------------------------------- Genetics The involved genes or chromosomes are not definitively known. Vulnerability to ADHD may be due to many genes of small effect. ------------------------------------------------- Environment Hypotheses exist that include in utero exposures to toxic substances, food additives or colorings, or allergic causes. However, diet, especially sugar, is not a cause of ADHD. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Personality factors Although there remains much evidence for the genetic etiology of ADHD, one study indicated that the contribution of personality aspects in combination with genetics may be significant. Specifically, the presence of high neuroticism and low conscientiousness in conjunction with genetic vulnerability may constitute a risk factor in the expression of ADH Manifestations of ADHD:...
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...LECTURER: SUBMISSION DATE: Introduction It is right to say that autism is a disability and wrong to say that it is a mental disorder. However much people may think that autism appears to be a mental disorder, it is not. Autism occurs when there is a problem in the central nervous system. Autism is only a mental deficiency. Some autism victims clearly communicate and interact with the rest of the community while others need a lifetime of specialist support. It is a spectrum condition which means that while all people with autism share certain difficulties, their condition affect them in different ways. Autism victims experience over- or under-sensitivity to sounds, touch, tastes, smells, light or colors. People with autism are more likely than the general population to have accompanying problems such as dyslexia (difficulty with reading, spelling and/or writing), dyspraxia (severe difficulty with tasks requiring fine motor skills such as drawing or writing) and digestive problems. They are also vulnerable to developing mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. Causes of Autism Autism can be caused by a variety of physical factors all of which affect brain development. The abnormal blood vessels functioning in the body causes ineffectual oxidation throughout the nervous system and this causes autism. Genetics is another cause for autism. Evidence suggests that genetic factors generate some form of autism. Combination of genetics from previous generations has created...
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...Marcus Altman Music Therapy 5/3/2017 MUS 161 VH Listening to Music Music therapy is a method that has been around as long as music itself. Music therapy is a type of treatment used in Naturopathy Medicine, the use of interventions to accomplish individual goals within a therapeutic relationship by a professional who has completed and approved music therapy program (American Music Therapy Association, 2014). Music therapy consists of a process where music therapists harness the many components of music in order to help clients improve their everyday physical and mental health. There are a few specific areas that music therapists help their clients with. These include cognitive functions, emotional development, motor skills, social skills,...
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...in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. D1- Evaluate strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. In this essay I am going to talk about what barriers are and how they can affect an individual’s communication skills. A barrier is something that prevents you from achieving your goals. I am going to explain 4 different communication barriers including; deafness/noise levels, autism, blindness and depression, I will explain what each barrier is and evaluate the positives and negatives of each strategy to overcome the barrier. The first barrier I am going to explain is deafness. Deafness is when an individual is unable to hear anything that is going on in their surroundings, this can be caused by all different things for example injuries to the head, loud noises and loud music through headphones or out loud. To overcome this barrier, an individual should have a communication passport. A communication passport is a way of understanding what difficulties another individual has and how they can be supported, information that can be found in a communication passport are; information about the individual, what you need to know about the individual, special people that they have in their lives, things that the individual likes to talk about, and what to do and what not to do when communication with them. A positive of...
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