...smaller BMI percentage group of 30-40 but no significance in the larger BMI group 41-50 due to a higher chance of leptin resistance. Role and Effects of Leptin on Obese Patients Leptin and ghrelin are both hormones that play a crucial role in an individual’s appetite, weight control, and glucose homeostasis. Leptin is formed by mature adipocytes in a quantity which associates positively with the mass of the adipose tissue (Otto-Buczkowska & Chobot, Part II, 2012). It first crosses the blood-brain barriers to the central nervous system (CNS), where it activates the autonomic nervous system and binds to receptors in the brain that ultimately tells the body how much to eat and inhibits ones appetite. Leptin’s position in the CNS is to suppress food intake and stimulate energy outflow. It is “primarily synthesized and secreted by white adipose tissue (WAT) which decreases body weight by both suppressing appetitie and promoting energy expenditure by directly targeting the hypothalamic neurons (Haitao & Zhengquan, 2014). Ghrelin also known as the “the hunger hormone” is also found on the same receptor cells in the brain where leptin is found. It is in charge of “maintaining the energy balance of the organism that influence the endocrine function of...
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...are linked with obesity; a preventable, curable, and manageable disease that hundreds of thousands of people face all around the world. The only thing worse than having to face these health issues as an adult, is having to face them as a child. Childhood obesity is becoming an epidemic in America today. This issue is leading to an unhealthy future for individual kids, but also for society as a whole. As the population has become more obese we have seen a rise in all kinds of health issues. Childhood obesity has been on a steady rise over recent years and this could cause a health crisis in the future. There are several causes to childhood obesity that can be overcome leading to a healthy life. The major causes of childhood obesity are a limited amount of physical activity, family behaviors, and unhealthy food choices. A lack of physical activity is one of the main causes of obesity. This has been a growing problem among children in recent years. “Obesity is a disorder of energy balance. It can occur only when the number of calories being consumed exceeds the number of calories burned, and usually an excess of this kind has to last for months or years of obesity is to develop” (Reilly, 2007). A lack of physical activity has led to the consumption of more calories than are burned off in children. There are many causes for this shift. A study done in the United States validated the relationship between hours of television watched each day and childhood obesity. “The findings showed...
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...Diabetes Mellitus Sheri Shillingford February 18th 2018 Problem Statement: Overweight and Obesity are a distinctive risk factors for type II diabetes in America. Background Information The pancreas is long organ, weighing approximately 70-100 grams. It is sandwiched between the lower spinal area and the stomach. The pancreas is made up of three parts, the head, body and tail and is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Endocrine glands release chemical substances straight into the bloodstream called hormones; whereas exocrine glands release chemicals through ducts. Chemicals released through exocrine ducts are called enzymes. Insulin and glucagon are the two hormones secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. Homeostasis of glucose in the blood is important so that cells could function efficiently. After consuming a caloric meal, the glucose in the blood increases, causing the beta cells in the pancreas to secrete insulin, which leads to the stimulation of glucose absorption via muscle, adipose tissue and liver. When blood glucose levels drop below homeostasis, the alpha cells in the pancreas produces glucagon which raises the glucose levels by stimulating the liver to metabolize triglycerides into glucose and releasing it in the blood....
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...lifetime (Type 2 Diabetes - Causes). Diabetes causes a disruption in the inner body balance therefore affecting homeostasis. People with diabetes have issues with blood sugar level. Either their body doesn’t react to insulin or their body doesn’t produce insulin. However, there are a few ways of treating this disease. It not only has an effect on the health of the population, but it also causes a great expense to the economy (General Diabetes Facts and Information). Diabetes is a permanent illness, which causes the diabetic’s blood sugar level to become too high (Type 2 Diabetes - Causes). So there is no cure for it can only be treated. People suffering from type 2 diabetes have insulin resistance, which means that their pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, or the body doesn’t produce enough insulin. As shown in Figure 1 (General Diabetes Facts and Information). The pancreas is large gland behind the stomach and its job is to produce the hormone insulin. The job of insulin is to move glucose from the blood into the cells, where it gets converted into energy (Type 2 Diabetes - Causes). In the UK, 1 in 16 people have diabetes. The high level of sugar in the blood causes the person to feel thirsty and urinate more than usual, especially at nighttime, and feel tired for most of the day. Type 2 diabetes is a lot more common than type 1, is usually associated with obesity and it usually diagnosed amongst older people around the age of 40 (Type 2 Diabetes - Causes). Almost 90% of...
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...People living with type 1 diabetes must monitor their blood glucose several times a day, balance their insulin levels everyday with food and exercise. In addition to these things a person with type 1diabetes must also get frequent insulin injections which are used to maintain normal levels of glucose in the blood. THE ENDCRINE SYSTEM 7 Another form of diabetes is Type 2 diabetes. This type of diabetes is usually seen in older patients who has a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes occur when there is a deficiency in insulin production as well as a resistance to insulin by the targeted tissues. Insulin resistance is developed 5 to 10 years before type 2 diabetes is even diagnosed. Obesity is common in people with type 2 diabetes. Treatment for this type of diabetes include diet, weight loss, exercise, and if needed insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Lastly there is Gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnant women who already have a predisposition to diabetes during their second or third trimester. This is a result of the hormonal changes during pregnancy. In gestational diabetes blood glucose returns to...
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...the body’s other ten systems. These consist of Integumentary (skin, nails and hair), skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine (hormones), lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive The cardiovascular system depends on all the systems above functionally normally as it is the body's key transport system Peters, (2004) The Respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and thoracic cage, it also consists of the nose, the pharynx, trachea and our lungs Peters, (2004) where in addition to the maintaining exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and tissues, the respiratory system helps regulate the body’s acid base balance Peters, (2004). Every cell in the body needs oxygen to help release energy into the body Sang, (2005) and needs to get rid of waste product such as carbon dioxide to function; the respiratory System allows this to happen by breathing air into the lungs allowing the cardiovascular System to transport the oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and lungs Sang, (2005). The heart and the circulatory system (arteries and veins) make up the cardiovascular system; the heart is the pump which ejects blood to all organs, tissues and cells of the body Chapunoff, (2010). Oxygenated blood provided by the heart helps keep all the vital organs alive with the help of the respiratory...
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...reached the necessary calorie intake level – more commonly known as being “full”? Although there are many factors that influence our hunger and satiety levels, not all of them are completely reliable. In fact, some may lead us very far astray. The feeling of hunger is very real, and can be a very powerful motivator for finding food. But does it always mean that we are actually hungry? Many of us assume that the growling in our stomach is an indicator that we are low on the essential nutrients which provide us with the energy we need to get through the day. However, this is rarely the case. We are likely not starving, and we quite possibly have more than enough stored energy to get through several more hours – or days, if necessary – even if we don’t see another meal in that time. Much more likely is the idea that we are experiencing premeal hunger. Premeal hunger is the onset of hungry feelings before a meal. These feelings include a decrease in energy and performance, “growling” in the stomach, and perhaps even irritability, light headedness, and fatigue as the oncoming meal approaches. However, all of these symptoms don’t necessarily mean that you are experiencing true hunger. More often than not, it is just the effects of your body preparing to digest a large intake of food. If you take notice...
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...NQF LEVEL 4: BTEC Higher National Certificate (HNC – HSC) Physiological Principles for Health and Social Care PHYSIOLOGY Introduction This assignment will investigate the human body organ system and how they work together . Appropriate or case study provided in this assignment will be used in order to investigate the functionality of body system. Main anatomic feature of the human body will be outline, how body system interact to ensure the body functions and grows will be discussed. The part two of the assignment will look at how the body responds to physical activity and it will also identify how the body coordinated internal activities. This assignment will also look at other human body conditions such as obesity, diabetes and discus as to deal with such conditions in order to ensure the wellbeing of individuals with such conditions. THE human body is composed of ten different systems which are made of organs working in coordination with one another. These organs have to work together as they need each another to fulfil its functions. Human organs support each other’s in order to perform their function. Below is brief descriptions and functions of human body system: 1. Central Nervous System (CNS): CNS is composed of brain, nerves, nerve endings, and spinal cord. It role is to control and coordinate the body functions (coordination of nervous). Will be responsible for sensory input, integration of data and motor output. 2. Cardio vascular system...
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...associated with hunger and satiety being. Satiety is the feeling of no longer being hungry, or what some people might refer to as full. Whether it be for comfort, or pleasure, or just out of habit, we all eat. Some people can eat a meal and think nothing of it. For others, eating could be detrimental to their physical and mental health. Most people do not take time to learn about the food they eat. There have been a number of theories in regards to hunger and eating. One of the theories is known as the set-point assumption theory, which gives the idea that after eating a meal our energy level would gradually decrease until it reached a certain point, alerting us to consume food for more energy, and when our energy level was brought back to the set-point we would be satiated. This may seem correct, however if hunger and eating is regulated by a set-point, there would not be an epidemic of obesity and problems being overweight throughout America. Other theories became developed after the set-point assumption theory proved to have problems. There was the glucostatic theory, which is similar to a set point assumption, is where we become hungry when our blood glucose levels drop below their set point, and we become satiated once...
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...studied from a biological perspective.” Critically consider this statement. Taking a biological perspective, there are three basic motivations for eating (Beck, 2000). We need a source of energy, we require the necessary elements for rebuilding cells, manufacturing chemicals, hormones and enzymes that enable the body to function and we need to remove toxins. The primitive goal of feeding behaviour is to maintain the consistency of the nutrient concentration in the body. This basic homeostatic mechanism integrates external energy related stimuli and controls metabolic processes and feeding behaviour. Lashley suggested that behaviours for feeding were controlled by the brain (Lashley, 1938 as cited in Beck, 2000 p.93). It is likely that these controls are in the general region of the hypothalamus (Beck, 2000). Concentrating on obesity, which involves more input than output of energy in eating motivation, this essay will argue that although there are other motivations for eating a biological perspective underpins motivation to overeat. Obesity is a medical term that describes a state of increased body weight or adipose tissue that is sufficiently great to produce adverse health consequences (Reeve, 2005). It is usually defined as 25% in excess of the norm (Franken, 2002). The tendency to obesity appears to be somewhat genetically determined (O’Rahilly et al.,2003). People who are overweight often come from overweight parents which could be said to be a learned response for over eating...
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...Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Australian Health Survey 2012, reported that in 2011 – 12 the prevalence of all reported diabetes was at 4.0% (875,400 people) and had remained the same as the 2007/’08 period. Of these people 12.4% had T1DM, 85.3% had T2DM while the remaining 2.3% had diabetes of another kind. Tanamas S, et al. (2013) stated that the prevalence of type two diabetes in peoples over the age of 25 years in Australia is 7.4% and that a further 7.4% remain undiagnosed. The dominance of western lifestyles and diets has contributed to a dramatic rise in obesity within the population. It is contended that obesity is preventable and reversible. Type Two Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) develops within a significant percentage of the obese populous (Connor T et al 2015, Kasuga M 2006, O’Rahilly S 2009, Prentki M, and Nolan C 2006, Rouman C, Blaak E and Corpeleijin E, 2009, Tanamas S, et al 2013). Apart from obesity and inactivity people diagnosed with T2DM often have other contributing risk...
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...Section A- What is Homeostasis? Homeostasis is the name given to the body’s internal control mechanism. It maintains (looks after) the body’s temperature, water balance, blood urea level and glucose levels. Homeostasis is “maintained by control systems that detect and respond to changes in the internal environment” (Ross and Wilson, 2010). Homeostasis control mechanisms have three basic components: receptors, control center and effector. The receptors react to change in the environment and send a message to the control center within the brain. The control center, which determines the limits within which the variable factor should be maintained, processes the information it has received. The control centre decides if and by how much the level needs to be adjusted. When it is indicated that an adjustment is required, it passes the information to the effector, whose output is changed. Fig 1. Fig 1 The three basis components of a feedback system are receptors, a control center, and effectors. (Grabowski, 2000) Negative Feedback Mechanisms In systems controlled by negative feedback the effector response reduces or negates the effect of the original stimulus, maintaining or restoring homeostasis (Ross and Wilson, 2010), thus the term negative feedback. Fig 2 Homeostatic regulation of blood pressure is by a negative feedback system. The response is fed back into the system, and the system continues to lower blood pressure until there is a return to normal blood...
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... What are some effects of child obesity? Child obesity has become an epidemic problem that is affecting the whole world. In the U.S, obesity has caused children many health problems and conditions. Some of the health problems that obesity causes are diabetes, asthma and heart diseases. These complications can be caused by a series of factors that can be contributed by TV, computer games, lack of safe playgrounds and other factors that encourage children to be sedentary (Collins, 2002). From the factors mentioned before, the things that are attacking the kids of this generation are mainly the video and computer games. In addition to affecting the health of the kids it is also affecting the economy. Because the costs of health insurance premiums are going up, companies refuse to pay for such services. In addition child obesity is an issue that in most cases begins in the household. Justification: Studies show the impact that child obesity has caused in society. (CBS News, 2002) declared “A dramatic increase in diabetes and other diseases related to childhood obesity in the United States has added millions of dollars to health care cost”. From that article it is clear that child obesity is causing a tremendous problem to the economy, thus making it insufficient. The cost of medicine, treatments and operation is the reason why it is causing and contributing to the economical problems. Obesity has been a major cause for conditions...
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...Treating Diabetes Mellitus Type II Treating Diabetes Mellitus Type II Type II diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels. It characteristically results from a surplus caloric intake, as compared to energy consumption, combined with inadequate insulin secretion, due to dysfunction of the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells (Pfeiffer & Klein, 2014). Type II diabetes has reached pandemic levels, despite efforts to slow its progression. In a society where healthcare is ever-changing, primary care physicians, along with advanced practitioners are now treating this disease more readily, as compared to specialist and endocrinologist in the past. As with many disease processes, there are several options when choosing a treatment plan for type II diabetes. Combining knowledge and evidence-based research, the practitioner will be able to establish an individualized treatment plan for treating type II diabetes mellitus. Pathophysiology Type II diabetes is a very complex, non-communicable disease that effects more than 370 million people throughout the world. The symptoms of this disease can vary from patient to patient. Without intense and concentrated efforts to address the pathogenesis and treatment of this syndrome, the destructive macrovascular and microvascular outcomes of type II diabetes will remain a major problem for years to come (Kahn, Cooper, & Del Prato, 2014). In T2D plasma insulin levels may be low,...
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...answer the following questions. Your response to each question should be 75 to 100 words. |What is nutrition? Why is nutrition essential to our daily lives? | |Nutrition is substances and food that provide energy and structure to the body and regulate body processes. Nutrition is | |essential to our daily lives because it is necessary supplements provide by food for our ingestion, digestive system required by | |organisms and cells for the human body to stay alive. There are six classes of nutrients; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, | |water, vitamins, and minerals play an important role in regulating the body process. | |What is the connection between nutrition and health? | |The connection between nutrition and health is that if the body is not receiving the proper nutrients then a person can | |jeopardize their health. Food is the primary source for health and nutrition, although vitamins and supplements act as | |substitutes. Nutrition gives fuel to the body that provides energy move the muscles. The vitamins and minerals used to help the| |body function properly and food sustains health. The body needs the proper nutrients to stay alive and healthy. | |What is the relationship between poor nutrition and disease? ...
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