...Abstract This project was done in an effort to elaborate of the use of containers for the stowage of dangerous goods as well as the impacts it has. As well as how the International conventions, International Policies and Protocol for transporting dangerous goods are taking into consideration. Throughout this assignment, the main conventions will be examined and focused on such as MARPOL and SOLAS as well as policies established that deals with the transportation al Dangerous cargo that was established and enforced by the IMO (International Maritime Organization). There is also a list of dangerous goods and their classification that are mentioned by the UN (United Nation). Also giving the different classification of dangerous goods as well as what they are sub-divided into Classification of Dangerous Goods in the Shipping Industry The use of containers to aid in the transportation of dangerous goods has had a significant impact on the supply in many ways. A container can be defined as a portable or stationary hold, usually spaced in a rectangular form, which is used to store and container any item, good or commodity. While exploring different ways in which containers being used for DG’s impact, we will have to explore the different classification under which DG’s are placed as stated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Table 1: Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMO) | Class 1: | Explosives | Class 2: | Gases | Class 3: | Flammable liquids | ...
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...another. The international air travel has increased from a few elite people in the 20th century when civil aviation started to over 1.2 billion (U.S Travel association) in the recent years. The increase in the size and the efficiency of the aircrafts have paved road for an efficient long distance air travel. Due to the, rise in the low-cost carrier business model, there has been a drastic increase in domestic air travel as well. The reduction in the prices of air fare and the increase in safety and accessibility of air transport have changed the mind-set of recent travellers. Aircrafts are not only being used to carry people but also cargo. Transporting perishable cargo over long distances has become the major roles of cargo airliners generating them great revenue. This increased the air freight by a factor of fourteen. (IATA Vision 2050). The increase in the revenue generation led to a new business model in the aviation industry. The major asset for any airliner either passengers or cargo is their aircrafts. The airliners are responsible for the maintenance of its fleet. Hence, the overall activities of an airliner can be divided into in flight and ground functions. GROUND OPERATIONS AIRPORTS Any airline industry need minimum infrastructure to ensure a smooth flow of its business and to fulfil requirements set by the...
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...I. Overview of Air Cargo Security Management 1. General Air Cargo Security Situation Today, aviation is one of the world’s most important business. The growth of the industry over the past decades has made it one of the biggest contributor to the expansion of global economy. Therefore, an emphasis on airline security is undoubtedly important. Logistics security is not only contingent on safe passage and avoidance of hazards, but also assurance that goods have not been tampered with and kept secure. There are several security threats such as Terrorism, Organised Crime and Cargo Theft, Hijacking and Piracy, Drug/human smuggling, Illegal weapons, Counterfeit goods, Illegal exports of licensed materials/technology For instance, transnational criminal organizations use the aviation system to transport contraband and, increasingly, people across the globe. Cocaine smugglers have used the FedEx air delivery system to transport their products across the United States, and narcotics smugglers from Guyana have used U.S Mail pouches to smuggle millions of dollars worth of cocaine into the United States through JFK. Hijackings were the most popular tactic for many individuals. Between 1967 and 2004 there were nearly 1000 airline hijackings. It is estimated that approximately 85 percent were carried out for political purposes. The rest were conducted by terrorists. The international civil aviation regime began to respond to the menace, deploying the so-called X-ray machines, for example...
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...IATA - The International Air Transport Association - Introduction IATA - The International Air Transport Association - was founded in Havana, Cuba, in April 1945. It is the prime vehicle for inter-airline cooperation in promoting safe, reliable, secure and economical air services - for the benefit of the world's consumers. The international scheduled air transport industry is now more than 100 times larger than it was in 1945. Few industries can match the dynamism of that growth, which would have been much less spectacular without the standards, practices and procedures developed within IATA. At its founding, IATA had 57 members from 31 nations, mostly in Europe and North America. Today it has some 230 members from 126 nations in every part of the globe. The modern IATA is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association founded in the Hague in 1919 - the year of the world's first international scheduled services. Early Days The old IATA was able to start small and grow gradually. It was also limited to a European dimension until 1939 when Pan American joined. The post-1945 IATA immediately had to handle worldwide responsibilities with a more systematic organisation and a larger infrastructure. This was reflected in the 1945 Articles of Association and a much more precise definition of IATA's aims than had existed before 1939. To promote safe, regular and economical air transport for the benefit of the peoples of the world, to foster air commerce...
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...airline services. The company offers two major services, passenger transport and cargo transport. The company operates flights to 89 cities in 29 countries. It is headquartered in Taipei, Taiwan and employs more than 10.000 people. This report provides all the important information on China Airlines Ltd. and contains a study of the major internal and external factors affecting China Airlines Ltd. in the form of a SWOT analysis. Strengths 1. Fleet age: The average age of their fleet was only 5.6 years, making it one of the youngest and most updated fleet in the world. Their products such as their aircrafts, services and flight networks are more superior to those of Chinese counterparts. 2. Joint Venture: CAL entered a joint venture with Koos Development Corporation to form Mandarin airline in 1991, so that the airline could carry out services to Canada and Australia where CAL itself was directly banned from operating. 3. Branding: By rebranding the Airline with the Taiwanese flag and slogan “blossom everyday” CAL gained new entry to European countries like Amsterdam, Rome, Frankfurt and Vienne. 4. Aviation Market: In 2007 CAL captures one 4th of the aviation market in Taiwan making it the country’s biggest airline and national flag carrier. Weaknesses 1. CAL is restricted: PRC government prohibits Taiwanese Airlines from operating in mainland China – both carrying passenger and cargo services – significantly limits the income source. But cross-strait relationship is...
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...The act was created to ensure that the working environment for the pilots was friendly. For instance, the act was aimed at ensuring that the pilots were less fatigued and formation of a pilots association. The associations are purposely to fight for the rights of the pilots. This was after a Colgan Air Flight plane number 3407 crashed in February 2009 (Fitzgerald, 2010). The crash claimed 50 lives of people. Some of the factors that were said to contribute to the crash include fatigue, training and pilot qualifications. Among the responses made includes the Airline Safety and Aviation Administration Extension of 2010. Primarily, the act states the requirements that are required as the entry level into being a pilot for the commercial passenger and the cargo flights. In addition, the act states the training that should be offered to commercial pilots and carriers (Dirkmaat, 2012). Pilot fatigue and the schedules used Pilot fatigue is common in the aviation industry. Research conducted indicated that one in every five commercial pilots and the cargo carriers agreed that they made some serious mistakes as a result of sleepiness. The mistakes done were said to have likely...
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...branches. Besides, the employee may explore more to different places culture or working behavior. Aside from transfer the employee for short-term, TASCO may hold some company dinner or trip that gather all the employee together for sharing information between each other or playing some team building game that may improve the relationship. Buy a cargo ship that named TASCO. TASCO does not owned any one of the cargo ship which make themselves suffer from the disruption of sea freight service during Japan tsunami in 2011 because they are using the NYK’s cargo ship from Japan. Sharing the same cargo ship with foreign logistic company is gaining some cost advantage but at the same time it may occurred some problem or delay from the uncertainties event. Thus, we suggested that TASCO should buy, at least a cargo ship for the use to avoid any emergency. As the following suggestion relate to our last suggestion, buying a cargo ships. We suggested that TASCO should buy the cargo ship, CMA CGM Marco Polo. On 6 Nov 2012, it became the largest containership in the world measured by capacity, 16, 020 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit containers). These cargo ship main benefits are it electronically controlled engine which allowing a significantly reduce consumption of fuel by 3% for an average and of lube oil by 25%. Besides, it twisted leading-edge rudder will improves the hydrodynamics of the vessel and so reduces energy consumption as well as CO2 emissions. It...
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...Stowage - The placement or loading of cargo in an aircraft or ship in a manner that provides optimum safety for the vessel and the cargo, giving maximum space usage, and allows easy access to cargo at the point of offloading. The ultimate responsibility for the stowage of cargo rests with the Master. In practice, while the Master retains overall responsibility, the supervision of stowage of cargo normally is delegated to the 1st Officer. His task is to see that neither the vessel nor her cargo is damaged. Furthermore he is responsible for safe handling, loading, including custody of the cargo throughout the voyage. Above all, he must ensure that the safety of the vessel is not imperiled by the carriage of cargo. His aim must be to have the...
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...everything. Part 91 regulations state the conditions as to how the aircraft should operate for instance, the weather. Carrying passengers, pilots are expected to follow the additional FARs 135 and 121 (Fritts, 2017). Pilots should be always aware of the conditions of preflight, and to be cognizant of the instruments required on board. FAR Part 135 differs in that it has much tighter restrictions in operational requirements, and it has much higher standard requirements in safety than Part 91, pilots have to have a higher level of training also to hold their license. To carry passengers or cargo pilots much have their 135 certificates to operate. Part 135 also has requirements for training and safety procedures, and pilots have to have some experience to be able to operate the aircraft. FAR Part 121 regulates regional and major commercial airlines and seems to really address fatigue and required rest periods for pilots, which is both the responsibility of the organization and the crew to comply with and ensuring...
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...local governments, have responsibilities affecting homeland security, which includes airport security (Bush, 2001). Of these government agencies, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) provides the federal guidelines, which all airports must adhere to for security. The FAA and TSA provide these guidelines through the Recommended Security Guidelines for Airport Planning, Design, and Construction, and TSA civil aviation rules, CFR 49-1542. It is up to airport operators to follow these guidelines to insure passenger and employee safety. Security Force Many airports across the United States use local law enforcement to aid in the security of their airports. However, several airports have established have their own public safety department as part of the airport security plan. This method appears to be an efficient way of ensuring quick responses to all emergency that occur on airport property. The reason for law enforcement on airport property and located at all screening location is that security personnel only have the authority to detain individuals until law enforcement...
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...Learning Outcome / Section 1: Understand the importance of promoting personal development Continuing Professional Development (CPD) to me is about being open to continued learning and evaluating oneself within any job role. It is a lifelong commitment of learning and bettering yourself which doesn’t stop. CPD can be done through a wide variety of methods such as different formal methods; going to training to gain higher qualifications, attending cluster meetings, workshops or in-house training and informal methods; reading professional publications and keeping up to date on world news. I feel it is a journey that tracks the skills and knowledge and helps to reflect on and evaluate your practice. CPD I feel is important because as a growing professional, you have a responsibility to keep up to date with new research, ideas, legislations and practices so that you can be the best that you can in understanding your chosen profession, provide new creative ideas, encourage and adapt to change more smoothly therefore providing a high quality service to customers and colleagues. It also enables you to feel confident and good about one self. I believe a happy person/staff equals a happy working environment. It can also lead to better job opportunities and enhances self confidence. AC 1.1 Assess the potential benefits to the organisation of developing individuals To assess the potential benefits to the organisation I chose to look at the benefit of training the Harbour...
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...Operations Unit 1 ...........Activities and expectations Agenda To complete this unit, you will: • Read and study the text in this unit and any assigned passages in the Student Reader. • Apply the information by performing the Activities • Test yourself by doing the Practice Exercises and checking your answers. Resources There is no textbook for this course. All the information you require is in this Study Guide. In addition, your Student Manual lists some books that you may wish to read to expand your knowledge. Learning outcomes When you have completed this unit you will be able to: • • Explain some of the considerations in equipment selection. • Discuss the needs for storage areas. • Discuss safety and emergency response considerations. • 1−2 Describe the role and functions of marine terminals. List the broad categories of studies that are needed in planning a new terminal. Module B: Certificate in Maritime Logistics (Course ML-302.5) Diploma in Shipping Logistics—Jamaica Maritime Institute Unit 1: Marine terminals Marine Terminal Operations Lesson 1...... Introduction to marine terminals Roles The possible roles of a marine terminal are to: • service a country • service an urban area • service a hinterland • service a specific industrial process • be part of a...
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...Airlines Ltd. (CAL) is a Taiwan-based airline. It was founded in 1959. In the early years, it undertook mostly military contract work. It was then declared as the official airline of Taiwan in 1968. Early on, CAL had a lot of problems including poor safety in 1990s which severely discredited the image, faulty pilot recruitment policies, lax maintenance systems, high cost operational structure, inefficient corporate culture, and strained political relations between China and Taiwan which prohibited the airline from launching flights to route in China. On top of that, the economic crisis caused the company huge loss. However, CAL put remarkable efforts to revive their business to profitibility. This report provides analysis, evaluation, and recommendation for China Airlines. Strategic Difficulties • Outrageous crashes record (safety issue): there were 12 fatal crashes in its history that heavily discredited the image and revenue of CAL. All due to low standard of recruiting and training captain, pilots and crews, wrong policies and low standard of maintenance at the time (cost-cutting in maintenance), and desperate responses to save its image. • Constrain on China and Taiwan relationship: Taiwan’s airlines (flights and cargo) were required to land in Hong Kong or Macau before entering the mainland China, which wasted time and added extra unnecessary costs. Moreover, tourists travelling from China were not allowed to travel to Taiwan individually but only in groups. CAL also...
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...Aviation Safety Abstract Aircraft accidents are not very common, but when they happen, the level of damage is large compared to other means of transport. This is because some aircrafts have a very large capacity of passengers that they can accommodate. This is not always the case, as some of them are small and do not carry so many people. Aircrafts accidents range from fires, collisions, ditching and accidents caused by pilot errors among others. This paper will look at an accident that happened in 1997 at Newark International Airport in New Jersey. The paper will address the causes of the accidents, the findings of the investigation carried out after the accident, recommendations after the investigation as well as the measures taken to make sure that accidents of this type do not happen again. Aviation Safety FedEx Express Flight 14 This scheduled cargo flight was going to Newark International Airport, New Jersey from the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport in Anchorage, Alaska. It crashed when trying to make a safe landing on July 31, 1997. The pilots thought that the plane would have little stopping distance after landing, which made them think of landing early on the runway. Misinterpretation of runway data was the main cause of the crash (Dismukes, Berman & Loukopoulos, 2012). The pilots were aware that the plane had problems with its auto-breaks because they failed to initiate during landing, which also contributed to their hasty decision to land the...
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...perception of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for civilian commercial operations, including cargo and passenger transportation. Civilian operators are considering the use of UAVs to increase safety while reducing labor costs, but negative perceptions may delay the advancement of these aircraft. To document perception of UAV or 2 UAS aircraft for commercial operations, a questionnaire was distributed to adults (ages 18+) who use commercial air travel. The survey classified age group, gender, and UAV familiarity as demographic variables. This study assessed risk perception of UAVs and its correlation to the variables through statistical analysis to identify whether there was an association between the demographic variables and risk perception. Upon analysis, it was determined that the data from the sample showed no strong evidence that demographic variables influenced risk perception. Many respondents’ risks perceptions involved technology reliability and higher perceived safety with a human pilot onboard. Keywords: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, UAV, Risk Perception UAV PUBLIC PERCEPTION 3 Introduction The aviation industry has been studying the potential use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) commercial airliners in the National Airspace System (NAS) for cargo and passenger transport operations. Commercial carriers may consider the use of unmanned aircraft due to the possible added safety and the...
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