...Erik Erikson's eight stages of development is his theory on how human development happens in psychosocial stages. Erik Erikson's first stage is trust versus mistrust. According to Erikson, this stage occurs from birth to age one and is the foundation for whether or not a person will see the world as a nice and pleasant place to live. Since infants rely entirely on caregivers to survive, their caregivers will shape their sense of trust in the world. This is an interesting theory coming from a man named Erik Erikson. When your last name is Erikson and then your parents name you Erik, I can't imagine this giving you much trust in the world to be a nice place to live. Also, it shows that your parents clearly aren't that clever. In the first stage in a person's development, the closest...
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...has a possible psychological trigger. Dr. Erik Erickson discusses in his theory if “identity crisis” that an individual must go through eight stages in life successful in order to understand their true identity. While all of the eight stages are important only five will be discussed for this paper. While many of us may believe that there is no reason for a teenager to get pregnant because they should just know better, Dr. Erickson’s theory gives a deep perspective into the psychological effects that can affect a child at different stages of life. This paper is also going to explore what other sources maybe responsible for the teenage pregnancy crisis being so far out of hand. Teen Pregnancy and Who Is To Blame? Statistics show that every year over 750,000 teenage girls will get pregnant. (Services, 2005) More than 2/3 of the teenage girls that get pregnant will not graduate for high school and unmarried pregnant teens account for 24% of the unwed mothers in our country today (Services, 2005) While I don’t think many of us will argue that with statistics like this, we have to figure out why this epidemic is so far out of control. To do this we have to be able to look at it from a psychological approach like Dr. Erik Erickson did in his book that he wrote about “Identity Crisis”. The chapter in his book titled, “The Eight Stages of...
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...Theories and Theorists Application 1 Week 5 Kimberly Perkins Walden University Theory is described as “a set of interrelated constructs, definitions and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables with the purpose of explaining natural phenomena” (Creswell, 2009). There are multiple theories that are used in the field of psychology such as Cognitive Behavioral Theory, Learning Theory and Personality Theories to name a few. For the purpose of this paper I have chosen to further explore the Humanistic and Developmental Theories. Humanistic Theory believes that humans are different from all organisms and that they control all events and destinies that shape the world around them (Crandell, Crandell and Zanden, 2009). Humanistic theorists believe in the holistic approach, the whole individual and their surroundings are taken into account and they are not just seen as a number or data that is being collected. These theorists argue that “scientific inquiry should be directed toward helping people achieve freedom, hope and self-fulfillment ( Crandell et al. 2009). The goal in mind for this theory is to have the individual viewed as the controller of their situation, making the individual more motivated and have increased self-esteem. One of the greatest Humanistic theorists in my opinion was Carl Rogers. Carl Rogers was born in 1902 in Oak Park Illinois. Roger’s initial major was in agriculture however after 2 years he...
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...aware of developmental stages and trends in order to fit care and support for the people we work with accurately. Erikson states that if a person does not transition from one developmental stage to another effectively this can cause problems in later stages and create a sense of fixation. Children develop in different stages and in different ways. A method that has been used to explore these developmental milestones is observation. Observations involve watching a child for sometime in order to understand how he or she perceives and interacts with the world. attributes physically, cognitively and socially of two children, one male and one female, ages five and ten, respectively. This writer will identify the socio-economic status (SEC), age, gender, ethnic background, and family demographics of each of these children. The two children this writer has chosen come from similar living situations (i.e. they both live with single mothers), but have vast differences in their physical, cognitive, and social development. This paper will examine Erik Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages as explained by Dacey, Fiore, Travers (2009) in an effort to explain the noticeable differences in the two children that this writer has chosen to observe. These two children were chosen because they are both being raised in a single parent household, which is something that this writer can relate to, as this writer is a single mother. This writer will also explore the Cognitive Development Approach theories...
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...we face a psychosocial dilemma or crisis at each stage of our life. I think it would definitely help the younger teens that are dealing with these problems now because because like Erikson said, it wouldn’t be as hard for them to deal with later crisis because they would already know how to approach the problem or situation. "Erikson's theory proposes eight stages of human development. Each stage is characterized by a different conflict that must be resolved by the person. When the environment makes new demands on people, the conflicts arise. 'The person is faced with a choice between two ways of coping with each crisis, an adaptive, or maladaptive way. (Peter K. Gerlach, 2015). I believe teenager’s resort to committing suicide from bullying might be because they feel like they are alone and have no one to turn to and they feel like committing suicide is the only solution to their problem. They would rather take the easy way out, other than going and getting help and advice from a counselor or parents. If I were to suggest to a young teenager that was experiencing a life crisis, I would suggest them going to talk to a counselor at least once a week and have someone talk to them about their problems. A counselor would encourage them and tell them the best way to approach any situation and let them know that there is a solution to every problem. Gerlach, P. (n.d.). Perspective on Erik Erickson's 8 stages of human development. Retrieved July 29, 2015. Word Count:...
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...DEVELOPMENTAL TASK Erik Erickson (1902- 1994) Erickson’s stages of psychosocial development Erik Erickson believes that people continue to develop through out life. He describes eight stages of development. He believes that ego is the conscious core of the personality. Erickson envisions life as a sequence of levels of achievement. In each stage, the person confronts and hopefully masters new challenges. Each stage builds on the successful completion on the earlier stages. The challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future. Stage of Development Ideal Task Important Events Justification Infancy (birth- 18 months) Trust Vs. Mistrust Learning to trust others Feeding Developed Trust -In this stage mouth is the center of gratification according to Freud, and the mother should satisfy the baby’s needs through feeding -He developed trust because he was appropriately weaned. He was introduced with milk formula in exchange of his mom’s milk to satisfy his oral gratification Toddler ( 18 months- 3 years) Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt Self control without loss of self-esteem. Pride in self: assertion of will in the face of danger. Toilet Training Developed Shame & Doubt - In this stage anus and rectum are the centers of pleasure. Erickson believe that learning to control one’s body functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence. -He developed shame & doubt because he was scolded...
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...always occurring in the development of an individual's life, from the day an individual is conceived to the day that the individual passes away. This essay will describe the physical and cognitive changes in the field of psychology that is called "Lifespan Development." This essay will also describe some of the theories involved in the field and how heredity and environment shape an individual. Each and every person goes through several stages, starting with infancy, childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age, older age and then eventually death. The infancy stage, is the birth to two years old and is crucial stage for the development of relationships with others. The infant is totally dependent on an adult and learns that the world surrounding them is a safe place; this is the stage when bonding occurs. The childhood stage is two through ten years old. There are numerous changes in this stage; the child becomes less dependent on the adults in their life and gains more self-control of their physical and cognitive abilities. From the age of ten to twenty years old the individual is in adolescence, the adolescent is developing their identity and the thought process is more complex and logical. The early adulthood stage is from the age of twenty to forty years of age. In this stage the person is gaining financial independence, working in a career, and thinking of selecting a life partner. The next stage in the human lifespan is middle age, this stage is from the age of forty...
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...Eric Erikson was a worldwide famous psychologist and psychoanalyst. He was well known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. Erikson graduated from The Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute as a child analyst where he was trained by the prestigious psychoanalyst Anna Freud. He was deeply fascinated with the various theories on personality development. It was this fascination that marked the beginning of his integration of the analytic clinical perspective with the social and economic events that influence a child. So what is Erikson's Stages of Development? In this essay we will discuss this matter. Erikson life-stage virtues, in order of the eight stages in which they may be acquired, are: 1. Basic trust vs. basic mistrust - This stage covers the period of infancy. 0-1 year of age. - Whether or not the baby develops basic trust or basic mistrust is not merely a matter of nurture. It depends on the quality of the maternal relationship. If successful, the baby develops a sense of trust, which “forms the basis in the child for a sense of identity“. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame - Covers early childhood - Introduces the concept of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. During this stage the child is trying to master toilet training. 3. Purpose - Initiative vs. Guilt - Preschool / 3–6 years - Does the child have the ability to or do things on their own, such as dress him or herself? If "guilty" about making his or her own choices, the child will not function well.. ...
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...research child development. These perspectives include psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive, contextual, and evolutionary/sociobiological perspectives (Papalia, Olds, & Feldman, 2008). Researchers use theories to explain child development. The theories are important because they propose ideas or explanations to describe development and to predict kinds of behaviors. In this paper, I will discuss and describe three theories of development, their key concepts, their similarities, their differences, how the domains of development influence each other, and how understanding development helps those who work with developing children. Three Theories of Development: Some important theories of child development include Freud’s psychosexual theory, Erickson’s psychosocial theory, and Piaget’s cognitive-stage theory. “Sigmund Freud believed that people are born with biological drives that must be redirected to make it possible to live in society” (Papalia et. al, 2008). He proposed that development happens throughout five stages in a child’s life. The first stage is referred to as the oral stage. It occurs between birth and 18 months. During this stage, the baby’s chief source of pleasure involves mouth-oriented activities (Papalia et. al, 2008). The second stage is referred to as the anal stage. It occurs between one year and three years of age. During this stage, the child derives sensual gratification from withholding and expelling feces (Papalia et. al, 2008). The third stage is referred...
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...Quality of Life Name: Institutional Affiliation: How would you as a person be classified? Well, this the one question that would raise a heated debate and long list of the elements critical in classifying people that is because the issue is not about how best to classify people but rather what qualify life means. Quality life refers to the general person’s and societies’ well-being as well as the individual’s commitment to his or her life (Phillips, 2006). Quality life can also be defined in terms of the measurement of energy and power in an individual necessary for the enjoyment of life and prevalence over the challenges encountered. What is certain is that it is the individual that best determines the measurement of his or herlife’s quality (Phillips, 2006). That is mainly because different people experience different levels of satisfaction and disappoint in their lives. However, quality of life isaveragely measured in terms of the influence of the political, economic, social and environmental factors on a person’s life both qualitatively, quantitatively and questionnaire measuring among other methods (Phillips, 2006). That then leads us to the question on what factors both negative and positive affect a person’s quality of life in the form of love, independence, function and comfort. For instance, in the case that one gives out love and receives love in return that person’s life will be of quality but when the opposite happens, the person’s life is negatively affected...
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...Antwone Fisher 10/27/2012 Erik Erikson, a developmental psychologist, stated the first stage of human development is one of the most important. Because an infant is entirely dependent upon his or her caregivers, the quality of care plays an important role in the shaping of the child’s personality. In the case of Antowne Fisher, with his unfortunate circumstance of the death of his father and the incarceration of his mother, he lacked the care and love only parents can provide. However, once he entered the foster care system, Mrs. Nellie Strange, a savior of sort and his foster mother, became the tool in his development through the first stage of Erickson’s stages of development. It is evident within the first stage of development; trust versus mistrust. “…The major emphasis is on the mother’s positive and loving care for the child…if we pass successfully through this period of life, we will learn to trust that life is basically okay and have basic confidence in the future” (Harder, 2003). During this time period of Antwone’s life, in contrast to what is to occur in the future, it should be addressed the profound care and attention he received from Mrs. Strange. His foster mother, Mrs. Nellie Strange, showed the genuine care and love a true mother envelopes her child in. The attachment of Mrs. Nellie to Antwone and his trust for his foster mother was evident as she begged to keep while Antwone “…let out a lust yell…” as he was removed from her...
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...According to John Bowlby, Attachment is the “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings”. It essentially refers to the “nurturing bond of physical and emotional love and care formed between parents and their child in the early years of development”. ( Bowlby, 1969) Attachment involves discovering and acknowledging our strengths and vulnerabilities in a relationship as time progresses. Bowlby’s theory states that the first bonds of a child has a huge impact that will continue throughout his life as he begins to form more relationships. The first bond of a child is usually one with his mother. Parents have a great role to play in the lives of their children. They look up to their parents as a source of strength, hope, love and encouragement. However in some situations, children are left with their care givers or grandparents therefore having only limited opportunities and time to form secure and solid emotional attachments. An example of this would be OFWs or people from the province that move to Manila in order to earn a living for their families. These people sacrifice their time with their families and even fail to see their children grow up. Due to the absence of parents in a child’s growth and development, caregivers, grandparents and guardians will have to fill in a huge role to play in a child’s life. The caregiver is then given the responsibility to provide reliability to earn a sense of trust from the child. As the child becomes more attached to his care...
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...Amber Garvin NBT – Classroom Management, Engagement, & Motivation Task # 642.1.1: Classroom Management Theories Classroom Management A. The Importance of Classroom Management The fundamental goal of an educator is to effectively teach their students. Therefore, the effectiveness of an educator’s classroom management is directly correlated to the student’s educational success. Moreover, an effective classroom management strategy contributes to an attentive and orderly classroom, providing the students with self-motivation, essential in early childhood development. “Self-motivation is a continuing process and the only way we become better and stronger is to create a few mistakes a long the way and also face a few setbacks” (Solis, 2009). Providing first graders with a concise and understandable classroom management plan, creates a creative, caring, and convivial learning environment. A1a. Self-management Classroom management is very important for students as well as teachers. Teaching first graders self-management is one factor of classroom management. Student-centered instruction is one way to teach first graders self-management. This type of method teaches students to verbally communicate with others in an appropriate way, giving the teacher the ability to successfully create a fun and exciting learning environment. Just because a classroom is noisy does not mean it is not a well-managed classroom. Students need to feel they belong and be given the freedom...
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...Infancy (birth to 1 year) * Physical development * Reflexes: * Rooting reflex: The rooting reflex is present at birth; it assists in breastfeeding, disappearing at around four months of age as it gradually comes under voluntary control. * Sucking reflex: The sucking reflex is common to all mammals and is present at birth. It is linked with the rooting reflex and breastfeeding, and causes the child to instinctively suck at anything that touches the roof of their mouth and suddenly starts to suck simulating the way they naturally eat. * Gag reflex: gagging when the throat or back of the mouth is stimulated. * Startle reflex: pulling arms and legs in after hearing loud noise. * Babinski reflex: occurs when the big toe moves toward the top surface of the foot and the other toes fan out after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. * Social development * Social behavior based on the social relationship experienced Parenting Styles (enumerate and describe) Parenting Style | Parent Behavior | Child’s Behavior | 1 Authoritarian Parenting | These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. According to Baumrind, these parents "are obedience- and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation" (1991). | Children resulting from this type of parenting may have less social competence because the parent generally tells the child what to do instead of allowing the child to choose by him...
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...Children’s Functional Health Pattern Assessment Functional Health Pattern Assessment (FHP) | Toddler Erickson’s Developmental Stage: Autonomy vs. Shame (McLeod, 2013) | Preschool-Aged Erickson’s Developmental Stage: Initiative vs. Guilt (McLeod, 2013) | School-Aged Erickson’s Developmental Stage: Industry vs. Inferiority (McLeod, 2013) | Pattern of Health Perception and Health Management: (Edelman, 2010) (Jarvis, 2012) (McLeod, 2013) List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Able to express feeling bad/sick but have little understanding of the meaning of health. Depend on the caregiver for health management. Ready for independent activities. Often imitate parents or caregivers. Ex. brushing teeth on their own but unaware of the health benefits. | Able to verbalize when in pain or not feeling well. Curious about their body and its functions. View the internal body to be hollow. | Aware of how their body functions and when it is sick or not functioning properly. Have abstract thought and understand the definition of health and factors causing illness. Cultural influences contribute to their perception of illness. | | Risk for injury r/t accidental exposure and environmental dangers. Risk for poor health maintenance r/t caregiver knowledge deficit. | Risk...
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