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Enviromental Management Systems

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1. Antecedentes
1.1. Directiva de EMS gubernamental sueca.
Como un paso para apoyar el desarrollo sustentable en la sociedad, el Gobierno sueco desde 1996 ha emitió directivas dirigidas a organismos públicos que requieren la implementación de sistemas de gestión ambiental (EMS). Las directivas declaran que los organismos públicos deben implementar los elementos básicos de la EMS, como identificación de los significantes aspectos ambientales y establecimiento de objetivos y política ambiental. ISO 14001 fue recomendado como una plantilla, pero las directivas no requerían certificación de la tercera parte de la EMS. A finales de 2005, catorce de 240 agencias públicas Suecas habían logrado la certificación de ISO 14001 o registro en el EMS. Por diferentes razones la mayoría de los organismos públicos, hasta el momento, decidieron no solicitar la certificación oficial. Actualmente ellos '' mismos se declaran '' el estado de EMS en sus informes anuales de gestión ambiental para el Gobierno sueco. Sin embargo, existe un creciente interés en EMS dentro del sector público y aproximadamente 3700 certificados ISO de organizaciones suecas, hay un número creciente de municipios, hospitales y otros organismos públicos.
Según las directivas, el enfoque sistemático a los problemas ambientales más tarde puede ampliarse para incluir también otros aspectos de la sustentabilidad, es decir, cuestiones sociales, éticas y económicas. EMS en universidades suecas y otros organismos públicos se aprecia como un ejemplo de una herramienta importante en los objetivos para una sociedad sostenible. Un estudio fue publicado anteriormente en la Universidad de Gavle en Suecia, el estudio describe métodos de formación y comunicación en la aplicación de EMS y la percepción de dichas actividades.
1.2. Funciones de formación y comunicación en EMS
El número actual de certificados ISO 14001 que se han emitido a nivel mundial es más de 100.000. Muchos de los certificados del ISO 14001 y experiencias se encuentran en entornos industriales. El compromiso de los directivos y empleados es esencial durante la implementación y mantenimiento de la EMS. Es bastante común que las organizaciones intentan utilizar los recursos existentes en el marco de un presupuesto limitado para proporcionar capacitación y comunicación, sin embargo, algunas compañías gastan una mucho tiempo y recursos en educación e información. Por ejemplo, en una empresa global con aproximadamente 100 sitios, el número de horas por empleado por año destinados a la salud ambiental, y entrenamiento de seguridad fue en promedio alrededor de 4. Estadísticas de la empresa demostraron que durante la aplicación de la norma ISO 14001, las horas de entrenamiento aumentaron de 2 a 5 en muchos de los sitios individuales.
Elementos típicos de la formación general para empleados incluyen la política ambiental, aspectos ambientales, procedimientos de la compañía, instrucciones y presentación de informes de la no-conformidad.
1.3. Objetivo del estudio.
El conocimiento sobre la implementación y certificación de EMS (ISO 14001) en las universidades son bastante limitados. El objetivo general de este trabajo es centrarse en el papel de la formación y la comunicación en la implantación de un SGMA. También se aborda la percepción y la eficacia de la formación. El estudio se basa en dos cuestiones principales: ¿Qué métodos de capacitación y comunicación apoyará la implantación de SGMA en una Universidad?, ¿Cómo la Facultad y el personal perciben las actividades de formación y comunicación?
2. Métodos
El estudio se basa en las siguientes actividades: Una revisión de la literatura sobre los efectos de la implantación de SGMA (ISO 14001) en la industria y otras organizaciones. Un estudio sobre la formación y la comunicación en la implantación de SGMA en la Universidad de Gavle. Una encuesta entre el personal sobre la percepción de la formación y la comunicación durante la implementación de EMS en la Universidad de Gavle.
El enfoque del estudio es práctico, positivista y cuantitativo, aunque algunos elementos cualitativos están presentes. Una entrada significativa proviene de experiencias de los autores con la implantación de SGMA en varias empresas industriales. El autor principal también previamente ha estudiado la aplicación de EMS en las pequeñas y medianas empresas y universidades suecas.
La revisión de la literatura se basa principalmente en artículos revisados en bases de datos científicos publicados entre 2000 y 2006 sobre el papel de la formación en la aplicación de sistemas de gestión ambiental en distintas organizaciones. Las palabras clave utilizadas en la búsqueda fueron ISO 14001, gestión del medio ambiente o sustentabilidad.
2.2. Estudio del caso el estudio del caso en un contexto de vida real se basa en la implantación de un SGMA en la Universidad de Gavle. En 2004, la Universidad tenía unos 750 estudiantes de Facultad y personal y 13.000 completo y a tiempo parcial, correspondiente a unos 6400 estudiantes sobre una base de tiempo completo.
2.3. Encuesta
Un total de 856 cuestionarios se distribuyeron a personal docente y administrativo por correo electrónico. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la percepción de la formación ambiental y la comunicación como elementos de la aplicación de la EMS.
La tasa de respuesta fue del 36.8%. Las siguientes funciones estuvieron representadas en la encuesta: gerentes (6%); coordinadores ambientales (1%); profesores (49%); personal administrativo (35%); personal de laboratorio (2%); las funciones de servicio (5%); y otros (12%).Todas las edades estuvieron representadas.
3,1. La formación ambiental en la ejecución de EMS
La formación se considera que es un factor clave para la implementación exitosa de EMS en la industria y los municipios, que la mayoría de los empleados deberían incluirse en la formación y capacitación que pueden cambiar el comportamiento ambiental. Los estudios que reflejan SGA en universidades señalan que una mayor conciencia y compartido Los valores son factores importantes para la ambientalización de los campus.
3,2. Implantación de la ISO 14001 en la Universidad de Gavle
3.2.1. Del compromiso a la certificación
La revisión ambiental inicial se llevó a cabo en 1995 y la primera política ambiental de la universidad se publicó en 1996. En 1998, la universidad recibió el sueco EMS Directivas y en 2001 el Consejo Universitario decidió apuntar para la certificación del SGMA según ISO 14001. La Universidad Junta y la administración señaló que el objetivo principal del SME fue poner énfasis en los aspectos ambientales indirectos, tales como la educación y la investigación. La formación se considera esencial para el éxito del proyecto EMS. La comunicación se ve como otro factor de éxito importante. La aplicación de la norma ISO 14001 fue un éxito y la universidad fue certificado en 2004. Algunos ejemplos de mejoras durante 2004 se muestran a continuación :
Los procedimientos se llevaron a cabo para la compra, manejo de productos químicos y desechos peligrosos.
Los procedimientos se llevaron a cabo para mejorar la situación de emergencia preparación.
El consumo de papel se redujo en un 21%. El costo de los manejo de residuos se redujo en un 20%. El uso de la calefacción se redujo en un 2,5%.
Los programas educativos que incluyen aspectos de sostenibilidad ambiental y se han incrementado en un 34%.
85% de las solicitudes de financiación de la investigación se evaluó la medio ambiente y sostenibilidad.
3.2.2. Los aspectos organizativos de la formación y comunicación
3.2.2.1. EMS Equipo del Proyecto
A Dean para la Gestión Ambiental fue designado por el Presidente de la Universidad para coordinar la aplicación de la norma ISO 14001 (50% cita). El tiempo parcial Equipo de Proyecto fue presentado, que consistía de las siguientes personas: el decano de Gestión Ambiental, dos profesores con experiencia en la supervisión de la gestión ambiental y auditoría de los estudiantes en las empresas, un miembro del personal involucrado en el departamento de compras y servicio de la universidad, un representante de Medio Ambiente del Estudiante Comité para ofrecer perspectivas de los alumnos en el proyecto y para establecer contactos y entrada desde y hacia los estudiantes, y un representante de la industria para proporcionar retroalimentación externa y a compartir experiencias industriales con la norma ISO 14001 de aplicación.
3.2.2.2. Consejería de Medio Ambiente.
El papel del Consejo es apoyar las actividades ambientales en los diferentes departamentos de la universidad. Se compone de los coordinadores ambientales que representen cada uno de los once departamentos universitarios, los miembros del equipo del proyecto y representantes de los estudiantes.
3.2.3. Los grupos destinatarios de la formación ambiental
3.2.3.1. Formación de la Consejería de Medio Ambiente.
Las cuestiones ambientales, por ejemplo, reverdecimiento de los currículos, formación de profesores y el personal, la comunicación, el reciclaje, no conformidades y mejoras, así como preguntas y retroalimentación de los departamentos, se debatirá en el Consejo reuniones. La introducción de la versión actualizada de la norma ISO 14001 se presentó al Consejo.
3.2.3.2. Formación del Grupo de Gestión.
La Universidad y su Grupo de Gestión está formado por 23 personas. El Presidente tiene la responsabilidad general de la gestión de la política ambiental y el cumplimiento legal. El trabajo cotidiano dentro de los marcos de la legislación y la norma ISO 14001 se delega a los diferentes miembros el Grupo de Gestión. Cada administrador (o similar función) se encarga de gestionar las cuestiones ambientales en su organización. El Decano de Gestión Ambiental es responsable de la coordinación de la aplicación y mantenimiento de la norma ISO 14001. Para implantar la ISO 14001 para el Grupo de Gestión de una sesión de entrenamiento fue organizado. La capacitación incluyó los conceptos básicos de EMS y las experiencias de la aplicación del sistema en otra universidad.
3.2.3.3. Formación de personal docente y administrativo.
Formación de profesores y el personal fue en cascada hacia abajo en cada departamento de acuerdo con una visión compartida de programas de formación. Los diferentes departamentos fueron capaces de modificar la formación para adaptarse a su carácter siempre que los ingredientes principales del contenido fueron retenidos.
La formación incluye, por ejemplo:
Introducción a los temas de sostenibilidad ambiental.
Introducción a la EMS. Directa e indirecta del medio ambiente aspectos de la Universidad de Gavle. Juego interactivo.
Las discusiones de grupo.
3.2.3.4. La formación de los nuevos empleados y estudiantes
Los nuevos empleados reciben una copia de la política ambiental y se les informa acerca de la estructura de la organización. A los estudiantes de primer año reciben la Política ambiental de la Universidad en su paquete de bienvenida e información adicional del medio ambiente al comienzo de los estudios
3.2.3.5. Formación de auditores ambientales.
Varios de los coordinadores medioambientales fueron capacitados como auditores, junto con un número de representantes de la industria local y la municipalidad de Gävle.
En la actualidad hay siete auditores ambientales internos de la universidad. Además para que los estudiantes pueden participar en las auditorías internas en base a sus estudios en la gestión ambiental y el curso de los auditores.
3.2.4. Comunicación
Durante la implementación del EMS significativo énfasis fue puesto en la comunicación de los temas ambientales. Varios canales se utilizan para la comunicación, por ejemplo interna y sitios web públicos, información folletos, reuniones de departamento y otras reuniones. Para comunicar algunos de los elementos centrales de las políticas EMS (es decir, el medio ambiente, los objetivos y metas), los documentos de los proyectos fueron publicados para su consulta y entrada en la web.
3.3. Percepción de la formación y de la comunicación
¿Fueron los recursos destinados a la formación y la comunicación adecuada? ¿Fue el contenido de la capacitación pertinente a las necesidades de los participantes? La encuesta entre el personal docente y dio lugar a las siguientes observaciones.
3.3.1. Participación en la formación
En promedio el 73% de los encuestados informó que han participado en la formación ambiental. Cuatro departamentos mostraron una tasa de participación más baja (62% de los empleados). La tasa de participación en los otros seis departamentos fue del 78%.
3.3.2. Pertinencia de la formación ambiental
Aproximadamente el 60% encontró la formación ambiental “muy relevante” o “pertinente”.
3.3.3. Sensibilización y actitud
Generalmente, el conocimiento acerca de la política medioambiental, los objetivos, las rutinas y los documentos pueden considerarse como alta; más del 82% de la plantilla y de la facultad estaban al tanto de la política.
La participación en la formación mostró una correlación con una más actitud positiva hacia el SME. Facultad general, 52% y personal de acuerdo con la encuesta que estaban motivados para activamente trabajar con los temas ambientales en la universidad. Dentro de los cinco departamentos de la motivación reportado fue muy alta (> 60%). Bajo motivación (

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Total Quality Management

...TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT Everyone has had experiences of poor quality of services or even products when dealing business organization. These experiences might involve an airline that has lost a passenger’s luggage, dealing with the dry cleaner that left the clothes with stained without washing it again, or buying defective items in the supermarket. That is why quality has certain value in the customer as it gives satisfaction for them. A frequently used definition of quality is “Delighting the customer by fully meeting their needs and expectations”. These may include performance, appearance, availability, delivery, reliability, maintain ability, cost effectiveness and price. It is, therefore, imperative that the organisation knows what these needs and expectations are. In addition, having identified them, the organisation must understand them, and measure its own ability to meet them. Moreover, making quality a priority means putting customer needs first. It means meeting and exceeding customer expectations by involving everyone in the organization through an integrated effort. TQM which is Total Quality Management is defined as “A management approach that centers on meeting customer requirements by achieving continuous improvement in products (Langfield, 2009). Besides that, according to Reid and Sanders, 2010, TQM is “An integrated effort designed to improve quality performance at every level of the organization”. TQM requirements may be defined separately for a particular organization...

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