...INTRODUCTION Obesity has already been known for the past several years. Many studies have been made to identify what causes this deficiency. In one of the local TV shows about health, a certain medical doctor said that sleep deprivation can cause obesity. Recently, many researchers and experts have noticed the connection between sleep and weight of a person. Sufficient quantity of sleep is one of the most important factors for a person’s healthy life. Teenagers need more sleep as they grow and develop to maturity. Nowadays, many teenagers especially students have experiencing sleep deprivation due to some factors such as school-related works and net surfing. Recently, evidences have increased affirming that getting insufficient amount of sleep causes a person to gain weight that may be result to obesity. Sleep deprivation causes feelings of fatigue which may lead to reduced physical activities. Sleep deprivation has a hormonal effect that may induce the person’s appetite. Sleep deprivation is very common among adolescents and this has been one of the factors that affect them to gain weight which may sometimes result to obesity. We performed a survey that may show us the proofs that sleep deprivation is linked to weight gain through hormones and physical activities. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Sleep deprivation today is very common among adolescents especially students that affect their activities and health. It might be contributed to weight gain that sometimes results to obesity...
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...Hunger can be defined as a feeling of discomforting weakness due to the lack of food. The exact causes of hunger correlate to two different hormones, leptin and ghrelin. The sensation of hunger typically occurs after only a few hours of not eating and most people describe it as simply unpleasant. Stomach contractions, also known as hunger pangs, start to occur between twelve and twenty-four hours after the last consumption of food. A person’s emotional state can affect the pattern of these contractions. Stomach contractions occur more frequently in young, healthy people. Leptin, also called the “satiety hormone” regulates energy balances by preventing the body from feeling hungry. The ghrelin hormone, also called the “hunger hormone” controls...
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...learned response, anticipating the presence of food. | Role of Cholecystokinin CCKThe hormone CCK has an opposite effect to ghrelin. Studies have shown that injection of the CCK in animals and humans causes a reduce meal size (Smith, Gibbs and Kulkosky, 1982), which animals with a genetic mutation eliminating the CCK system become obese. | Lipostatic Theory | The role of GhrelinGhrelin is secreted from the stomach, and the amount released is directly proportional to the emptiness of the stomach, i.e. as the time from the last meal increases and we feel hungrier, so ghrelin secretion is increased. | Glucostat theoryThis proposed that blood glucose levels were a key signal to the brain, falling when we were hunger and rising as we eat. Blood glucose levels do respond rapidly to food intake, but it was quickly shown that there were some weaknesses to this theory. Glucose levels do not vary much under normal circumstances and not enough to be an effective signal of hunger and satiety. Additionally, people with diabetes often have long-term high levels of blood glucose, but still attain their normal appetites. | Carlson (2007)Studied Ob Mice who didn’t produce leptin, which made them continuously eat and thus them becoming obese. By injecting leptin into the Ob mice prevented them from eating as much and their weight significantly reduced to normal.*Leptin = A hormone released from the adipose tissue. It acts as an indicator of body weight.*Ob mice = Genetically obese mice. | Neural...
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...Topic : Importance of Sleep General Purpose : To inform Specific Purpose : To inform my audience about the importance of sleep. Central Idea : Sleep is very important to people because it helps to control weight issues and boosting our memory. I would like to share about the importance of sleep that leads to control weight issues and boosting our memory. Main Idea : 1. Boost our memory 2. Control weight issues Introduction Attention Getter “A good laugh and a long sleep are the best cures in the doctor's book”, which is from one of the Irish proverbs. Due to more laughter and sufficient sleep, we could live longer. As a teenager, we need to get at least 8 hours of sleep every day. So, are you getting enough sleep? Reveal Topic For your information, in average, human will spend about 20-25 years sleeping time over 75 years of life span. That is about one-third of our life time. This figure is quite shocking as we never realise that sleeping has become our essential life process. According to the National Sleep Foundation (NSF), sleeping plays a crucial role in good health and well-being throughout our life. Sleep is the golden chain that ties health and our bodies together. Moreover, sleeping will bring positive effects to our daily health, including the most important defence of our body, the immune system. Thus, getting less sleep than the recommended time per night may reduce the effectiveness of our immune system. Establish Credibility ...
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...Why Is Sleep Important? Sleep plays a vital role in good health and wellbeing throughout your life. Getting enough quality sleep at the right times can help protect your mental health, physical health, quality of life, and safety. The way you feel while you're awake depends in part on what happens while you're sleeping. During sleep, your body is working to support healthy brain function and maintain your physical health. In children and teens, sleep also helps support growth and development. The damage from sleep deficiency can occur in an instant (such as a car crash), or it can harm you over time. For example, ongoing sleep deficiency can raise your risk for some chronic health problems. It also can affect how well you think, react, work, learn, and get along with others. Healthy Brain Function and Emotional WellBeing Sleep helps your brain work properly. While you're sleeping, your brain is preparing for the next day. It's forming new pathways to help you learn and remember information. Studies show that a good night's sleep improves learning. Whether you're learning math, how to play the piano, how to perfect your golf swing, or how to drive a car, sleep helps enhance your learning and problemsolving skills. Sleep also helps you pay attention, make decisions, and be creative. Studies also show that sleep deficiency alters activity in some parts of the brain. If you're sleep deficient, you may have trouble making decisions, solving problems, controlling your emotions and behavior...
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...Obesity There are a lot of people in this world who have bad habits. Their bad habit might be biting their nails, smoking too much tobacco, or drinking alcohol heavily. However, there is one habit that many people have today in the U.S. which is consuming to much fatty foods. When a person consumes too much food, the person reaches a weight above the average which leads to obesity. Obesity has been the number one thing in the U.S to cause people to be obese based on age, gender, genetics, physical activity, and illness. Obesity is an excess proportion of total body fat and usually occurs when a person consumes more calories than he or she burns. A person is considered obese when his or her weight is 20% or more above normal weight. As you get older, your body’s ability to metabolize food slows down and you don’t require as many calories to maintain your weight. The person would be considered overweight if his or her BMI is between 25 and 29.9 or they would be considered obese if his or her BMI is over 30. People note that they eat the same and do the same activities as they did when they were 20 years old, but at age 40, gain weight(Obesity). Studies have shown that women tend to be more overweight than men and that men require more calories to maintain their body weight. Men have a higher resting metabolic rate(meaning they burn more energy at rest) than women. Usually when women become postmenopausal, their metabolic rate decreases during their time. When the metabolic rate...
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...E.J.S. BIO 235L: Anatomy & Physiology II Lab The Digestive System and its Accessory Organs 1. Parotid Gland 2. Sublingual Gland 3. Submandibular Gland 4. Liver 5. Gallbladder 6. Duodenum 7. Pancreas 8. Hepatic Flexure 9. Ascending Colon 10. Ileum 11. Cecum 12. Appendix 13. Sigmoid Flexure 14. Anus 15. Rectum 16. Sigmoid Colon 17. Descending Colon 18. Jejunum 19. Transverse Colon 20. Splenic Flexure of Transverse Colon 21. Spleen 22. Stomach 23. Esophagus 1. Parotid Gland 2. Sublingual Gland 3. Submandibular Gland 4. Liver 5. Gallbladder 6. Duodenum 7. Pancreas 8. Hepatic Flexure 9. Ascending Colon 10. Ileum 11. Cecum 12. Appendix 13. Sigmoid Flexure 14. Anus 15. Rectum 16. Sigmoid Colon 17. Descending Colon 18. Jejunum 19. Transverse Colon 20. Splenic Flexure of Transverse Colon 21. Spleen 22. Stomach 23. Esophagus The Digestive Pathway Mechanical Digestion begins in the mouth from the moment that a food bolus enters the oral cavity. Mastication, the mechanical breakdown of the food bolus by chewing occurs here. Chemical Digestion begins when the Salivary Glands (Parotid, Sublingual and Submandibular Glands) release saliva into the oral cavity. Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates. After bolus has been broken down adequately, swallowing occurs. The food bolus will move through the pharynx and enter the esophagus continuing its journey via peristalsis (rhythmic contractions of the...
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...bulimia than fraternal twins. However, other studies show that eating disorder symptoms can be greatly influenced by nongenetic factors, such as obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder and depression. Eating disorders are seen as an extension of obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder by some clinicians because people may develop the compulsive need for dieting, exercising, or purging as a result of obsessional thoughts about being overweight (Hansell & Damour, 2008). As for hormonal abnormalities, two hormones (leptin and ghrelin) have been the main focus in recent research. Leptin is a hormone that suppresses appetite and ghrelin is a hormone that stimulates hunger. Lower than normal levels of leptin have been found in people suffering from bulimia, as well as ghrelin levels not dropping off after a meal. People with anorexia have abnormally high levels of ghrelin, but drop back down to normal levels when they gain weight which makes it unable to confirm that ghrelin abnormalities...
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...is difficult. Their jobs entail sitting at a computer all day and sometimes there just doesn’t seem to be enough hours in the day to get everything done. These are only two of the more prominent causes of obesity. In 2011-2012 about 32 percent of adults 20 years and older were obese. At the same time about 17 percent of children aged 2 through 19 were obese. (Ogden, Caroll, Kit, Flegal, 2014 ) This is proof that obesity isn’t just effecting the adults of America it is also effecting the youth and future of this country. The first problem beyond the obesity is the lack of sleep which coincides. Without adequate sleep the hunger-related hormones leptin and ghrelin are disrupted. (Hockenbury, Hockenbury, pg. 328 2012) When sleep is restricted blood-levels of leptin; an appetite suppressant decreased by 18 percent, where ghrelin; an appetite stimulant increased by 24 percent. (Hockenbury, Hockenbury, pg. 328, 2012) Gangwisch’s research from 2004 stated that adults who slept only about five hours a night are 50 percent more likely to be obese. It is difficult for adults to get the sleep they need. There just simply...
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...The idea that humans have power over our health has a long history in American popular culture. We tend to believe we are the masters of our own destiny and can solve the problems of our internal workings according to our will, power of positive thinking, upbeat attitude or a fighting spirit however we cannot ignore our living environment and the organisms that co-exist among us. As it turns out, we share our bodies with an unimaginably vast array of organisms that seem to play a substantial role in our well-being. Both in and on our body, there are 10 bacterial cells for every single human cell. This collection of organisms that inhabit the human body is referred to as the microbiome and accounts for nearly 2% of our total body weight. Trillions of bacteria and other microorganisms are thriving on our skin, genital areas, mouth, and especially intestines. (Ackerman, 2012) It is estimated that there are more than one thousand species that make up this community living in the digestive system alone. When we think of microbes in the body, we tend to think of bacteria that causes disease or germs that make us sick. Biologist, Sarkis K. Mazmanian believes we focused on the harmful bugs because they are foreign enemies that invade our bodies throughout our life and indifferent to seeing them as part of us and allying to learn more about them. Newborns may begin life as sterile creatures however the moment we passed through our mother’s birth canal, we inherited mom’s commensal...
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...Option A – Human nutrition and health Components of the human diet A nutrient is a chemical substance found in foods that is used in the human body. The nutrients needed in the human diet are amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins and water. Metabolic fuel is often supplied from carbohydrates and fats, which are almost, always present in human diets but specific carbohydrates are not essential. * Metabolic fuel can also be supplied from proteins. Chemical energy is all the fuels are transferred into a required movement/action (contracting muscle) by respiration. * Combined nitrogen required for the building of proteins. They have to be hydrolyzed to their constituent amino acids for them to work. * Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in a small amount but they cannot be synthesized by the body. Their absence from the diet can cause deficiency diseases. * Minerals are chemical elements that are obtained in an ionic form (Na+) also needed in a small amount. Major minerals are like calcium, iron and phosphate that are needed for the construction of body tissues or in metabolic processes. * Water is essential because 70-90% of the body is water. Vitamin C The daily recommended dose of vitamin C is 40mg for adults. Pregnant and lactating mothers more. These margin this high because: * To have a safety margin so the risk of scurvy is minimized. Some scientists argue that extremely large doses (500 mg per day) helped to...
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...In the article Sacrificing Sleep? This is What It Will Do to Your health by Sandee Lamott, CNN.com the author made a big move on how much we all really need sleep. Without sleep you can have the possibility of risking life and money, consequences on your body, weakened reflexes, unfocused mind, weight gain, shorter lifespan etc.. You not getting certain amount of sleep can cause you to have a big downfall on your daily life. If you sleep at least 8-10 hours depending on your age, then you have better chances at having a successful day. Example if you get 4 hours of sleep and you have to drive the next and fall asleep behind the wheel, then you aren't just putting your life at risk but your putting someone else’s life at risk. This may also...
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...produce stress and lack of relaxation. A cross-sectional studies conducted in Australia, the US, Europe, and Asia has found that short sleep is associated with an increased risk of obesity. The studies that follow up participants for several years demonstrated that short sleep produce weight gain in the participants. 2.- Which imbalance the hormones levels to produce obesity? People with short sleep have low caloric intake and expenditure, given that sleep deprivation often leads to changes in the structure of sleep stage and results in fatigue, daytime sleepiness, somatic and cognitive problems, and low activity levels. Previous studies indicate that sleep deprivation results in changes in levels of several hormones including leptin, ghrelin, insulin, cortisol, and growth hormone. These hormonal changes may contribute to energy imbalance and then lead to overweight or obesity. 3.-Which are others health risk factors from being overweight? Obesity predicts a broad range of health risks, including diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), early mortality, and lower quality of life. The...
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...answer some of these questions. hunger in weight loss: when he asks what about hunger” hunger is the innate physiologic drive or need to eat. This drive is triggered by the hypothalamus in the brain, which is why the subjects in the experiment had mental issues during the post starvation period. Special hypothalamic cells also known as feeding cells respond to conditions o low blood sugar, causing hunger and driving a person to eat. Some people may have an insufficient satiety mechanism, which prevents them from feeling full after a meal, allowing them to overeat. It is important to recognize that people with a sufficient satiety mechanism can and do override these signals and overeat even when they are not hungry. In addition to that leptin and ghrelin protein in the body are responsible for regulation of appetite and storage of body fat. Obese people are likely to have lost their sensitivity to these proteins there by prompting increased appetite and storage of more body fat While Taubes believes that refined grains and sugar are the main cause of obesity, I read a recent research that proves that cereal grains are the world’s single biggest source of food energy. To answer Taubes questions on which diet is best of weight loss and doesn’t ignore hunger, my personal advice would be to avoid all weight loss diet; seeing as there is more harm done than good at the end of the day. The as previous efforts on how to eat more and avoid adding weight has failed e.g. the non-fatting...
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...Can Obtaining Adequate Amounts of Sleep (between 8-9 hours) Reduce Stress Levels? BPS Wellness Paper Individual Self-Study Write-Up Intro My identified issue is lack of sleep and high stress levels. I do not maintain a schedule that would allow for enough quality sleep. I am also experience stress levels that are high, and suspect that lack of sleep may be a source of some of this stress. I have difficulty falling asleep and occasionally staying asleep. As a result I am often fatigued and tend to crave high fat sugary carbohydrates and overeat on them, to maintain mood and energy. Research Question Can obtaining adequate amounts of sleep (between 8-9 hours of sleep) reduce stress levels? My hypothesis is in order to lower my stress levels I would like to obtain 8 hours of sleep with and monitor the effects of this on my reported levels of stress. My rationale is my mind and body are more rested therefore my perception of stress and my ability to handle stress would improve thereby lowering my stress levels(Minkel et al., 2012) Sleep deprivation is associated with higher cortisol levels and with an exaggerated cortisol response to a stressor. I have not been obtaining a regular 8 hrs of sleep per night and have been feeling stressed.(“10 Surprising Effects of Lack of Sleep,” n.d.) My plan is to see if obtaining at least 8 hours of sleep lowers my stress levels. Method: Over the course of 21 days upon rising I will record the number of hours of sleep I receive. I...
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