...TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT A RESOURCE BOOK Edited by Adil Najam Mark Halle Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT A RESOURCE BOOK Edited by Adil Najam Mark Halle Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz Trade and Environment: A Resource Book © 2007 International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and the Regional and International Networking Group (The Ring). Trade and Environment: A Resource Book Edited by Adil Najam, Mark Halle and Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz ISBN 978-1-895536-99-7 Published by International Institute for Sustainable Development, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, The Regional and International Networking Group This publication is available online at http://www.trade-environment.org http://www.iisd.org http://www.ictsd.org http://www.ring-alliance.org Cover photos from iStockphoto. Readers are encouraged to quote and reproduce this material for educational, not-for-profit purposes, provided the source is acknowledged. Printed on 100% post-consumer recycled paper. Trade and Environment: A Resource Book The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD, http://www.iisd.org) contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and assessment, and natural resources management. Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and...
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...14771 Paper di Laurea di : Luca Cantadori Matricola: 14771 Anno Accademico : 2012/2013 Anno Accademico : 2012/2013 CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH ON THE ENVIRONMENT:Focus on International Trade i. Economic growth and the environment ii. Environmental Kuznets curve: a. Kuznets Curve:Income inequality and growth b. Income inequality , growth and the environment iii. Population growth: how increasing population could affect the environment iv. Economic impacts of environmental policies: c. Economic growth: investment and innovation d. Effect on competitiveness v. International Trade and the environment vi. Effects of Trade on the environment vii. Trade due to differences in Environmental Policies: e. Pollution Haven case viii. Trade not due to differences in Environmental policies: f. Comparative advantage and environment: how factor endowments can influence environment ix. Conclusion x. References xi. Abstract i.Economic growth and the environment In the first half of the twentieth century there was and incredible explosion of international trade: indeed international trade almost triplicate its size.( According to data from www.worldbank.org) A lot of changes contributed to this expansion, first of all technological changes that allowed to reduce distances between...
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...ECONOMICS WORLD TRADE AND ENVIORNMENT ISSUES AND POLICIES SEPTEMBER 2015 BY VIDUR KANODIA HR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS MCOM – I DIVISION – M ROLL NUMBER – 28 Objective This paper provides an overview of trade, environmental, and related public issues and policies. It discusses the pollution problem, the recent global warming trend, the attempts of world’s various levels of institutions such as the UN, the WTO, regional, national, and other organizations to solve the global trade and environmental issues. It also discusses a number of basic theoretical issues and empirical findings such as the free-rider problem, tragedy of the commons, theory of second best, relative efficacy of price and quantity control, carbon leakage, border carbon adjustments, cap-and-trade system, pollution haven hypothesis, optimal social discount rate and the environmental Kuznets curve. Some computable general equilibrium models are reviewed and several notable WTO environmental and health-related trade dispute cases are analyzed, including the tuna-dolphin, shrimp-turtle, eco-labeling, beef- hormone, and GMOs cases. Introduction Trade liberalization can have substantial ramifications for the global environmental policy regime. Lowering trade barriers and opening new markets can boost economic growth and development, which may help or harm the environment. On the one hand, growth and development tend to increase resource and energy demands, degrade natural resources, and bring forth...
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...The international business and trade environment is the backbone of global economy. Trade agreements to buying and selling goods and services internationally give manufacturers in various countries the opportunity to expand beyond the domestic market. Trading across national borders increases sales, creates jobs, balances seasonal fluctuations and provides a variety of products and services. As the global economy continues to strengthen, international trade continues to be in demand. 4.2 OBJECTIVES Increases Sales For some businesses, the drop in the value of the dollar increases business internationally. To capture the international market, businesses have launched Internet marketing campaigns and websites targeted at consumers in specific...
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...Marketing Environment The marketing environment surrounds and impacts upon the organization. There are three key elements to the marketing environment which are the internal environment, the microenvironment and the macro environment. Why are they important? Well marketers build both internal and external relationships. Marketers aim to deliver value to satisfied customers, so we need to assess and evaluate our internal business/corporate environment and our external environment which is subdivided into micro and macro. Microenvironment The microenvironment is made from individuals and organizations that are close to the company and directly impact the customer experience. Examples would include the company itself, its suppliers, other marketing input from agencies, the markets and segments in which your business trades, your competition and also those around you (which public relations would call publics) who are not paying customers but still have an interest in your business. The Micro environment is relatively controllable since the actions of the business may influence such stakeholders. Walmart’s Micro environment would be very much focused on immediate local issues. It would consider how to recruit, retain and extend products and services to customers. It would pay close attention to the actions and reactions of direct competitors. Walmart would build and nurture close relationships with key suppliers. The business would need to communicate and liaise with its publics...
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...Part -3 The Concept we have chosen is International Organisation for Standardization (ISO). It is the world’s largest developer of international standards and help in facilitating world trade by providing common standards between nations. These standards ensures that product and services are safe, reliable, and of good quality and that proper processes have been followed in their development. ISO certifications have many benefits for the business, government and society which are as follows: * Optimized operations for business which will result in cost savings. * Improved quality of the products. * Overcome trade barriers * Reduced negative impact on the environment. * Restored faith in use of the product if ISO certified * They are internationally adopted and can up the world trade. The Coca-Cola Company on a global level have the following common ISO Certifications. * ISO 9001:2008 * ISO 14001:2004 * ISO 22000:2005 The above mentioned ISO certifications are the Common certifications of each of the Coca-Cola plant around the world. Coca-Cola is taking up other certifications as well which are plant specific and country specific with bringing in more technology for energy management. Below is the brief description of the ISO certification that Coca-Cola is currently certified with. * ISO 9001:2008 – this is a quality management certification which certifies that the organizations are using quality processes for their manufacturing...
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...Credit: 3 COURSE DESCRIPTION GENERAL OBJECTIVES At the end of this course, students should be able to : 1. Identify key elements of the global environment. 2. Discuss how environmental elements interact locally and globally in predictable and unpredictable ways. 3. Describe the impact of human activities on the global environment. 4. Discuss issues relating to sustainable development. 5. Identify international and Caribbean regional environmental challenges 6. Identify biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems and some of their possible interactions. 7. Describe physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the oceans. 8. Identify the principal marine pollutants and the threat they represent. 9. Assess the impact on the marine environment of oil pollution from the oil industry and the shipping industry. 10. Identify requirements to maintain healthy ports and harbours, and current programs to rehabilitate Caribbean ports. 11. Identify organizations and regulatory structures concerned with oceans management and costal zone management in general and within the Caribbean region, including the UNEP regional seas programme. 12. Discuss national and international marine law; the use of civil and criminal law in regulating the environment and the conflict between private property rights and environmental regulation. 13. Identify the main features of UNCLOS, MARPOL, and the London...
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...airway.However providing by the vessels of approximately 88% of international trade shows that maritime trade is a very large market.However, in addition to these advantages maritime transport and the environmental impact of maritime transport are also important. Therefore, both marine transportation and shipbuilding sector is restricted or regulated by international and national rules. As a result of this, The Republic of Turkey has been legalized its own environmental regulations by the national legislation. All commercial and industrial companies working under the flag act in accordance with the restrictions imposed by the legislation. In addition to the national legislation, Government of Turkey is obliged to comply with the decisions, directives or regulations taken for the prevention of marine pollution by the European Union, because of its strategic location and place in international trade, and is obliged to adapt own rules to the national criteria to the extent possible. The cooperation of the Republic of Turkey with neighbor states based on common rules is very important to show the competitiveness of the country's political and commercial purposes. As a result, the control of marine pollution by law even restricting greatly contributes to raise the level of our country in the global market in order to demonstrate the importance of the environment in the shipping industry and maritime trade according to international standards. 1.1 Turkey-EU process and its relationship...
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...CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPOCIBILTY: HOW ACCEPTABLE IS IT? INTRODUCTION In its regular functioning, organisations can have immense negative impact on its environment. The most obvious example being oil spills and deforestation for industrialisation, but industries as different as chemical manufacturing, mining, agriculture and fishing can do permanent damage to local ecosystems. Globalisation and its irreversible effects can also be blamed to a large extent to these organisations. While end consumers of these industries who demand the products these organisations manufacture are at fault too, it is undeniable that many corporations have ignored their social responsibility and simply focused on their profitability at the stake of harming their immediate environment. In the context of this unacceptable policy, some fractions of the corporate world have started to accept a philosophy that focuses on both profit as well as functioning ethically. This principle, called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to initiatives taken by an organisation to measure and reduce the negative impacts it has on its environment. It generally refers to the extra efforts taken by the organisation to focus on the social wellbeing of all its stockholders and to the world at large. ABOUT CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Companies at times invest in local communities in order to compensate for the negative impacts their operations might have. The most obvious way might be to donate money to charity...
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...and monitor the macro-environmental (external marketing environment) factors that have an impact on an organization. The result of which is used to identify threats and weaknesses which is used in a SWOT analysis. PESTLE analysis is in effect an audit of an organization's environmental influences with the purpose of using this information to guide strategic decision-making. The assumption is that if the organization is able to audit its current environment and assess potential changes, it will be better placed than its competitors to respond to changes. To help make decisions and to plan for future events, organizations need to understand the wider ‘micro-economic’ and ‘macro-economic’ environments in which they operate. (The micro-economic environment is the one in which we operate and have limited influence or impact, the macro-environment includes all factors that influence an organization but are out of its direct control). An organization on its own cannot affect these factors, nor can these factors directly affect the profitability of an organization. But by understanding these environments, it is possible to take the advantage to maximize the opportunities and minimize the threats to the organization. Conducting a strategic analysis entails scanning these economic environments to detect and understand the broad, long term trends. A PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding the ‘big picture’ of the environment in which an organization is operating. Specifically a...
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...very polluted way of life. They pollute the environment they live in and they pollute themselves. The, "garimpeiros" as the miners are called in Brazil are independent farmers of the gold that flows beneath the rivers of the Amazon rain-forest. Their daily routine of early mornings, long hard days, and late nights drinking and taking cocaine contribute to their way of life. Their only goal in life is to drill for the gold dust which seems to collect at the bottoms of waterfalls then use the profits for illegal self indulgences like cocaine. To extract this gold dust they must combine mercury with the dust, and because of the mercury’s chemical make-up it is able to extract the gold from the useless rock and debris. The mercury, however, isn’t the cleanest element for the environment. Many garimpeiros carelessly use the mercury then dump it into the rivers polluting the water and the food. Also, the dust from the mercury gets inhaled by the miners, contributing to their polluted way of life. All day dragas, which are boats used for mining the bottom of rivers, are pulled to locations where gold is thought to be found, moving and polluting. Then there is the common drug use among these farmers. To sum the garimpeiros’ way of life, they live a life of drinking and drugs, women and murder. So the polluted way of life is obvious, men poison the waters and the food and then ultimately themselves, with the illegal activities of the mining trade in Brazil. Although most do not realize...
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...Research in Global Strategic Management Emerald Book Chapter: MULTINATIONALS, ENVIRONMENT AND GLOBAL COMPETITIO A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Sarianna M Lundan Article information: To cite this document: Sarianna M Lundan, (2003),"MULTINATIONALS, ENVIRONMENT AND GLOBAL COMPETITION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK", (ed.) Multinationals, Environment and Global Competition (Research in Global Strategic Management, Volume 9), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 1 - 22 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1064-4857(03)09001-6 Downloaded on: 10-07-2012 References: This document contains references to 35 other documents To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com This document has been downloaded 877 times since 2008. * Users who downloaded this Chapter also downloaded: * Michael W Hansen, (2003),"ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DANISH FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRI COUNTRY FACTORS IN SHAPING THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES OF DANISH MULTINATIONALS", Sarianna M. L Multinationals, Environment and Global Competition (Research in Global Strategic Management, Volume 9), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 65 - 94 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1064-4857(03)09004-1 Ans Kolk, Rob van Tulder, (2003),"INTERNATIONALIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING: THE GREEN FACE OF THE WO MULTINATIONALS", Sarianna M. Lundan, in (ed.) Multinationals, Environment and Global Competition (Research in Global Strategic Management, Volume 9), Emerald Group Publishing...
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...of living to all, which can be possible only in a pollution free environment. Also, in a democratic republic, people have the right to know and access information on government policies which is very important for the success of environmental policies. The starting point of environmental protection is the fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy which underline our national commitment to protect and improve the environment. The interpretation given to article 21 of the Constitution contained in the Fundamental Rights has added new dimensions to the quality of life and its relating effect on the environment. The Constitution of India as originally enacted did not contain any specific provision to deal with environmental pollution though Article 47 made an indirect reference to improvement of public health as one of the primary duties of the state. Article 51 (c) provides that the state shall endeavour to foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised peoples with one and another. Article 253 of the Constitution specifically empowers parliament to make any law for the whole or part of india for implementing any treaty, agreement or convention with any other country or any decision made at any international conference. This has been held in conformity with the 1972 UN conference on Human Environment at Stockholm and the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development Rio de Janeiro. The authority vested in the parliament...
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...includes evaluation of the internal and the external environment with the help of The PESTEL framework, Porter’s five forces, Value chain, Capability analyses and The SWOT analyses. INTRODUCTION The executive report provides an overview of the strategic position of McBride Plc which is a fast moving consumer goods company which operates in United Kindgom, China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Hong Kong and other European and Asian countries. It supplies to over 95% of Europe's top 20 retailers including Aldi, Auchan, Carrefour, Casino, Edeka, Leclerc, Metro, Rewe, J Sainsbury's, Tesco and Asda/ Wal *Mart The company deals in major household products and personal care products which are supplied to almost all major retail chains across Europe. The PESTEL framework discussed in this report helps the analysis of the macro environmental whereas the micro environment is evaluated with the help of Michael Porter’s five forces. Value chain and capability analysis also help to study the internal environment. SWOT analysis evaluates the overall position of the company. Conclusion evaluates the company’s working in terms of its strategy being feasible, sustainable and acceptable. MACRO ENVIRONMENT PESTEL Analysis: It provides the broad ‘data’ from which to identify key drivers to change. Political The government makes it essential for the companies to become more environmentally and socially responsible by following the various trade n tax policies which affects the supply chain flow...
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...A report on An analysis on Walton refrigerator Submitted to: Md. Ismail Hossain Associate professor Department of marketing University of Dhaka Submitted by: Group Insuperable Section: B Department of marketing University of Dhaka Submission date: May 2, 2016 GROUOP NAME: INSUPERABLE Serial no. | Name | Roll no. | 1. | Ashikul Islam | 44 | 2. | Shahinur Akter | 98 | 3. | Farjana Akter Mito- | 110 | 4. | Sajal Bepary | 112 | 5. | Forhadi Afsana | 152 | 6. | Sajedul Islam | 176 | 7. | Ashiqur Rahman Ashiq- | 266 | 8. | Md. Eqramul Islam | 268 | 9. | Tonmoy Das | 270 | 10. | Md. Anamullah | 274 | Letter of transmittal May 2, 2016 Md. Ismail Hossain Associate professor Department of Marketing University of Dhaka Subject: submission the report on “an analysis on Walton refrigerator” Dear Sir...
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