...With a pre-existing loyalty to the Church already rooted deeply into European medieval culture, it is no surprise that so many men were convinced to the cause of the Crusade time and time again. The ability to serve as the literal sword and shield of the Church was the apex of their vows as men of rank and status, it was not just expected of them to perform in the Crusade, but they were honored to do so. The lesser men-at-arms of the crusading bands, as usual in a feudal society, were led by these men, with whom they shared an equal responsibility in good conduct during times of conflict. In an account regarding the immediate reaction to the Council of Clermont, knights and the poor all sought to sell their belongings so that they could participate in the Crusade: “All the knights of an inferior order felt the same zeal (as the Counts Palatine). The poor themselves soon caught the flame so ardently, that no one paused to think of the smallness of his wealth”..22 The united effort by the class-based feudal European society marked a change for society’s conception of duty, that it could be shared...
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...The Crusades - Research paper The Crusades, like so much of the modern conflict, were not wholly rational movements that could be explained away by purely economic or territorial ambition or by the clash of rights and interests. They were fueled, on all sides, by myths and passions that were far more effective in getting people to act than any purely political motivation. The medieval holy wars in the Middle East could not be solved by rational treatises or neat territorial solutions. Fundamental passions were involved which touched the identity of Christians, Muslims and Jews and which were sacred to the identity of each. They have not changed very much in the holy wars of today. --Karen Armstrong, Holy War, 1988 Crusades were by far the...
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...Contemporary world power, and the shift from the East to the West during what historian’s term, Medieval/Renaissance Europe, shifted the roles of two vastly different empires – the Ming and Ottoman. Both empires had different types of leadership and core goals – military and social. The Ming Empire was led by brilliant philosophical scholars, concerned not only with the external world but the development of the internal consciousness; the Ottoman based on a new monotheistic religion that stratified society, but also allowed numerous mathematical, scientific, and medical advances, copied by the Europeans after the Crusades. Islam began about 700 AD in the Saudi Peninsula, which at the time, was composed mostly of nomadic tribes, a few trade cities, and a disparate population. Through religion, the Arab peoples were united, so that by the years of 900-1200 AD, the Ottoman Empire could be called a state unto itself. It quickly proved to be a military strength and threat to its neighbors, at its height growing from the Iberian Peninsula through India and into Southeast Asia. The Turks expanded their empire through brilliant military tactics, horse archery, and new technologies in battle. Coupled with this more practical sense, the idea of spreading Islam, and the uniting of cultures through culture and religion, proved to be equally as powerful (Goodwin, 2003). The Ming Empire, on the other hand, had no central religion or cultural basis, unless one considers the philosophies...
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...Introduction Estonia is a Baltic country on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland (part of the Baltic Sea). It is bordered by Latvia and Russia, and shares a sea border with Finland. Estonia is the fourth smallest member of the European Union. With a population a little over 1.25 million, its citizens account for just 0.26% of all people living within the European Union. Among the Nordic states, Estonia is the most integrated in Western European organizations, as it is the only country of the Nordic states that is a member of the eurozone, NATO, and the European Union. This paper discusses the history of Estonia, its entrance into the European Union and eurozone, and concludes with a snapshot of Estonian identity and how it has managed...
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...France (officially the French Republic) is a country located in Western Europe. Here are some fun facts about France. * The most popular sports in France are football (soccer), rugby league and rugby union. Handball and basketball are also popular in many parts of France. * Well known sporting events held annually in France are the Tour de France (the best known road bicycle race in the world) and the French Open (one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments) * French literature is very popular and well known. Charles Perrault was one of France’s most influential children’s writers. He wrote books such as Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty and Puss in Boots. * The French healthcare system was ranked number one in the world back in 1997. Average life expectancy in France is currently 79.73 years. * 54% of French people identify themselves as being Christians, while 31% of people stated that they were not religious. Islam, Buddhism and Judaism are all practised by a minority (just over 1%) of the population * It is estimated that there are between 200,000 and 1 million illegal immigrants in France * France has an estimated population of 64.5 million, making it the 19th largest country (in terms of population) in the world. * France is the most popular tourist destination in the world. Nearly 82 million people traveled to France for holidays in 2007. Spain was the second most popular tourist destination with 58.5 million visitors. * In 2004, only 68...
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...kingdom during Middle Ages. The transcultural interaction between European, Mongolian, Seljuk, Byzantine, and Mamluk cultures became part of Greater Armenia throughout the 11th to the 13th centuries. Transcultural ideology is defined by Ortiz (1947) when identifies Cuba as another example of the multiple ways in which differing cultures met at international epicenters, such as the kingdom of Armenian Cilicia, over many centuries. This transcultural ideology provides a basis for the massive influx of cultural interactions, which occur at an international...
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...• Characteristics of Medieval Literature Themes of Medieval Literature: • The Seven Deadly Sins • The Seven Heavenly Virtues • Physiognomy and "The Humours" • Values of "courtly love" • The Code of Chivalry(CF) The Poets and Authors: Caedmon: First English poet; author of "The Dream of the Holy Rood." Venerable Bede: wrote the Ecclesiastical History of England and the scientific treatise, De Natura Rerum. Geoffrey Chaucer: Famous Medieval author of the Canterbury Tales. Margery Kempe: Author of the first autobiography in English. John Gower: Medieval poet and friend of Geoffrey Chaucer Francesco Petrarch: Italian poet, and a humanist. Famous for his poems addressed to Laura. Dante: Medieval poet and politician. Christine de Pizan: Medieval author and feminist. William Longland: English poet who wrote the Vision of Piers Plowman. Boccaccio: Italian writer who was famous for writing the Decameron. Raphael Holinshed: Medieval author of Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland. (KM) Romance: • Chivalry was the reason behind this type of literature. • The greatest English example of the romance is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. • The romance hero-who often has the help of magic-undertakes a quest to conquer an evil enemy. (KM) Chivalry: • A system of ideals and social codes governing the behavior of knights and gentlewoman. • The rules included: taking an oath of loyalty to the overlord and observing...
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...Account for the resurgence of Muslim power between 1144 and 1187 The latter half of the 12th century can be distinctly marked and understood as the gradual and dynamic process of the unification of the Islamic Middle East. By 1187 this resurrection of Muslim authority was albeit confirmed, manifesting itself in its fundamental intent; the reclamation of the Holy City of Jerusalem. And yet while a Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem remained in the Levant till 1291 with the fall of Acre, it was crippled, never to reclaim its former holdings nor its dominion or aspirations in recreating a Christian Holy Land. As William of Tyre aptly noted of the situation in the 1180s “the strategic balance in the Near East had tilted decisively against the Franks“. Throughout the 12th century, this process of resurgence was the conjunction of several contributory factors throughout the period, both that of growing Muslim unity and strength, attached with underlying instabilities and structural ailments of the Crusader States. The impact and the role of the succession of the prodigious leadership, notably that of Zengi and his successors Nir Al-Din and Saladin, in facilitating the rise of Muslim ascendency in Syria and Palestine can be distinctly identified as a powerful driving force in this process. Ultimately therefore from 1144 to 1187 what this period highlights is the complex backdrop from which the narrative of Muslim resurgence is built upon. As noted, the succession of exceptional and charismatic...
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...MERVE DENİZ 13735009 How the Renaissance, Reformation and Nation-States Contributed to the Concept of European Identity? 1. Introduction I would like to study the connection between the material culture that sprang to life after the Reformation in Europe and the urbanization that came with the Industrial Revolution in order to see if or if not it had any effects on constituting the European Identity. Starting first with analyzing the material culture of which the Italian Renaissance movement and then the Reformation planted its seeds, I want to follow the dynamics of social changes that slowly transformed the life in Europe from peasantry with only the Christian identity to nation-state citizenship with a European notion. In order to understand how the Industrial Revolution that started in the 19th century and spreaded across the continent affected Europe, it is first required to analyze the changes in the mentality of people that lived in Europe and the transformation the societies went through as a result of the Protestant Reformation that took place in the 16th century. Although the Industrial Revolution had basically been a drastic economic upheaval, it cannot be considered without its social causes and social results. How the humanist mindset that came up with the Renaissance had affected the daily lives of people and how this effect helped people to search for improvements in working and production have been widely discussed...
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...factor that will cause division and it is already proven between Christianity and Islam. From the ancient times until this very day religion and our beliefs is the cause of war, because we fight for what we believe. Rise of civilization against the other started in the ancient times. And until today, the conflict continues. It will never be solved because we have differences and those differences are what make us unique as a person and as a nation. You may hate someone because of the type of civilization, and you may also like someone because of it. Civilization is the identity of a nation. The Next Pattern of Conflict The source of conflict is not merely ideological or economical, cultural tradition is the greatest reason for division in our world. The western countries had conflicts between princes, their armies, even constitutional is because of their economic stand and the land that they ruled. During the ancient times, the Americans fought for their land because of the British Empire that wants to colonize their land. The Founding Fathers stood against them and later on made a move to make a constitution for their protection. The western civil war is not because of their religion but because of the borders that they can conquer, they want to own more territories for power. The conflict was set because of the difference in our culture, style, and way of living....
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...causes and effects of the upheavals and new ideologies that occurred after the French Revolution and during the Industrial Revolution. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna met and set up a system of checking other nations in order to prevent one nation from holding too much European power as France had under Napoleon. These checks on nations led to relative peace. Checks that were placed on France led to increased Belgian and Dutch territory as well as small Prussian territorial gains. In order to create a balance of power, the Congress of Vienna also increased Austrian and Russian territory. When Napoleon escaped from Elba, he returned to France to briefly rule again. His defeat at Waterloo led to the European Congress...
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...Europe. Initially, historians used the name to reference the lack of knowledge regarding the time due to the miniscule availability of evidence from the Early Middle Ages; historians did not know much about this period, so the era was ‘in the dark.’ Nevertheless, as historians discovered documents from this time, the age was no longer ‘in the dark’ and many historians have abandoned the term, as it no longer provides a precise description of the time. However, through a semantic change, the word developed a negative connotation and its definition became ‘a time where Europeans lived without learning of innovation.’ Over time, the term’s definition further developed into to a time of ignorance and...
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...1057/9780230592643 http://encore.lib.warwick.ac.uk/iii/encore/search/C__Sfranco%20spain__Orightresult__U?lang=eng&suite=cobalt https://imagenturistica.wordpress.com/estereotipos-y-retos/ http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/01/spain-different-no-more tales alhambra https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l-QLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA275&lpg=PA275&dq=tales+of+the+alhambra+que+pais+es+espana&source=bl&ots=3xSfZYXpEY&sig=w590UWVckRSD_WfbcP_iC__jZEA&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2uazyvevKAhVDnw4KHe6UCDEQ6AEITDAG#v=onepage&q=tales%20of%20the%20alhambra%20que%20pais%20es%20espana&f=false gatherings ford https://archive.org/stream/gatheringsfromsp00ford#page/286/mode/2up/search/what+to+observe+in+spain During the 19th century, travellers undertaking the Grand Tour changed their itineraries to discover and directly experience a new category of aesthetic taste establishing a “Picturesque Tour” through Greece, South Africa, South Italy, Turkey, and Spain. British travellers contributed to portray Spain as a paradigm of the picturesque. They found in Spain those values which they looked for in their respective countries without success, such as the sublime and the exotic. They all share a similar image of Spain : a land full of exoticism and adventures where time seemed to have been stopped....
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...have undoubtedly maintained the hypothetical lead, receiving the upper hand in American slavery and the post Reconstruction era. However, dark skinned blacks made slight gains from the 1920’s to the 1960’s. In order to further assert white dominance, slaveholders annihilated African ethnic identities. Slaves were instead classified them as tools to be used by whites in any way whites saw fit. Consequently, racial miscegenation between Caucasians and African slaves became a common component of slave culture. In order to obstruct...
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...INTRODUCTION “I will tell of your name to my brothers; in the midst of the congregation I will sing your praise.” Hebrews 2:11-12 A church is a place where we go every Sunday to praise and listen to the word of God. It is a home for every Christian family to worship, to serve and to fellowship. People come altogether and spend time at God’s Holy place. We come to make Him exalted in every shout of praises we are offering. God is delighted by His son’s adoration to Him, and we, His people want to be with Him always. In the old testament of the Bible, the Israelites have the Ark of Covenant. The Ark of Covenant is a place where they offer sacrifices for thanksgiving, for forgiveness and for daily supplication. It was built in the time Moses, when Israelites had an escape from Egypt. The Ark of Covenant was made and built with God’s supervision. God had explained clearly everything about the details in building the Ark of Covenant. He had instructed Moses and Aaron from the materials to be used up to the people who will build it. Designing was made by God, Himself. All the details were explained clearly in the book of Exodus, on its latter part. As time passed by, the Ark of Covenant was evolved into a larger and concrete temples built by the famous kings of Israel like the wisest King of Israel, King Solomon. God had instructed King David...
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