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Emotional Intelligence in Leadership

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I.

Part 2: Overview of Relevant Literature

This section reviews recent literature about Emotional Intelligence and the theories that connect certain emotional aspects, personality traits, behaviours and preferences with leadership styles and leadership effectiveness.
Recent literature
Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a term that was created by Salavoy and Mayer and was defined as: “a type of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one's thinking and actions” (1993, 433). This concept was further developed by Daniel Goleman (1998) who describes EI as a set of social and emotional competencies associated with performance, health and success. Goleman’s biggest contribution is a model known as “Competency based” which comprises affective abilities and cognitive skills that are distinct from abilities measured by traditional IQ tests. This EI competencies are: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and social-relationship management. (Goleman 1998)
Norwack (2012) refers to a newer-generation approach called “Trait based” model (TEI) which is a result of a mix of previous models: Personality based, Competency based and Mental ability. This model enumerates four aspects of EI: sociability, self-control, well-being and emotionality. Petrides- Perez Gonzalez-Furnham (citied by Smith et al. 2013) express their agreement with
TEI model saying that self-perception of own emotions is essential to be able to develop and implement successful coping strategies when confronting stressful situations. On the other hand, individuals with low TEI usually adopt maladaptive coping under stress-pressure.
Furthermore, Austin (citied by Smith et al. 2013) argues about the relationship between TEI and the individual’s perception of social

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