...During Arc 3 we see another side of Rome’s emperor. A man who had been depicted as noble, honest, and pious was dissected to reveal a tyrant. His public reforms drastically changed Rome’s social standards at the expense of the freedoms of the people. The popular opinion believed Augusts’ reforms were for the better, but for others like Terentia his reign was tyrannical. His use of religion was extreme and became a tool of Augustus’; power. Through Augustus’’ controls of Terentia and the sorrow of Dido, and feats of Camilla, we see how love and leadership were apart of the different women of Rome. Augustus, in the eyes of his people, represented all the key characteristics of a great leader. He supported his people and brought them glory. He fought for Rome externally to keep it safe, and fought inside Rome internally to better the empire. He revived traditional values and brought an onslaught of new virtues in society through new laws. IN resorting the values of Rome, he built hundred of new temples as a symbol of the new values of Rome. Despite how the people viewed Augustus, Terentia hated Rome’s emperor. To Terentia, he was a tyrant that controlled her life. Values he upheld to Rome were used on Terentia to stop her from ever gaining power. She was separated from the only family she had left and forced to become a Vestal Virgin. When a Vestal Virgin was accused of adultery, Augustus, without trial, condemns her to death. In a short moment, he is no the forgiving man that he...
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... * Constantine Germans, army, borders * German influence lead to the end of the empire * Battle of Adrianople Germans beat romans * Start taking parts of Rome * Bad emperors in west * Bad economy lets Germans in Short essay The splitting of the empire * Why do they split * Why does the west fall * How are they different in culture, language * West has bad emperors * East pays people no to invade Emergence of absolute autocracy * Augustus * Power of the emperor Who is the most important person in second triumvirate * Augustus * Sets of empire * What world did he create with reforms * Makes it seem like he is going back to old time values Dates Edict of toleration 313 AD Founding of Constantinople 330 AD Fall of western Rome (fall of the roman empire) 476 AD Start of the empire 27 BCE When Germans sacked Rome 410 CE?? Study 11-5 to present Christianity Chronology 64 First persecution of Christians under Emperor Nero 274 Birthdat of Constantine 303 Great Persecution begins and Diocletion issues edict that bans the practice of christianity 312 Constantine embraces christianity after vision 313 Edict of Milan tolerates christians 324 Constantine is sole emperor of Rome 326 Edicts of Constantine against Christian heretics 330 Constantinople "New Rome" 341 Imperial decree against the offering of pagan sacrifice s 360 Julian issues edict of toleration...
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...Emperor of Rome Augustus is well known for being a self-proclaimed restorer of Rome. He introduced a number of religious, moral and political reforms in order to improve Roman society and formulate a new Roman government and lifestyle. The basis of each of these reforms was to revive traditional Roman religion in the state and make things in the empire all together better. First, Augustus restored public monuments, especially the Temples of the Gods, as part of his journey for religious revival. He also commissioned the construction of monuments that would further promote and encourage traditional Roman religion After Augustus generated renewed interest in religion, he sought to renew the practice of worship In order to do so, Augustus revived the priesthoods and was appointed as pontifex maximus, which made him both the secular head of the Roman Empire and the religious leader. Augustus also enacted social reforms as a way to improve morality. He felt particularly strong about encouraging families to have children. As such, he politically and financially rewarded families with three or more children, especially sons. This incentive stemmed from his belief that there were too few legitimate children born from “proper marriages.” On the other hand, he penalized unmarried men older than 38 years old by imposing on them an additional tax that others did not have to pay. They were also debarred from receiving inheritances and attending public games. Augustus also amended divorce...
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...Augustus was considered a great emperor because he improved the circumstances of an empire to such a degree. He led many accomplishments creating an advancement in his army, his contribution in the Principate and centralized government. To avoid rebellion in his army, he had his armies spread out near the borders of his empire. This way the army would put all their anger and force upon their enemies. Augustus delicate decisions in ruler government officials showed that he was smart. He was independent and did things his way. In belief of him knowing he had to make reforms to the government in Rome, he granted himself power but reassured his people that they were governed by the senate. Being that he didn’t trust the governments of Rome’s neighboring countries, he allowed to be apart of them. (Secondary Source: Biographies of Augustus) Augustus was indeed the greatest Roman emperor as he had the most difficult job, which was in fact, establishing the Principate. He created an autocracy in addition to a republican party to hide his control. Augustus ruled Rome not through force or coercion but because he was able to recognize Rome to maintain public order. This explained why all of his titles granted republican....
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... Many have credited Augustus Caesar as the first real great emperor of Rome. Modern historians know him as a historical figure made one of the most significant impacts in the ancient world. He became a Caesar after the Assassination of Julius Caesar (Buchan, 1937, p.18). Many people know Augustus Caesar for his effort and achievement of uniting the Roman Empire that became for over one hundred years. There has been a mixed reaction among many scholars concerning the life and rulership of Augustus. Some have viewed his achievements favorable while the other party sees him as a failure. Both facts are worth looking. It is true that while ruling Augustus achieved a lot but also had failures accompanying his reign. Augustus is Roman born in the year 63 B.C. His name was Gaius Octavius. His family was a very influential family. His father was the governor of Macedonia before he died in the year 58 BC. His Mother Caesonia was niece to the greatest general of Rome Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar took Augustus and adopted him as his son in the year 46 B.C. making him his heir. Augustus took over power from his father in the year 27 BC after his dad died of poisoning (Grant, 1978, p.32). While he was an emperor, he expanded Rome borders and took interest in civic and cultural affairs. Augustus slept in the year 14 A.D. and his son Tiberius replaced him. While still young in his adolescent age, Augustus showed his leadership skills and ability before...
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...SUMMARY: After the Battle of Actium off the west coast of Greece in 31 B.C. in which the forces of Octavian (Augustus) defeated the forces of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra, he got the Roman Senate to grant him legal power to direct Rome's civil and military affairs as the leading citizen. The Senate also gave him the honorary title "Augustus". He divided the city of Rome into 14 administrative areas. He allowed Rome's business class more influence in the running of the city and empire. He established the Praetorian Guard as his bodyguard. As he gained power and influence he used the Senatre as an advisory body. Finally he had himself declared emperor. He extended Rome's highway system to three remotest parts of the empire. His reign ushered in a period of peace called the Pax Romana and prosperity after a long period of unrest, His reign is often called the Augustan Age. Under him the empire doubled in size as he extended its borders. He restored monuments and important buildings that had fallen into disrepair. He ordered the construction of aqueducts, bridges, roads, and a new forum. He had the Tiber River dredged to prevent flooding and improved Rome's supply of grain. This provided work for poor Romans and improved their living conditions. He promoted the growth of the senatorial and business classes by passing laws against adultery and rewarding good citizens. Augustus patronized the arts and literature and helped them to flourish. I hope that this has been a help to...
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...Augustus Caesar Born Gaius Octavius, Augustus was born in September of 63 B.C. Octavius' father, Gaius Octavius, was a praetor for two years until he died in 58 B.C. Therefore, Octavius grew up without a father for most of his life. Through Octavius' long life of seventy-seventy years, he accomplished a great deal. He reduced the size of the Senate, he was an integral part of the second triumvirate, and he was elected the Pontifex Maximus, just to name a few of these accomplishments. Octavius received the name Augustus by holding the consulship and receiving various awards. This title was not given out to just anyone. In order to receive this title, one must be a large contributor to the city (Boardman 533-534). Octavius Caesar was related to the famous Julius Caesar through Octavius' mother. Atria was Octavius' grandmother and Julius Caesar's sister, therefore making Octavius his great-nephew. When Julius Caesar was murdered in 44 B.C., his will read that Octavius was to be adopted by him, making Octavius his son and heir to the Roman Empire. Also, in his will it stated that every citizen of Rome would receive a cash gift. Octavius rushed to Rome to take his throne, but when he arrived in Rome, he realized the Antony had already taken control of the city. He could not persuade Antony to release the money in Julius Caesar's treasury so he had to borrow all the money he could to give the gifts to the citizens. Julius Octavius Caesar was only eighteen when he was thrust...
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...From Augustus to Tiberius “I shall write without indignation or partisanship: in my case the customary incentives to these are lacking.” No republican forces were left after Brutus and Cassius died. Sextus Pompeius in Sicily was defeated, Ledpidus dropped, Antony killed. Only Octavian was left. Seduced with many gifts but soon the legal system was incapacitated by violence, favoritism and bribery. Augustus chose Agrippa as son in law after nephew Marcellus dies. Agrippa has sons Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar and adopted Augustus adopted them. Both die premature deaths, Nero Drusus is already dead and Tiberius is the only surviving stepson. Livia had control over aged Augustus—he sent to exile his only surviving grandson, Agrippa Postumus. Son of Nero Drusus, Germanicus was adopted by Tiberius by word of Augustus. Supposed foul play on Livia’s side as she heard how affectionate Augustus was to Agrippa Postumus on a visit and so sent letter to Tiberius and next thing that happens is that Augustus is dead and Tiberius is in control. Tiberius’s first crime was the assassination of Agrippa Postumus. First Senate meeting under Tiberius dealt with Augustus’s funeral—Tiberius and Livia were his heirs, Livia adopted into Julian family with name Augusta. After funeral, Augustus was declared a god and decreed a temple but the major topic of every prayer was Tiberius. Then a document was released that was a list of national resources written by hand by Augustus. The...
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...Julius Caesar is known as one of the greatest war tactions in history. His battlefield tactics are still used in modern day warfare. Had it not been for his narcissism, his accomplishments would have been even greater. Augustus Caesar, Julius’ nephew and adoptive son, succeeded his uncle as the new Emperor of Rome. Throughout this essay, I will discuss the achievements of Julius Caesar, the achievements of Augusts, and the qualities of both their personalities. Julius Caesar is known for his many conquests in ancient Roman history. It was an intrical part in making the Roman Empire as vast as it was between 58-50 BC. As a young aristocrat, Julius Caesar went to Greece to perfect his public speaking skills and his knowledge of philosophy (Starr, page 75). In 63 BC he secured election to the august post of “pontifex maximus,” which made him chief in the Roman religious affairs (Caesar, page 4). In 61 BC, after one year of being praetor, Julius became governor of a Spanish province. In 60 BC he returned from Spain with exceptional military experience and decided he wanted to be consul, and as a result, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed the first Triumvirate, which basically means they were the authority in the civilization. The triumvirate ruled for Caesar to be one of the consuls for the following year, 59 BC (Starr, page 79). After one year as consul, in Caesar appointed himself as governor of Illyricum and Cisalpine Gaul for...
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...of the highly recognized poem, entitled Metamorphoses. Additionally, he created several other pieces of literature, including Amores, Espistolae Heroidum and Epistulae ex Ponto. Ovid encountered many challenges while pursuing a career in poetry. Ovid’s journey in the goal of turning his passion to a profession resulted in harsh criticism by the nobles of Rome, as well as those closest to him. However, Ovid received recognition by many other individuals for his creativity. Unlike many poets of his time, Ovid took an imaginative route to writing, by bestowing the themes of his poems to changes in shape. Moreover, the poet had an alternative goal, as well. Ovid strived to depict new ideals regarding love and challenge those instilled by Emperor Augustus. Through this, Ovid’s legacy inspired storytelling during the Middle Ages, themes for painting and sculpting during the Renaissance, as well as creating a stepping stone to modern English literature. Through the criticism and negative judgment made against him, Ovid’s originality, especially regarding...
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...trough his multiple documentaries and his feature films like “The Day the Earth Stood Still”. His experience shows he is a very creditable source because he has blockbuster movies and is a respected by all of the film community. In this documentary the core issue was sex in Pompeii in ancient times. Pompeii was small Roman city of 6,000 when Mount Vesuvius erupted in the year 76 AD and sealed the city in volcanic ash like a time capsule. Pompeii is the first definite proof of the occupation of prostitution. According to “Sex in the Ancient World” the small city of Pompeii had 46 locations in which to solicit sex, which is a lot for a city of only 6,000. Prostitution was not crime in Pompeii; it was actually encouraged as an alternative to adultery, which was a crime potentially punishable by death. Marriage was treated as more as a social standing rather then a...
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...Roman Empire The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Population: 56.8 million (25 BC) Capitals: Rome, Constantinople, Ravenna Area: 1.062 million sq miles Founded: 27 BC Continent: Europe Government: Autocracy, Stratocracy The Founding of Rome The Founding of Rome is very much embroiled in myth. Traces found by archaeologists of early settlements of the Palatine Hill date back to ca 750 BC. This ties in very closely to the established legend that Rome was founded on 21 April 753 BC, which was traditionally celebrated in Rome with the festival of Parilia. Two founding legends exist - Romulus and Remus and Aeneas. Rather than contradict each other, the tale of Aeneas adds to that of Romulus and Remus. King Numitor of Alba Longa was ejected by his younger brother Amulius. To do away with any further possible pretenders to his usurped throne, Amulius murdered Numitor's sons and forced Numitor's daughter, Rhea Silvia, to become a vestal virgin. However Mars, the god of war became enchanted by her beauty and had his way with Rhea Silvia while she slept. As a result of this Rhea Silvia bore twins, Romulus and Remus. An enraged Amulius had Rhea Silvia thrown into the river Tiber where she was caught beneath the waves by the river god who married her. The twins were set adrift...
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...Daniel Branco Professor Robinson World Civilizations May 25, 2013 Neighborly Comparisons: Romans and Germans in AD 100 As the Roman Empire enjoyed peace during the Pax Romana, a historian named Tacitus wrote a description of their German neighbors. Because the Germans at this time had no known written language, his writing -- known as Germania -- tells us much of what we currently know about the Germans. Not only does it describe much of their culture and religion, but the perspective it takes gives interesting insights into Roman culture and their attitudes toward the Germans. While the Romans enjoyed looking down upon the Germans, considering them barbarians, many aspects of their cultures had interesting comparisons, including family units, gender roles, military, education, religion, slavery and government. Family units in the Roman empire were marked by a strong patriarchy. They were typically a fairly tight family unit, with the father as the ruler of the household wielding total control over his wife and children. Girls were often married off young and had little say in their choice of husband. Divorce was generally reserved for men; however, sexual impotence was legal grounds for a wife to divorce her husband. Germany also had a strict marriage code. Tacitus throws a compliment their way when he states that “no part of their manners is more praiseworthy” (Tacitus). However, immediately following this he refers to them as “barbarians,” -- clearly he did...
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...The modern practice of explaining a relationship with terms like 'it's complicated' or "we're going out, but not dating" stands to prove very, very different indeed when compared with ancient Roman terms for similar concepts. Even words with similar direct meanings have widely differing context. Sexual promiscuity among males might be transliterated as 'leno'. Whereas, complimenting a male's sexual prowess might be a compliment, "Impudens es leno!" is hurled as an insult, on par with the American "you bastard!" However, does the span of a few millennia dull every convivial sensation or make dreary every delectable euphemism for irrumo? Hopefully, it has not. Roman sexual attitudes have changed greatly since the time of the Caesars, but the facts and records of yesteryear's sexual escapades have not. In fact, sexuality in ancient Rome generally lacked what we would today call 'heterosexual', or 'homosexual'. The colloquialisms of the lower class and silvery loquations of the upper-class possessed innumerable profane terms, some of which have direct lines to modern profanity. There was, of course, the pearly, carnal decadence of the elite, so often portrayed in the media – however, the milk baths and wine showers that come to mind were extravagances and eccentricities, leaving the rest of the people with a very different sexual life. Homosexuality and pedophilia were tenuous topic, despite their common recognition and plentiful literary references. Most important of all, perhaps...
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...Deuteronomy is a separate composition. ------------------------------------------------- Genesis 27.46: Esau’s wives drove his mother CRAZY!!!!!! Welcome back! The New Testament presents Jesus as… The New Moses (but who is Moses?????????????) Exodus 1-20 The Ten Commandments: Exodus 20/Deuteronomy Genesis 1: 10 COMMANDMENTS! The covenant/allianza. I am the LORD your God who brought you out of slavery. 1. You shall have no other gods before me. 2. You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain. 3. Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy. 4. Honor your father and your mother that your days may be long in the land which the LORD your God is giving you. 5. You shall not murder. 6. You shall not commit adultery. 7. You shall not steal. 8. You shall not bear false witness. 9. You shall not covet (lust after) your neighbor’s wife. ------------------------------------------------- 10.You shall not covet (lust after) your...
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