...Prior to the early modern world, European Nations and Far East countries were very isolated and had minimal interaction between each other. The fact of the matter was that before Vasco De Gama’s voyage from Portugal to India at the end of the 15th century, travel from Europe to the East was far too treacherous. However, things started to change during the 16th century. The early modern world was able to become more interconnected through the exchange of goods, slave trade, and the exchange of military tactics, which in turn presented nations with the opportunity to grow and prosper. The exchange of goods between the European Nations and the East exhibited the interconnectedness present during the early modern world. Fashion had always been a significant part of European society, but the calico craze that existed at the end of the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century forced European Nations to interact heavily with these Eastern countries that possessed such resources: New consumer forces were at work in England in the late seventeenth century; these forces were manifested in the craze for calicoes and other sorts of cottons wrought in the East Indies. The arrival of cotton textiles in the English market brought to a comparatively prosperous population a new sort of commodity, another of the lighter fabrics so much in demand in the early industrial period (Lemire, 3) The Indian cloth was so fashionable for a couple of different reasons. For one, it...
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...1. Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed a. the rise of the masses in politics as advocated by the philosophes. b. the waning of monarchical power. c. the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states. d. "enlightened absolutism" establish its deepest roots in France. e. a decline in bureaucratic structures and more laissezfaire types of government. 2. During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right a. remained a strong basis for government. b. was gradually replaced by more republican ideas concerning government. c. was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments. d. was best exemplified by the reign of Joseph II of Austria. e. disappeared with the death of Louis XIV in 1715. 3. France in the eighteenth century a. thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI. b. suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century. c. was torn apart by a series of civil wars. d. lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt. e. brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV. 4. Louis XV's most famous mistress was a. Marie Antoinette. b. Madame de Pompadour. c. Mary Wollstonecraft. d. Madame Guillotine. e. Comtesse de Boigne. 5. In the 1700s, members of the British Parliament were a. appointed by the King. b. usually overseas and not actually in Parliament voting. c. chosen in different ways in different districts. d. elected...
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...greater London, William Bird earned a living as a jailer—his posting a small round-house utilized for holding prisoners until their appearance before a magistrate. On June 16, twenty women were under Bird’s care. At his order, jailers locked all the women into a small room with sealed windows. When the door strained against closure, a poker forced it to shut. In the summer heat, some of the prisoners began to remove their sweat-drenched clothing and beg their guards for water. The small room left the prisoners with no option but to remain standing against each other. A woman removed one of her shoes, banging it against the ceiling for attention. Another offered three half-pence for access to fresh air,...
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...The Changing Status of Dogs: One Bark at a Time Dylan Sunderland Why do pet owners have paintings and photographs of there pets? Author Katherine Grier writes, “Since the seventeenth century, having portraits made of family members has been one of the most important ways that Americans made statements about their feelings toward one another, their status in their communities, and their desire to preserve the history of their families for posterity” (124). As time progressed animals that were kept as pets began to have different roles for their owners and now they too are being considered a family member. Pets are slowly taking over the world of art as their own roles within the families are changing. Clearly, having pets placed in different forms of art have been used for centuries and they all tell there own different stories as to why they were chosen to be a part of the picture. How about a trip through time from the seventeenth century to the twentieth century to see how dogs have progressed in their roles as pets? Seventeenth century artist, Diego Velázquez, painted the piece of work known as Infante Felipe Próspero. This painting was produced in 1659 using oil on canvas. The location of production is not stated on Artstor.com where the piece was retrieved, but the assumption can be made that it was produced in a Spanish native area because of the title and the author history. This eloquently painted piece of work shows a young human standing next to her puppy...
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...Seven Years’ War. In the seventeenth-century, the colonies were becoming over run by various, very different immigrant groups (Davidson, 2006). Famine, warfare, and religious persecution forced most of the non- English groups to leave from their homes in Europe and go to the American colonies. This immigration quickly increased the population and made the colonies more diverse. The diversity caused the colonies to be primarily divided along cultural lines. The colonist divided themselves according to their ethnic, regional, racial, and religious differences (Davidson, 2006). Because many of these immigrants had no money and no way to pay for their trip to America, they had arrived in the colonies already signed into indentured servitude (Davidson, 2006). The population increase had a significant impact on the lifestyles of the colonists in the eighteenth-century. At this time the birth rate had increased dramatically as women typically gave birth to five to eight children. This fast population increase made nearly every part of the eighteenth –century American life more frantic and hectic. Social relations in the era grew more strained, as many of the colonials found that this diversity made it impossible to form a shared and common identity. Eighteenth-century colonial societies most often divided along many social lines (Davidson, 2006). An individual’s political and legal rights determined their social class; additionally, clothing was a key factor, as well as a person’s...
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...College of the University of Phoenix Shauna Donovan HIS 115 Many factors led up to the Seven Years’ War and in this paper I will describe the social and political backgrounds existent in eighteenth-century America, explain how the diverse backgrounds and views led to the Seven Years’ War and explain how the outcome of the Seven Years’ War affected me and America. All of this will be explained as you read along in this paper. In the seventeenth-century before I was born, “the colonies were becoming overrun by various, very different immigrant groups” (Davidson, J., 2006). Famine, warfare, and religious persecution forced many non-English groups to flee their homes in Europe to the American colonies. This immigration quickly increased the population and made the colonies greatly diverse in backgrounds. This diversity in backgrounds caused the colonies to be divided along the cultural lines. The colonists divided themselves according to ethnic, regional, racial, and religious differences (Davidson, J., 2006). “Since many of these immigrants had no way to pay for their trip to America, they arrived in the colonies already signed into indentured servitude” (Davidson, J., 2006). The population increase had a significant impact on the lifestyle of colonists in the eighteenth-century. “At this time the birth rate also increased with women typically giving birth to between five and eight children” (Davidson, J., 2006). My family, for example, is quite large. I have my parents...
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...As if becoming the decade of the worst economic bust in history, usually referred to as the Great Depression, was not enough, the early 19th century also came to be known as the age of Prohibition. For many years prior to the 1920s, a growing number of people had feared the damage alcohol could do to America. After years of work by organizations such as the Anti-Saloon League, the Eighteenth Amendment was passed and prohibition started on January 16, 1919 and continued until December 5, 1933. Although it was formed to stop drinking completely, it ended up being a resounding failure. It created a large number of bootleggers who were able to supply the public with illegal alcohol. Even most Americans viewed the amendment as a challenge and...
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...When the term history was mentioned, most people will think about what they have learned, such as wars, presidents, scientists. It is totally true that people could thing about that, but there are many secrets about the history United State that haven’t told yet. Back to the eighteenth century, there was a hard time for people fight for freedom. All of the difficulties were written in “A Renegade History of the United States” by Thaddeus Russell. Sexual industry, slaves’ life, and many other factors were explained as a crucial part of history, since it was the origin of freedom in America. Sexual industry, which was controlled by madams and prostitutes, developed very well at that time. Overall, madams owned a lot of properties and have prosperous...
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...SEXUALITY IN SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURY PURITAN MASSACHUSETTS Liesl Schnuck November 1, 2011 Due to the strength of their belief in and fear of God, colonial Massachusetts’s society regulated women’s sexuality through a paradoxical relationship: women as saints and women as sinners. Introduction In the religion-obsessed society of colonial Massachusetts, Puritan beliefs dominated contemporary views on sexuality, especially with regard to women. Although Puritan ministers understood human nature’s inability to avoid sexual relations, they adamantly professed that sex must not interfere with religion. In order to create stability within their society, ministers and lawmakers turned towards the women to implement and describe sexual regulation. Women’s social function was not only complex, but also difficult to define. As historian N.E.H. Hull notes, “theirs was a special place, not altogether enviable—for in this land of saints and sinners, they were viewed as both saintlier and more sinful than men.” Not only did society expect and desire women to act morally, but society also feared women for their supposed tendencies to act corruptly. Carol F. Karlsen accurately differentiates between these two identities by naming these women either “handmaidens of the devil” or “handmaidens of the Lord.” This distinction demonstrates the binary opposition of women’s place in society that existed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By identifying these two opposing...
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...The Industrial Revolution is considered the most innovative time period in the world. There are many positive effects of the Industrial Revolution, yet also many negative effects. New inventions came as a result, such as: the steam engine, automobile, telegraph, light bulbs, and vaccines. Negative effects came from the harsh conditions of factories during the eighteenth century. The Industrial Revolution had negative effects regarding child labor, and injuries to factory workers, on the plus side of the revolution new inventions were invented which causes an advancement in technology. Pessimistic effects were introduced frequently due to the Industrial Revolution, one major negative effect of the revolution was child labor. Children ages ten and up were working in hazardous factories according to Document One where William Cooper says he began working in a...
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...“Breast cancer can also be traced right back to ancient Egypt, with the earliest recorded case described on the 1600 BC Edwin Smith Papyrus.” (Brechon) Fear of not knowing the cause of breast cancer led to a wave of psychological theories, one of which was a theory by surgeon, John Rodman, that breast cancer was simply just the fear of cancer. In the mid twentieth century, scientist began to understand to role of genetics in breast cancer with the discovery of DNA. “The Egyptian, Edwin Smith Papyrus echoed a sentiment which lasted many centuries when it was pronounced: There is no treatment.” (Brechon) There were many causes of breast cancer suggested in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. Five possible causes were: physical injury to...
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...“Eighteenth-century European, metropolitan society developed an elaborate ideal of femininity, constituted by notions of private, domestic virtues, and culturally regulated through literature, conduct books and other media. Within the discourses governing female behaviour, dominant gaze polities were more rigorously defined along gendered lines. The ideal woman could not direct a prolonged, searching look at a man without impropriety. That is, women who did not conform to such cultural limits were excluded from polite society, and considered either uncultured, unnaturally powerful or immoral.” In this time period women’s “real” work was serving their families. They had to bother about cooking, housekeeping and taking care of their children....
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...diversify the workforce within America to produce the goods that were previously imported from Europe. Document 1, Notes on the State of Virginia, was written by Thomas Jefferson in the 1780s as a way to introduce American commodities to the European population as a valid source of trade of goods. Prior to the American Revolution, clothing in America was imported from Europe. During the Revolutionary War period, Americans were required to make clothing from their own resources as clothing from Europe was not available. European clothing was made from materials such as linen and silk, but these materials were not available in America. Americas used materials such as cotton and wool to make their clothing (Baumgartner, 2014). According to Jefferson, clothing made from cotton was comparable to the quality of clothing that was made in Europe but the clothing made from wool was not as attractive or comfortable. With this in mind, Thomas Jefferson writes about the need to maintain relationships with Europe for trade. Because America has plenty of land, it makes sense that Americans would use to land to produce resources that can be used for clothing. Jefferson expresses the desire that...
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...Property Crimes and the Criminals Behind it History of Theft Theft is not unique to modern times the theft of personal property has been known throughout history. The crusades of the eleventh century inspired peasants and downtrodden noblemen to leave the shelter of their of estates to prey upon passing pilgrims. Crusades felt it was within their rights to appropriate the possessions of any infidels Greeks, Jews, or Muslims they happened to encounter during their travels. By the thirteenth century, returning pilgrims not content to live as serfs on feudal estates, gathered in the forests of England and the continent to poach game that was the rightful property of their lord or king and when possible to steal from passing strangers. By the fourteenth century, many such highwaymen and poachers were full-time thieves, stealing great numbers of cattle and sheep and terrorizing the countryside. The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries brought hostilities between England and France in the Hundred Years’ War. Foreign mercenary troops fighting for both sides roamed the countryside; loot and pillage were viewed as a rightful part of their pay. As cities developed and a permanent class of property less urban poor came into being, theft became more professional. By the eighteenth century, three separate groups of property criminals were active: Skilled thieves typically worked in the large cities, such as London and Paris. This group included pickpocket, forgers, and counterfeiters, who...
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...Manny was seen as an image of an idealized women and was a symbol of the patriarchal tradition(White 58). The ideal woman would keep the plantation going. This quote is stating that Mammy was not a real women rather she was a perfect image of a woman. White stated, “The proper woman was one who made the home her primary sphere, who was a helpmeet to her husband, who knew how to cook, sew, and garden” (White 26). This quote is a perfect example of the expectations for the roles of women during the time period in the South. White also talked about the third myth named Sapphire towards the end of the book. Sapphire got her name in the mid-twentieth century. White stated, “A s a stereotype, Sapphire is a domineering female who consumes men and usurps their role” (White 176). Sapphire was not as sexual as Jezebel. Jezebel women took over the power of men’s...
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