...Evaluating truth and validity for arguments is important. I will choose arguments from the Applications list 12.2(a-y) that is at the end of Chapter 2 in The Art of Thinking to evaluate for truth and validity. The first argument will be exercise j and the statement is, “power must be evil because it can corrupt people (Ruggiero, 2012)”. The first step of the evaluation process involves evaluating to look for any hidden premises, and ensuring that it is stated in a clear way and fully. This argument passes the first the step. The next step involves checking whether the statement has errors that affect truth. To begin with, the first part of the statement that says that power corrupts all people-in this case, all is inferred- is untrue. This is because throughout history, there are several examples of people who had power that was not corrupted. To make the argument more valid, it would be rewritten as, “power can be evil since it can corrupt some people (Ruggiero, 2012).” The next step entails evaluating the argument to check for validity of errors, and also determining the reasoning that connects conclusions to premises. The aim of this is to check whether the conclusion is legitimate or illegitimate. In this case, the argument fails on several points. On top of revising it, the argument has several questions that required answers. One of the main questions is: how corrupt should people be before they are considered “evil”? Several people are corrupt but they would not be considered...
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...Presented to: Dr. Azza El Sharabasy Course: Economic Development Presented to: Dr. Azza El Sharabasy Course: Economic Development Table of contents * Introduction * Literature review * Africa’s infrastructure endowment * Ways of financing infrastructure * Impact of Infrastructure on Economic Growth. * Conclusions and recommendations * References Introduction * Generally, a consensus has developed that, under the right circumstances, infrastructure evolution can play a major role in improving growth and equity-and, through those two channels, help to eradicate poverty. * However, in spite of this acknowledged aspects and their importance, sub Saharan Africa “SSA” falls behind other regions in infrastructure services and its quality, and this gap is increasing over time. * This is intensely showed in the energy sector, with around 800 million population, the 48 sub Saharan Africa countries produce all together about as much power as Spain, which has only 5.5% of the population of the SSA countries. * Investment in maintaining the current infrastructure is also lagging behind, leaving many African countries with deteriorated and inefficient infrastructure services; conditionally poor roads, railways, ports and weak information and communication technology services. * The depressing situation of infrastructure deficiencies is also combined with the unpredicted urban growth which resulted in the explosion of informal...
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...Working Paper Series DOES SUBSIDY REMOVAL HURT THE POOR by Manson NWAFOR Kannayo OGUJIUBA Robert ASOGWA Les Cahiers du SISERA – 2006 / 2 AFRICAN INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED ECONOMICS (AIAE) DOES SUBSIDY REMOVAL HURT THE POOR by Manson NWAFOR1 Kannayo OGUJIUBA Robert ASOGWA This research was undertaken with the financial support of the United States Agency International Development (USAID) and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada February 2006 1 Corresponding author. Contact is: mansonnwafor@yahoo.com AVANT-PROPOS Le Secrétariat d’Appui Institutionnel à la Recherche Économique en Afrique (SISERA) a pour mission de faciliter l’émergence de centres d’excellence en recherche économique en Afrique subsaharienne et de les aider à jouer un rôle effectif dans le processus d’élaboration des politiques économiques. Un des objectifs du Secrétariat est d’aider les centres à disséminer les résultats de leurs travaux de recherche. Les Cahiers du SISERA ont donc été créés pour permettre une meilleure diffusion des travaux de recherche des Institutions partenaires du Secrétariat. La présente édition des Cahiers du SISERA est consacrée à diffusion des résultats des études conduites par six Institutions partenaires du SISERA dans le cadre du programme de formation et de recherche en économie dénommé « Stratégies et analyses pour le développement et l’accès à la croissance (SAGA) » mis en place par l’USAID et administré par SISERA. L’objet de ce programme...
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...availability of job production will increase with better economic opportunities that could be limited without access to modern energy. Energy is an important part of the system that allows the poor to grow beyond, which will generate and increase their demand for modern energy services. Increasing foreign direct investment will increase competition among poverty stricken countries around the world. They would need to gain environmental, and social economical use of resources. Market growth will promote larger specialization and quicker industry through economies of scale. The development in domestic and foreign direct investment will increase competition of the region within the world economy. Speedy and in depth improvement through increased competition among the collaborating countries will enhance incentives for the readying of recent technologies and strategies of production aboard speedy innovation. Greater regional co-operation in infrastructure comes like energy, can cut back business costs, expedite market integration, promote economic integration and growth and increase the incentives for investment, preferably by an undisclosed sector. Improved energy trade and increased competition of industries could contribute to an enhanced economic process. The completion of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) deals with severe the obliteration poverty and...
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...While the impact of globalisation maybe hotly contested, with its proponents claiming extraordinary benefits for mankind and its opponents stressing disproportionate benefits for the rich, and marginalisation and disempowerment of the poor, for countries such as Bangladesh with low income, smaller capacities and even lesser bargaining turf, globalisation has thrown up a host of challenges with great rapidity. And yet we continually strive to integrate into a globalised world whilst balancing our national agenda of democracy, development and trade. While speaking on Bangladesh, since coming here as Bangladesh’s High Commissioner I have come to realize, increasingly and sadly as time has gone by, that Bangladesh is often bypassed and when discussed or referred to in the South Asian context, the emphasis more often than not is on negative elements. Overcoming certain misperceptions about my country and bringing it out of the ugly shadows generated by misinformation, sometimes seem in itself the biggest challenge to me. However, whatever we as a nation have achieved since our independence have come as part of our victories in our persistent struggle on numerous fronts in an increasingly globalized world. As it traversed the oceans of fire and blood during its long struggle for national independence, across the barren desert of autocratic rule and overcoming the horrendous calamities wrought by nature’s wrath, Bangladesh has manifested, if nothing else, its indomitable...
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...Final Draft PERSPECTIVE PLAN OF BANGLADESH 2010-2021 ____________________________ MAKING VISION 2021 A REALITY General Economics Division Planning Commission Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh April 2012 Contents ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................................................v PREAMBLE of the Perspective Plan (2010-2021) ............................................................................ 1 I. ............................................................................................................... Context of the Perspective Plan .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 II. .......................................................................................... Current state and Development Perspective .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 1: VISION FOR A PROSPEROUS FUTURE........................................................................ 10 1.1 The Vision ..........................................................................................................
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...Background of Pakistan...............................................................................3 An Overview of Current Situation in Pakistan.............................................................5 Major Issues in Pakistan: .............................................................................................7 Illiteracy.............................................................................................................7 Poverty..............................................................................................................12 Corruption.........................................................................................................15 Overpopulation and Population Health.............................................................18 Unemployment..................................................................................................22 Inflation.............................................................................................................26 Energy crisis......................................................................................................30 Political instability............................................................................................33 Conclusion and Recommendations..............................................................................38 List of References..............................................................................................
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...outline October 2011 Gunilla Ölund Wingqvist Sida's Helpdesk for Environment and Climate Change www.sidaenvironmenthelpdesk.se Contact: Gunilla Ölund Wingqvist E-mail: gunilla.olund-wingqvist@gu.se Table of Contents 2. 1. 3. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 Country environment and climate change context ............................................................. 1 Key poverty-environment linkages .................................................................................... 3 3.1 Who are the poor? ............................................................................................................ 3 3.2 Poverty as lack of natural resources and ecosystem services ........................................... 3 3.3 Poverty as lack of power .............................................................................................. 4 3.4 Poverty as lack of choice .................................................................................................. 5 4. Key environmental challenges and opportunities for development ................................... 6 4.1 Key environmental challenges and opportunities ............................................................ 6 4.2 External and internal factors influencing environmentally sustainable development .... 10 5. The government’s environmental commitments and actions...
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...[Type the company name] Senior-Economics National Development of Third World Countries [Type the company name] Senior-Economics National Development of Third World Countries In this world, the average person in some countries earns more than $40,000/year. In this same rich world, 28 billion people live on less than $700 a year. As a result, 33 thousand children are dying every day in developing countries. Each minute, more than one woman dies during child birth. Hundred million children, most of them girls, are out of school due to poverty. The term ‘Third world’ is a label that describes the states that are considered to have under-developed standards concerning their economy, standards of living, health, education, globalization, or other factors of improvement. They have major common characteristics that are: their capita incomes are low, this poverty leads to shorter life expectancies, higher rates of infant mortality, lower levels of education, and higher levels of population that are engaged in agriculture. Moreover, their exports are from the primary sector and they have low growth rate of income and low levels of productivity. They also have high levels of population growth rate. In addition to one common political situation; most of the third world countries were colonies of the former powers of Europe and Asia. Most of the newly independent countries aimed for two objectives: Development and Independence. In general, development means the enhancement...
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...however when the topic of generational poverty and socioeconomic backgrounds are approached it seems to fall to choice more often than not. If we can agree that a child can be born into affluence, why then is it so difficult to believe a child can inherit poverty as well?(Beegle, D. 2007) Generational Poverty is a complex issue requiring a holistic approach. Upcoming generations must actively work against the cycle of poverty. There are so many stigmas attached to devastating issues that it is difficult to identify the causes. It would seem that the major focus is the effects of poverty, not the causes. This is the case with generational poverty which is saddening; if the why is not identified, how then can a course of action be set into motion? Too often it is said, “Poverty is a choice, it’s their fault” and this could not be further from the truth. One of the most difficult issues around generational poverty is the way it is viewed by society and the other is the way political parties pass the buck back and forth. These views keep the issue stuck in the problematic zone, where no one is accountable and nothing can be done. (Search for Clarity and Truth. Pitts, S., Conservative. Kalamaya, R., Liberal.). So once the buck stops, if it stops at all, only then can the causes can be addressed. Where exactly does poverty stem from and what are the barriers that prevent people from escaping this inheritance? In his article “Poverty, Family Stress and Parenting”, Dr. Zahid...
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...Unit 1: All about culture. Eating betel nut- A traditional culture of Vietnamese According to old legends and documents, the custom of "Eating betel culture" has long existed since the reign of Hung Kings. Through ups and downs in society, eating and inviting betel still maintains it important position in Vietnamese traditional cultural value, especially in countryside and spiritual rituals. Eating betel nut is not only the custom of Vietnamese but also tropical Asian, Central Asian, Southeast Asian and people in Pacific archipelagoes. However, the communicative meanings of betel nut varies among countries. In Vietnam, betel nut is the symbol of social relations and means of expressing mutual human affection. Normally, A quid of betel consist of a folded leaf with white limestone and a piece of yellow arena nut. Some people prefer to mix betel nut, cinnamon bark and straw wisps together. The combination drives people to exotic feeling: sweetness of areca, pungency of betel leaf and bitter of areca nut and cinnamon bark. Apart from health benefits, eating betel nut also enhance the beauty. Polyphenol extract from betel leaf has antibacteria agent. Or arecoline in areca nut combined with limestone redden lips. The girl with crimson lips and checks and a smile revealing black teeth because of chewing betel nut used to be the hallmark of female beauty in traditional society. In spiritual life, betel nut is considered a conversation starter. They serve as offerings during...
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...Extreme Poverty and Hunger- “The Silent Killers”: How the World Bank plans to eradicate them by 2015 Extreme poverty and food insecurity are some of the major global issues many countries worldwide have to face. Poverty leads to heavily indebted governments, hunger, poor education and lack of adequate medical care for the people. Although poverty “is a state for the majority of the world’s people and nations (Shah, “Causes of Poverty”)”, there is hope that “the increasing interconnectedness promised by globalization (Shah, “Causes of Poverty”)” will enforce successfully global policies and practices fighting the cruel reality which over 3 billion people have to try to survive in on less than $2.50 a day (Shah, “Causes of Poverty”). Depending on how a culture views the issue with poverty, the mechanisms against it are enforced accordingly. In the middle Ages, it was considered a virtue and a way for “the chosen ones” to display their good Christian values by feeding the hungry and giving clothes to the ones who do not have any. In addition, the misery which poverty brought to the people was not considered a problem but a widely accepted path towards one’s soul salvation. In Latin America poverty used to be accepted as destiny, a family’s inheritance passed on from generation to generation. Nobody can run away from it even if one improves their financial situation because there will always be somebody to make a comment such as:” I remember whenever you were poor and had nothing”...
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...It has always become hard to explain what poverty is, and the cause. Poverty has lots of different definitions which resulted from different understandings or perspectives of people. Poverty is an age-old concern’, however, we cannot talk about any common or general reason of poverty. We can find many different reasons that engendering poverty and it is obvious that in every different age, the causes of poverty are changing. So, the dynamics of societies and relations are very effective factor that directly affecting poverty. This assumption seems more accurate for especially capitalist era. Naturally, there could be many different reasons of poverty between nations or within nations. However, I think capitalist production relations and the structure of global economy are the most effective factors that create poverty in all around the world. According to an article in the New York time, written by Paul Krugman in 2008, “Poverty is Poison”. The article states that according to neuroscientists “many children growing up in very poor families with low social status experience unhealthy levels of stress hormones, which impair their neural development.” The effect is to impair language development and memory and hence the ability to escape poverty for the rest of the child’s life. I think this has great impact on both poverty among nations and poverty within nations. Poverty among nations can be thought as a direct result of the structure of global economy. Rich and powerful...
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...Starving in the shadow of plenty What is poverty? Not having money to buy the new iPhone 6 or going out for dinner every day? Not yet. This question took a divergent view when I saw the misery some people are condemned to subsist. Poverty is a high time when millions are living with a minimum wage below the poverty line, groveling for food and cloths. Poverty is all around the world and the number of people who starve increase every day. Living only with the minimum wage, it leads to a lot of health problems and lack of education. Doomed to extremely destitution, many women are forced to forsake their children even while there are infants. Penury is the main reason of women to abandon their children because of the hardness to nurture them. It mostly affects people in cultures with poor social welfare systems who are not financially capable of taking care of their babies. It is really mirthless and overwhelming for a mother to abandon her child, but the severe conditions let her no other option. Some of these infants meet their demise while they are discarded at the mercy of fate. In the book Birthmother: Women who have relinquished babies for adoption, Merry Jones talks about stories of different opinions and views of mothers who are force to leave their babies behind. Because of the misery women are force to leave their infants for adaption with the only hope someone capable will be able to nurture and to provide them a better life. They are devoted to sacrifice the family...
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...achieve that is to serve the Filipino Mandate. His public service track of record is a monument of his labor and achievements. Result Oriented Knowing what results are important and focuses resources to successfully accomplish them. The problems besetting the country, of energy crisis, of growing poverty, of poor education, of ineffective governance, of better laws and policies are among his priorities resulting to more than 40 bills passed in the Senate. To conceive, to act and to achieve a better result is the ket to development, of positive change, of politics of performance, of commitment and passion geared towards not only of today but of the future. Competent Possessing the necessary abilities, knowledge and skills. Being an executive, he manifested management leadership, not only for a mere size of a city with much smaller population but of a province covering numerous cities and municipalities. His abilities exceeded to that of a mayor or a congressman, he is a governor with management capability deserving of national leadership. As a legislator, he authored numerous bills responding to the needs of development within education, infrastructures, housing and poverty reduction, energy solution, better government administration and management, and advancing social progress with sustainable development. Optimistic An optimistic person thinks the best possible thing will happen. A...
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