...Topic 1: Scientific Management How was Taylorism received outside the USA? Contrast the reception of Taylorism in two different countries, one western, one Asian, in your answer. Introduction Before looking in to whether scientific management has always been successful outside of USA, there is a need to look at scientific management when Frederick W. Taylor first introduced it in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Started experimenting at Midvale Steel Company where he tried to improve the efficiency of the workers for increased productivity, he has then already faced the problems and critics of his scientific management that it is still facing today. This includes the time study of work to define the optimal standards for workers while using stopwatches and other devices; critics are against this as they feel the method in measuring performance violates the fair treatment of workers. While it is safe to say that Taylor was a central figure in the development of management thought where his emphasis on efficiency using scientific management, it must be stressed that many others who have applied it, has also adapt and refine additional methods to suit their needs contribute to the success of scientific management (Wren & Bedeian 2009). This paper seeks to discuss how Taylorism is received outside USA as well as compare and contrast the receptivity of Taylorism in Russia and Japan. The global spread and development of Taylorism in the 1950s and 1960s greatly enhanced...
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...Can innovation solve the economic crisis? Loh Hu 2/18/2013 In this paper, I examine how the theory of technological innovation waves could contribute to solving the ongoing economic crisis. Primarily, my stance remains that innovation in itself is insufficient to solve the economic crisis unless there exists a matching techno-economic paradigm where national, supranational and global efforts are coordinated for a full deployment of technological revolution. Can innovation solve the economic crisis? Background There has been a wide international debate on the causes and possible solutions to the economic crisis that emerged in 2007 – 2008 (Ranga and Etzkowitz 2012). The economic crisis sweeps across the global financial system rapidly and furiously as markets are globally integrated (Gore 2010). Hence, the responses to the global economic crisis are not only enclosed within a nation’s or a coalition government’s approach. Rather, a global coordinated response is warranted as well. Economic stimulus packages addressing short-term and long-term problems have been adopted in most countries as well as the European Commission (Ranga and Etzkowitz 2012). Internationally, the United States of America and European Union have recently been discussing on a free-trade agreement to remove trading barriers between the two important economic powers and boost the economies (BBC News Business 2013). Globally, the G-20 group of major economies have considered proposals on international...
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...knowledge. This paper provides a background and analysis of the social, economic, and political factors that influenced this important discovery. As a result of this invention, the expansion of knowledge challenged many traditional beliefs and created a paradigm shift in human relationships among different regions of the world. There were Social, Economic, and Political Factors that played a huge role in the printing press as well. During the late medieval times, society was making a change into the coming years. Occurring was a pickup in social factors that lead to emerging capitalism, this sparked off more literacy among the wealthy and upper, middle-class. With new interest of literacy and knowledge, the printing press did not satisfy the demand. Manuscripts, prior to the discovery of the printing press, took years to develop. Thereafter, pages were published using time-consuming wood graving techniques with limited reusability. Pages were compromised of a number of blocks jointed together to raise the words off the page and were then pressed and copied onto another (Ament, 2007). Gutenberg first experimented with metal typography referred to as a letterpress method. Wood graving, as stated, was time-consuming and Gutenberg thought it best that metal type could produce a higher output rate of pages. In 1436, Gutenberg strived to create a better method of printing. He created this method of printing that would pave a way into the social and industrial revolutions after his...
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... | |By the end of this lesson, students will be able to: | | |describe the scientific method and its effect on Western Europe | | |distinguish between the scientists Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Harvey and their works | | |compare the political theories of Hobbes and Locke | | |explain how science and philosophy influenced one another during the Enlightenment | | |explain the term enlightened despot, using the model of Frederick II of Prussia | | |Click here for the course glossary | | |Click here for a Timeline of The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution | | |This lesson discusses European society between 1600 and 1800--an era marked by the power of ideas and rational | | |thinking. The term Scientific Revolution is used to describe the growing acceptance and influence of the scientific| | |method and the belief that reason and inquiry can explain and even change the world. The term Enlightenment is | | |perhaps a more...
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...Printing press is a machine that transfers lettering or images with the contact of various forms of inked surfaces onto papers or similar kind of material into different ways. Printing press is used for printing many copies of a text on papers to form a book or similar kinds of reading material. Around 1446 several print masters were on the process creating effective technology of printing with movable metal type. The rapid cultural change in Europe fueled a growing need for the rapid and cheap production of written documents. A number of people had previously attempted to make a metal type movable printing press, but it was not until a method was invented for producing metal type in large quantities that printing with movable type became economically practicable. Johannes Gutenberg, the son of a noble family of Mainz, Germany was the first person to demonstrate the practicability of movable type printing machine. Gutenberg, who was a stonecutter and goldsmith, invented an alloy of lead, tin and antinomy that would melt at low temperature, cast well in the die, and is durable in the press (Kreis, 2011). As long as the metal in which they were cast did not wear down, it was possible to use and reuse the separate pieces of type, simply by arranging them in the desired order. The innovation of type from an alloy was durable and produced high quality printed books and was suitable for printing than the clay, wooden or bronze types which were already invented in East Asia. The mirror...
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...Running head: NEUTRINO PARTICLES 1 Neutrino Particles Found to Break the Speed of Light Andrew Alexander Cuesta Lynn University NEUTRINO PARTICLES 2 Neutrino Particles Found to Break the Speed of Light Recently, a discovery that may revolutionize modern science was made in Europe. Modern age technologies have allowed for scientists to experiment through trial and error their most desired curiosities. Throughout history man has immensely improved his capability of speed and longed to reach the greatest velocity in the universe, the speed of light! Researchers and Scientist working for OPERA (Oscillation Project with Emulsion-Racking Apparatus) recorded particles traveling faster than the speed of light of 299,792,458 meters per second. These ghostly subatomic particles are what scientist call neutrinos and they were evidently recorded traveling at 299,798,454 meters per second, which is faster than the speed of light by 20 parts per million. These experiments and tests were done in the physics laboratory in central Italy, under the mountain of Gran Sasso, and conducted about 15,000 times all with the same results. The results were neutrinos arriving 60 billionths of a second earlier with an error margin of plus or minus 10 billionths of a second. They experimented for three years before making public this amazing discovery on September 22, 2011. To have a better understanding, one must first be familiar with some basics of physics. Neutrinos are electrically neutral...
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...Biography of Dr. Na’im Akbar Dr. Na’im Akbar Born Luther Benjamin Weems, Jr. on April 26, 1944, Dr. Na’im Akbar was raised in Tallahassee, Florida. There, he lived in a complete Black American social environment. It was not until his freshman year of college that he first had contact with the White American race. In 1971, he changed his name after joining the nation of Islam. He attended the University of Michigan to receive his Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), Master of Arts (M.A.), and Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD.) in Psychology. Careers Upon receiving his terminal degree, Akbar accepted the opportunity to work in the Psychology Department of Morehouse College of Atlanta, where he remained for five years. There, he instituted the college’s first Black Psychology course which eventually led to the development of the first Black Psychology program at any historically black college or university. After two years, he became chair of the psychology department. After, he relocated to Chicago, IL where he helped start the Office of Human Development at the Nation of Islam Headquarters. Later, he joined the faculty of Norfolk State University where he also instituted courses in Black Psychology. In 1979, he began teaching at Florida State University, where he still remains, teaching a specialized course on the psychology of the African American. In the 1980s, he independently started his own publishing company, Mind Productions...
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...Global Journal of Human Resource Management Vol.3, No.3, pp.58-73, May 2015 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) HISTORY, EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE Kipkemboi Jacob Rotich1, Moi University, School of Human Resource Development, Department of Development Studies, P.o Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya. ABSTRACT: Various attempts have been made towards tracing the historical development of the discipline of Human Resource Management (HRM). However, these initiatives have largely been concentrated on certain specific periods of time and experiences of specific countries and regions such as Australia, the USA, the UK and Asia (Nankervis et.al, 2011; Kelly, 2003; Ogier, 2003). This paper attempts to document the entire history of the discipline of Human Resource Management from a holistic perspective. The evolution and development of HRM will be traced right from the pre-historic times through to the postmodern world. Major characteristics in the evolution and development of HRM will also be examined and documented. KEYWORDS: Human Resource Management (HRM), evolution, history INTRODUCTION Defining Human Resource Management (HRM) According to Armstrong (2006) Human Resource Management (HRM) is defined as a strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization’s most valued assets – the people working there who individually and collectively...
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...Colonial authority was based on the notion that Europeans in the colonies were a biological and social superior entity in comparison to the indigenous people. Types of British identities were engraved in the diverse colonial settings, just as the metropolitan British identities were being forced in relation to “others” (people of dissimilarity) in the 18th and 19th century. Legal and social classifications designated who could or who could not obtain membership to the elite group, and who could become a citizen rather than a subject. In the 17th century the Dutch and the British colonized the previously unexplored South Africa in a drive for modernity. The rapid English domination of the Dutch offspring (known as Boers or Afrikaners) resulted...
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...European Scientific Journal January 2013 edition vol.9, No.1 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 AGRICULTURE FINANCING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA Obansa S. A. J. Departments of Economics University of Abuja I. M. Maduekwe Departments of Economics and Agric. Economics Department University of Abuja Abstract The importance of agricultural surplus for the structural transformation accompanying economic growth is often stressed by development economists. This lead to the question: Does agriculture financing matters in the growth process? To this end, the need to investigate the impact of agriculture financing on economic growth appears more imperative for Nigeria. This paper employed secondary data and some econometric techniques such as Ordinary Least Square (OLS); Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test; Granger Causality test. The results of the various models used suggest that there is bidirectional causality between economic growth and agriculture financing; and there is bidirectional causality between economic growth and agricultural growth. It further suggests that productivity of investment will be more appropriately financed with foreign direct private loan, share capital, foreign direct investment and development stocks. And also capital-output ratio will be more appropriate financed with multilateral loan, domestic savings, Treasury bill, official development assistant, foreign direct investment and development stock. It is recommended that maintenance...
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...Cross Cultural Management (BUS6060) Professor Dr. Wendy Chung San Diego Campus Research Paper - Great Britain - Cross Cultural Management Alliant International University Author Note Arturo Morales Student ID: 516395 Jeremy Liu (Fangming Liu) Student ID: 617063 Maria Röttgers Student ID: 617666 Historical Overview England itself is actually not a country, but part of Great Britain, which again is part of the United Kingdom. Great Britain consists of the three regions England, Scotland and Wales. Besides Great Britain, Northern Ireland is also part of the United Kingdom. The history of England goes back to thousands years before Christ. Therefore, this historical overview will outline some major events in British history and will concentrate more on the last century. Major events in British history were The Hundred Years War against France during the 14th century and the civil war that was also known as the War of Roses: the House of York was fighting against the House of Lancaster for the English throne, which weakened the power of the English aristocracy. (Strasbourg l’europénne: 2014) Another aspect of the British history is that England, Scotland and Ireland are very different countries with different histories. Each kingdom favored a different form of religion. The English favored a moderate form of Protestantism, the Scottish were Calvinist and the Irish were stouthearted Catholics. But each kingdom also had strong minorities of other religions...
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...ANNOTATED SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR HISTORICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN Gerard M Koot History Department University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Allen, Robert C., The British Industrial Revolution in a Global Perspective, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Pp. viii, 331. Allen’s book is an excellent example of the persuasiveness of the new economic history. It is solidly rooted in statistical data and uses sophisticated methods of economic analysis but its analysis is presented in plain English. He argues that the first industrial revolution occurred in northwestern Europe because its high wages during the early modern period encouraged technological innovation. Although high wages were initially a consequence of the demographic disaster of the Black Death, they were reinforced during the early modern period by the economic success of the region around the North Sea, first, in European trade and manufacturing, especially in wresting the textile industry from the Italians, and then in world trade. According to Allen, the first industrial revolution took place in Britain instead of the Low Countries primarily because of Britain’s abundant and cheap coal resources, combined with the central government’s ability to use mercantilist policies and naval power to reap the greatest benefits from an expanding European and world trade. Once it had taken the lead from the Dutch, and defeated the French, Britain used its comparative advantage...
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...Plaines, Ill. Stephen R. Mattox Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Mich. Steve Boyer Tacoma, Wash. Jo Laird University of New Hampshire, Durham, N.H. Cover image: A basalt dike cuts through rocks of Permain age on Wasp Head, NSW Australia. Photo by Gary B. Lewis. Table of Contents What is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Fact: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Hypothesis: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Scientific Theory (or Law): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Science...
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...relation between criminological theory and the criminal justice system, the research question I will answer in this paper is: how have theories on the original of criminal behavior influenced the criminal justice system in the United States? Considering the scope of this paper, it would be impossible to look at every single theory on the origin of criminal behavior, therefore I will focus solely on the classical school, the positivist school and social disorganization theory. These theories reflect different aspects of criminological theory, the classical school focusing on the crime itself, the positivist school on the criminal and disorganization theory on the environment. Because of the extensiveness of these theories, I will only discuss the individuals considered to be the founders of these theories: Beccaria, Lombroso, and Shaw and McKay...
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...Civil Society in Poland Agnes Arndt: Premises and Paradoxes in the Development of the Civil Society Concept in Poland Dariusz Gawin: Civil Society Discourse in Poland in the 1970s and 1980s Discussion Paper Nr. SP IV 2008-402 ISSN 1860-4315 Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH Social Science Research Center Berlin Reichpietschufer 50, 10785 Berlin Federal Republic of Germany Telefon: +49/30/25491-0 Telefax: +49/30/25491-684 E-Mail: wzb@wz-berlin.de Internet: http://www.wz-berlin.de Agnes Arndt ist Historikerin. Sie ist Promotionsstipendiatin der Gerda Henkel Stiftung am Berliner Kolleg für Vergleichende Geschichte Europas“ an der Freien Universität Berlin sowie Gastwissenschaftlerin der Forschungsgruppe „Zivilgesellschaft, Citizenship und politische Mobilisierung in Europa“. Agnes Arndt is Historian. She is PhD fellow at the “Berlin School for Comparative European History” at the Free University Berlin and associated research fellow of the research group “Civil Society, Citizenship and Political Mobilization in Europe". Dariusz Gawin ist Direktor am Museum des Warschauer Aufstands in Warschau. Dariusz Gawin is director at the Warsaw Rising Museum, Warsaw. Zitierweise: Agnes Arndt and Dariusz Gawin, 2008 Discourses on Civil Society in Poland Discussion Paper SP IV 2008-402 Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) Agnes Arndt: Premisses and Paradoxes in the Development of the Civil Society Contents: Abstract ................................
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