...Carbon Fibre Composites Compared with Traditional Metallics Name Institutional Affiliation Introduction According to Elaheh Ghassemieh (2011), the automotive industry has experienced lots of changes that occurs by day through the application of composite materials in the manufacturing of motor vehicle parts and body. Several reasons have been advanced in support of this shift from the traditional use of metals. In comparison to the metallic counterparts, many composite materials exhibit relatively greater strength characteristics as compared to the metallic materials. They are also comparatively lighter than the metals and thereby reducing the fuel cost per passenger in the vehicles. It is also believed that composites exhibit higher resistance to fatigue from repetitive use and thus reducing the maintenance cost of the vehicles and increasing the usage time. In reference to Long, A. C. (2005), the composite material can be defined as a material consisting of strong carry-load materials (reinforcements) embedded in a relatively weaker material (matrix). The purpose of the reinforcement is to provide the strength stiffness, rigidity and mechanical properties needed to support the structural load. The matrix on the other hand acts to provide a fixed orientation of the reinforcement and in many cases is more brittle. Question 1 Advantages of carbon fibre reinforced polymers in over metallics Carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP is one of the classes of the composite...
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...Power and Automotive Technologies Introduction A composite is a multiphase heterogeneous material comprising of fibres that are embedded in a matrix [1], [2]. A composite is unlike an alloy because in an alloy, the other components have been produced by naturally occurring changes. There is a diversity of types of composites currently available, since “it is possible to design materials with property combinations that are better than those found in the metal alloys, ceramics and polymeric materials” [3]. The main ones focused on in this essay are polymeric matrices, metal matrix composites and ceramic composites, and their applications in the aerospace, automotive and wind industries. (1) Brief Fundamentals of Composites 1.1 Concise History [4] The search for alternative materials arose from growing technological and environmental demands for more efficient and sustainable components for industrial purposes. It was in the 1940s when the military first placed a priority on finding more high-strength and lightweight materials for their vehicles. The main materials used at that time were metallic, and while they were functional, they were often prohibitively heavy, so that the engines could not carry as much as cargo as they preferred, whereas the composite materials were much less heavy, as shown in Table 1, and when compared to non-composites, even steel, carbon based composites have a higher tensile strength. At the bottom of the table is a polymer, with the lowest comparative...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL REPORT ON CANDIDATES’ WORK IN THE CARIBBEAN SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE JANUARY 2008 HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY Copyright © 2008 Caribbean Examinations Council ® St Michael Barbados All rights reserved -2HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY GENERAL PROFICIENCY EXAMINATIONS JANUARY 2008 The 2008 examination was the third January sitting of Human and Social Biology offered at the General Proficiency level. The format of the examination was the same as in previous years. Paper 01 consisted of 60 Multiple Choice items. Paper 02 consisted of ten compulsory structured questions in Section A, each worth ten marks, and four essay questions in Section B, each worth 20 marks. Candidates were required to answer any two of the four essay questions. General Comments There was significant improvement in candidate performance in 2008. Seventy-seven per cent of the candidates achieved Grades I – III in 2008 compared with 47 per cent in 2007. This improvement was also reflected in the performance in both profiles, Profile 1, Knowledge and Comprehension, and Profile 2, Use of Knowledge. While performance on Paper 01, the Multiple Choice paper, declined slightly, analysis of the equating items reveals that except for two items, the profiles are parallel and at the same level in 2008 and in 2006 (the year with which the items were equated). Candidate performance on Paper 02 improved significantly. This may be attributed to at least two factors: 1. This is the third...
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...Heart Essay When a performer starts to exercise, they inevitably increase rate of respiration, meaning they require more glucose and oxygen (if aerobic) and need to primarily remove more carbon dioxide as well as lactic acid (if anaerobic). The first way this is done is by secretion of the hormone adrenaline into the bloodstream. Adrenaline in blood is picked up by chemoreceptors in the aortic arch, impulses are then sent to cardiac control centre (in the medulla oblongata) via sympathic nerve which increases heart rate. Adrenaline (epinephrine) facilitates greater cardiac output, meaning a greater volume of blood pumped into the systemic circuit, carrying more oxyhaemoglobin. Adrenal gland also secrets norepinephrine (a different hormone), which causes the blood vessels to constrict (narrowing of lumens) the increases blood pressure. When the cardiac control centre in the medulla oblongata receives nerve impulses it sends a nerve impulse to the SA (Sino-Atrial) Node, which sends the wave excitation across both atria causing atrial muscles to contract (atrial systole) forcing blood through bicuspid and tricuspid valves. The wave of excitation (electrical impulse) hits the AV (atrio-ventricular) Node. This sends the wave down the septum through the bundle of his and purkinje fibers, which then hits apex of the heart and spreads round ventricle muscular walls causing them contract. This is called ventricular systole, causing bottom to top contraction forcing blood into arteries...
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...particular, I have decided to research Protein macromolecules. Proteins are unique in the way of their structures and found contributing to virtually all cells of the body. The following essay explains the distinctive structures of Protein, variant forms and proteins role toward almost all biological processes. Body: Structure of Protein The structure of a Protein Macromolecule consists of more than one hundred amino acids covalently bonded. A covalent bond is the result of shared electrons amongst atoms and in protein macromolecules; these bonds connect Amino acids to another ultimately creating a Polypeptide chain. A polypeptide chain includes three or more Amino acids linked together by this chemical bond. Amino acids ultimately determine the shape and three dimensional configurations of Protein, are organic compounds and have a two carbon bond comprising of one carboxyl group and one amino group. A carboxyl group (COOH) consists of a carbon atom, two oxygen atoms, Hydrogen atom and joins to an Amine group (NH2) Each amino acid possesses a variable R group differentiating each Amino acid. This R group, (or side chain) gives each protein specific characteristics, including size, polarity and pH according to Boundless Biology (Amino Acids), 01 Dec. 2014. Amino acids contain basic structures of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Once polypeptides have formed, protein molecules are then exposed to four...
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...Carbohydrates This essay will explain carbohydrates, their structure and two main functions of a carbohydrate and why they are important in the human body. Carbohydrate is a term used to describe food composed of sugar molecules. Carbohydrates are sugars, the two main forms are simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates, also referred to as sugars and starches. One of the main differences between the two is how quickly they can be digested and absorbed. They are one of the body’s main sources of energy as carbohydrates are broken down into glucose quickly. It has a more pronounced effect on blood sugar levels than fats or proteins. Foods rich in carbohydrates also provide fibre, protein, vitamins and minerals but the main purpose is to provide energy (Harvard School of Public Health, 2015). Carbohydrates can be found in all fruits and vegetables in varying amounts, celery, for example, having very little carbohydrate while potatoes have a much higher amount of carbohydrate (Int. Food Information Council Foundation, 2013) Complex carbohydrates are found in foods such as pasta, potatoes, flour and rice and release slowly into the circulatory system. Simple carbohydrates are sugars and are released quickly into the system, simple carbohydrates include, table sugar, fruit juices and most pre-packaged cereals. Eating complex carbohydrates results in starches breaking down slowly and therefore raise blood sugar levels more slowly than simple carbohydrates (sugars) which will...
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...combine the electric motor with the three cylinder combustion engine. For the reduction of weight the car is constructed with the light weight aluminum, in their structure and body from the strong but light carbon fiber. They also have small batteries. BMW are very much cautious about predicting that there will be a demand of electric car in the future. TASK 1 (1a,1b): Reason behind this decision: The reason behind this decision of BMW to make BMWi is that, they have taken preventive measures to reduce the impact of automobiles on the environment. They want to design less polluting cars by making their existing models into the more efficient along with the environmental friendly fuels as vehicles if future. The possibilities of which are as: electric power, hybrid power (combustion engine and electric motors) hydrogen engine. Now the BMWi has all this, it is relatively simple in production process. It does not involve any press shop, welding shop and the paint work is also in a very small quantity. Mr. Robertson insists that it means, “it is much easier to ramp up production than with conventional production”. BMW is hoping to launch some other models like that in the coming years and their rivals are also thinking about this range of car of light weight, carbon-fibre to become a great part of electric motoring in the near future. Views of the Stakeholders: Commitment requires dialogue. As we know that BMW is a internationally operating company, they...
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...Introduction This essay will consider the structure and function of the 11 systems within the human body. It will detail the interrelationship between the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system and between the circulatory system and the lymphatic system. It will then explain the roles of the circulatory and lymphatic systems in the immune response and the role of hormones in metabolism. Human Body Systems The human body is made up of 11 separate but interconnected systems (Sherwood, 2007). These are the skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, integumentary, immune, endocrine and reproductive systems. The success and survival of the human body is dependent on the ability of separate body systems to work together. The skeletal system provides structure for the human body, stores minerals, produces blood cells and provides protection for delicate organs (Kelly, 2004). 206 bones are connected with ligaments, muscles and tendons, with cartilage, a softer cushion like material, providing protection in jointed areas. Body movements are controlled by the muscular system, with these muscles being connected to bones via tendons (Adams, 2004). Stimulation of these muscles by the nervous system causes contraction and the resulting movement of bones to which they are attached. A number of involuntary muscles ensure the respiratory and circulatory systems continue with contraction of the heart and lungs (Adams, 2004). The heart is central...
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...„The effects and perceived severity of individual pollutant categories are also a function of work stress and organizational dysfunction, personality structure, and coping styles‟ (Apter et al, 1994) hence sick building syndrome is regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion especially with indoor quality standards not established in many countries. 4. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF SICK BUILDING SYNDROME The three main pollutant sources are, 6 • Chemical pollutants which include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as pesticides, cigarette smoke and carbon monoxide which is derived from the combustion of certain products. • Biological pollutants which are bacteria and viruses; molds and yeasts; dust mite allergen, pollens. • Physical pollutants such as radiation from radon and electromagnetic fields, dust and respirable particulate matter such as...
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...CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT Unit 46 Assignment Table of Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................ 2 I. The development of global, European and national policies relating to sustainability. 2 1. Changing attitudes of public, politicians and businesses to the environment since 1945 .................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Brundtland definition of ‘sustainable development’ .................................................. 4 3. The international and UK policies to sustainable development since Earth Summit of 1992 ................................................................................................................................ 4 4. Triple bottom line........................................................................................................ 5 II. The commercial case for considering social and environmental matters in business management .......................................................................................................................... 6 1. 2. 3. Stakeholders and how they impact on business policies ........................................... 6 Is adopting CSR policies cost-saving? .......................................................................... 7 Primark Ethical Trading ................................
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...as a result of changing of purchasing habit, lower price level and availability of poor quality garment (Kant Hvass 2014, 413). It is important for H&M to aware the importance of green marketing as there are uncountable waste produced by fashion industry every year (Kant Hvass 2014, 414). One of the significant initiative taken by H&M is the “close the loop” campaign which was launched in 2013 (Recycle your clothes 2017). According to H&M, 32,000 tonnes of garments was collected in their store for the purpose of re-worn, reuse, and recycle (Recycle your clothes 2017). H&M has collaborated with The Hong Kong Research Institute of Textiles and Apparel to develop the technologies of producing recycled clothes. This result in 20% of recycled fibres used in a new garment without any loss of quality (Recycle your clothes 2017). To encourage their customers to donate their garments, H&M is giving out shopping voucher and stating that 0.02 euros will be donated to local charity organization with every kilogram of garment...
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...Market Research On Fashion & Sustainability Submitted by Ishita Bhatia Under the supervision of Jagriti Mishra Submitted to Department of Fashion Management Studies (FMS) National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) (Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India) GH-0 Road, Behind Infocity Gandhinagar 382007. Gujarat http://www.nift.ac.in December, 2013 Fashion & Sustainability BackGround Myth: Sustainable Fashion is just wearing natural, organic or green fashion. Truth: Sustainable Fashion is about being * Eco friendly * Socially-Responsible * Commercially feasible * Animal-Cruelty Free Sustainability and responsibility are two sides of one and the same coin. Today Apparel Industry stands as a big medium of innovation and smart up cycling. Sustainability becomes more crucial if one has to deal with it in the apparel sector in order to manage excess and wastage. This systematic research aims to find out about all the sustainable measures practiced by companies producing such articles. Acknowledgement I would generously like to thank my Mentor Jagriti Mishra for her continual support, feedback and constructive discussions. I owe my secondary research to Ebsco, DELNET Google Scholar, Nift Resource Center and Library and the whole FMS department of NIFT, Gandhinagar. table of contents Background study 3 acknowledgement 4 table of contents 5 1 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 Statement of the problem 8 1.2 Objectives 8 ...
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...Biology guide First assessment 2016 Biology guide First assessment 2016 Diploma Programme Biology guide Published February 2014 Published on behalf of the International Baccalaureate Organization, a not-for-profit educational foundation of 15 Route des Morillons, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland by the International Baccalaureate Organization (UK) Ltd Peterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff Gate Cardiff, Wales CF23 8GL United Kingdom Website: www.ibo.org © International Baccalaureate Organization 2014 The International Baccalaureate Organization (known as the IB) offers four high-quality and challenging educational programmes for a worldwide community of schools, aiming to create a better, more peaceful world. This publication is one of a range of materials produced to support these programmes. The IB may use a variety of sources in its work and checks information to verify accuracy and authenticity, particularly when using community-based knowledge sources such as Wikipedia. The IB respects the principles of intellectual property and makes strenuous efforts to identify and obtain permission before publication from rights holders of all copyright material used. The IB is grateful for permissions received for material used in this publication and will be pleased to correct any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted...
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...2009). The vast majority of patients (90%) will have minor head injuries (Vos et al. 2012) and be discharged, however many patients will need to be admitted for definitive care and treatment. The most common cause of head injury is from falls, assaults and road traffic accidents (Department of Health, 2001 & NICE, 2007) with 70-88% of those head injuries occurring in the male population (Dolan & Holt, 2013). This essay aims to explore the physiological and psychosocial impact of sustaining a head injury. This will include normal physiology of the brain, along with the altered physiology and signs and symptoms as a result of the injury. Advanced interpersonal skills required by the nurse to care for the patient or their family will also be examined. To achieve this, the author will analyse and evaluate types of head injury and their classification, whilst also considering the social and psychological consequences faced by patient and their family. The discussion will be in relation to a 45 year old male who for the purpose of this essay will be referred to as Sam, who has sustained a traumatic head injury through a fall. In order to understand injuries and to assess and implement care, it is important that the nurse has knowledge, awareness and be able to comprehend the anatomy and normal...
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...Contents 1.0 Executive summary 2 2.0 Introduction 3 3.0 Vision & Mission 4 4.0 Corporate Social Responsibility 5 5.0 Five Forces Model of Competition and PESTEL (Marco-Environment) Analysis 6 5.1 Competitive Pressures Created By the Rivalry among Competing Sellers 6 5.2 Competitive Pressure Associated with the Threat of New Entrant 7 5.3 Competitive Pressures Coming from the Sellers of Substitute Product 8 5.4 Competitive Pressures Stemming from Supplier Bargaining Power 9 5.5 Competitive Pressures Stemming from Buyer Bargaining Power and Price Sensitivity 10 6.0 Value Chain Analysis 12 6.1 Primary Activities and Costs 13 6.2 Support Activities and Costs 15 7.0 Financial Analysis (Group account) 18 8.0 Celcom Axiata SWOT (TOWS) 20 8.1 Weakness and Threat 21 8.2 Weakness and Opportunity 22 8.3 Strength and Threat 23 8.4 Strength and Opportunity 24 9.0 Conclusion 26 10.0 References 27 11.0 Appendix 32 1.0 Executive summary We select Axiata Berhad as our research assignment and we focusing in Celcom Axiata Malaysia. In this assignment we will discuss on company introduction, internal and external factors and company strategy. The discussion is about company strategy that had been implemented, the benefit of the strategy and negative impact to the company. For internal and external, we use macro-environment or PESTAL analysis, porter five forces model of competition, value chain analysis and financial ratio to evaluate and form...
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