...Assignment : Research Paper 1-The Role of Standardization, Localization, Culture and Market Research in International Marketing Strategies Adamu Yushau Usumanu This Paper is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for International Marketing Management course SMC University School of Management Dr. Babu P. George May 19 , 2014 Abstract The research paper discussed standardization and localization strategies, where standardization strategy refer to a common marketing program cutting across nations and marketing segments, while localization strategy seek to adapt products and marketing strategy to the specific characteristics of individual markets. The paper further identified the advantages and disadvantages of standardization and localization strategies in the context of international marketing. The role of cultural pattern in society and its effect on consumption were also discussed, where culture refer to a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people. Cultural patterns exert a great influence on consumption in a social setting. The paper finally discussed the need for a business entity to carry out a research on differences in language culture, regulations governing marketing before entering a new international market. Key Words Marketing Strategy, Standardization, Localization,, International Marketing, Cultural Patterns, Marketing Mix, Market Research Introduction ...
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...responsibility generally will be to make as much money as possible while conforming to their basic rules of the society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom.” The decision-making process and hence ethicality of the decisions in such organisations is greatly influenced by the culture of the workforce. Bartels (1967) was one of the first to note the importance of the role of culture in ethical decision-making. There are different studies which discuss the diversity of ethical decision-making based on different perspective for example, Vitell, Nwachukwu and Barnes, 1993 discuss the effect of culture on ethical decision-making with the help of Hofsted’s typology while Patel and Schaefer, 2009 discuss the same with the help of Douglasian Cultural Theory (CT) perspective in the Indian context. Summary Patel and Schaefer’s article discusses the impact of culture on ethical decision-making from a Douglasian Cultural Theory (CT) perspective. It explains the dynamic ethical behaviour of the individual with four solidarities of CT. The Article also discusses the business ethics in the Indian context. Authors argue that applying static conception of culture to the process of ethical...
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...distinguish acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. These rules of conduct are not universal, but instead are established by academic, professional and scientific institutions. Research ethics address such issues as trust, fairness, rigor, protocols, and attribution of authorship. The public and policy makers are dependent on the scientific community for reliable information on key societal issues. Codes of conduct allow for the vetting of information and the determination of scientific expertise. Violations of research ethics negatively impact the credibility of the researchers involved, and their affiliated institutions. Ethical breaches may also create confusion and distrust among the public, and can be exploited by policy makers. One highly publicized example of an ethical breach involves the plagiarism and misconduct charges leveled against Edward Wegman, a statistics professor at George Mason University. In 2005, Wegman agreed to work with Joe Barton, a congressman from Texas, regarding a request to prepare an opinion on the credibility of key findings of climate science research. In 2006, Wegman testified in front of the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce. Wegman’s testimony (Wegman, Said, & Scott, 2006) was critical of previous climate science research, particularly of a paper published in Nature (Mann, Bradley & Hughes, 1998). The testimony, commonly referred to as the Wegman Report, was used as a talking point against the establishment of...
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...KARLSHOCHSCHULE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Seminar Paper Co-creation and its impacts on film tourism as reflected by The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter Tours Nguyen Thi, Thu Thuy WS 2014 23.12.2014 Contents Introduction ................................................................. 3 I. Literature review ........................................................ 4 1.1 Studies on co-creation ....................................................................................4 1.2 Opportunities and challenges of co-creation .......................................5 1.2.1 Opportunities of co-creation ................................................................5 1.2.2Challenges of application co-creation ...............................................7 1.3The process of co-creation ............................................................................8 II. Impacts of the concept co-creation on film tourism. ........... 9 III. Case study: Co-creation in case of Studio Tour with examples Lord of the ring tours and Harry Potter tours ................... 12 IV. Conclusion ............................................................ 17 References ................................................................ 18 Page | 2 Introduction Globalization has had a great impact on economic activities, of course, including services. Wilson, Zeithaml et al (2012) explained that services are not tangible things that can be touched, seen and felt...
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...PARSING THE FIRST YEAR OF COLLEGE: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING COLLEGE IMPACTS Patrick T. Terenzini Distinguished Professor and Senior Scientist Center for the Study of Higher Education 400 Rackley Building Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802-3203 Voice: (814) 865-9755 Fax: (814) 865-3638 E-mail: Terenzini@psu.edu and Robert D. Reason Assistant Professor and Research Associate Center for the Study of Higher Education Pennsylvania State University Voice: (814) 863-3766 Fax: (814) 865-3638 E-mail: Rreason@psu.edu Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, November 19, 2005, Philadelphia, PA. PARSING THE FIRST YEAR OF COLLEGE: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING COLLEGE IMPACT Introduction For many college-bound students and their families, the first year of college is a make-orbreak period for learning, for decisions about continued college enrollment, and for discovering whether they made a good decision about which college to attend. Abundant evidence links students’ first-year academic performance to both persistence and degree completion (Pascarella & Terenzini, 1991, 2005). In addition, about two-thirds (perhaps as much as 90 percent for cognitive skills) of the gains college students make in reading, math, science, the social sciences, and cognitive skill development will occur in the first two years (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005). Many students, however, are not in college long enough to realize those...
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...gospel. They way to open the communications with people that do not know the gospel is with love. Like a family member that needs something you give help with your love and let the course to knowledge flow from there. Using the information found on the Joshua Project there is 41.9 percent of people unreached by the Gospel of Jesus Christ. The Joshua Project shows that there are 41.3 percent of people in the world that do not know the Gospel. This paper will focus on Neho people found in the Cote d’Ivoire which is also called the Ivory Coast. The Neho people are not Christians and as of date even though there are many Christians are in the south of Cote d’Ivoire. While bringing medical, agriculture, and other supplies are needed, nothing connects people better than family. This paper will give a brief background of the Neho people which will include their history, language, culture, economy, religion, and family structure. This paper will also go into the history and current status of mission work among them. At the end this paper will propose a strategy using the belief in strong family ties that will bring Christ to these lost people. This strategy will use some of the work from past missions which include some basic physical needs such as medical and schooling, and spiritual needs such as prayer and biblical studies. All of these will have at their core will...
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...Thomas. SOURCE/FULL REFERENCEZineldin, Mosad (2004) Co-opetition: the organisation of the future, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, Vol22, No7, pp.780-789 | DESCRIPTIONCo-opetition. The hybrid behaviour of competition and cooperation or Sleeping with the enemy? | ANALYSIS (CONCEPTS, EXAMPLES, STATUS OF SOURCE, CRITIQUE etc)Dr Mosad Zineldin is a Professor of Strategic Marketing and a Master in Psychology. He has wrote and published several books and articles in many different international journals, notably his book on TRM, the first in the world to outline the framework of relationship management.However, his article “Co-opetition: the organisation of the future” (marketing, intelligence & planning, Vol 22 No7, 2004 pp.780-789) suggests that this is a new concept of cooperation between companies or has Zineldin linked this to support his work on TRM? Co-opetition is qualified for the first time by Nalebuff and Brandenburger (1996) which surprisingly Zineldin fails to recognize in the article! But even these esteemed authors cannot take credit for the concept of Co-opetition; this accolade is accredited to Mr Ray Noorda, who in 1983 brought together hardware and software companies to work together in a networked environment, a “culture fit” which supports Bengtsson and Kock (2000). “co-opetition thus implies that organisations can interact in rivalry due to conflicting interests, and at the same time co-operate due to common interests” This concept questions...
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...Toyota and Why It Is So Successful Robert B. Austenfeld, Jr. (Received on May 10, 2006) 1. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe one of the most successful companies in the world and explain the reasons for that success. Fortune magazine’s February 20, 2006 edition featured this headline on its cover: “The Tragedy of General Motors” and a story of GM’s woes by Carol J. Loomis. Two weeks later, Fortune’s next edition on March 6, 2006 had this headline on its cover: “How Toyota Does It: The Triumph of the Prius.” This stark contrast is typical of the stories circulating in the media these days. At a time when a company that was once admired and for many years held the lofty position of the world biggest automaker appears on the brink of bankruptcy1), Toyota is about to overtake it in global sales this year (O’Dell, 2005). Why is Toyota continuing to thrive at a time when other carmakers are struggling to survive? At the outset I would like to acknowledge the main source for much of the information in this paper: The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World’s Greatest Manufacturer by Jeffrey K. Liker (2004). This paper is organized as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. Introduction The history of Toyota The Toyota Way Summary and conclusion 1) As of May 2006 GM was still struggling to stay out of bankruptcy. Papers of the Research Society of Commerce and Economics, Vol. XXXXVII No. 1 2. The History of Toyota For organizational convenience I will discuss...
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...Toyota and Why It Is So Successful Robert B. Austenfeld, Jr. (Received on May 10, 2006) 1. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe one of the most successful companies in the world and explain the reasons for that success. Fortune magazine’s February 20, 2006 edition featured this headline on its cover: “The Tragedy of General Motors” and a story of GM’s woes by Carol J. Loomis. Two weeks later, Fortune’s next edition on March 6, 2006 had this headline on its cover: “How Toyota Does It: The Triumph of the Prius.” This stark contrast is typical of the stories circulating in the media these days. At a time when a company that was once admired and for many years held the lofty position of the world biggest automaker appears on the brink of bankruptcy1), Toyota is about to overtake it in global sales this year (O’Dell, 2005). Why is Toyota continuing to thrive at a time when other carmakers are struggling to survive? At the outset I would like to acknowledge the main source for much of the information in this paper: The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World’s Greatest Manufacturer by Jeffrey K. Liker (2004). This paper is organized as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. Introduction The history of Toyota The Toyota Way Summary and conclusion 1) As of May 2006 GM was still struggling to stay out of bankruptcy. Papers of the Research Society of Commerce and Economics, Vol. XXXXVII No. 1 2. The History of Toyota For organizational convenience I will discuss...
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...Taiwan Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the reason behind a sustainable guanxi network through the introduction of the collaborative strategy in the Taiwanese shoe industry. Design/methodology/approach – Literature review in the area of Chinese business culture, and guanxi network is used to elaborate the information obtained from the company. Findings – This paper highlights that the belief of sincerity and trustworthiness has refined to the organization culture that supports the sustainability of Taiwanese guanxi network. Besides, the transaction cost theory, resource-based view, and specific relationship investment has become a hinder strategy for Taiwanese organization to maintain the business relationship. This paper introduces an interesting collaborative strategy between three parties, the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) supplier, the machinery manufacturer, and the end-user (the branding). Although there is no direct business flows between the end-user and the machinery manufacturer, the specific relationship investment between these two parties are tight and cannot be separated. This has ensured the proper business flows between the OEM supplier and the end-user as well as the OEM supplier and the machinery manufacturer. Originality/value – This paper illustrates that a guanxi network is not sufficient to ensure a long-term business relationship to be established. Indeed, the organization culture as well as the consideration on the transaction...
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...School Working Paper 4933-11 Developing a Common Language About IT Risk Management George Westerman and Richard Hunter ©George Westerman and Richard Hunter All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission, provided that full credit including © notice is given to the source. This paper also can be downloaded without charge from the Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1979796 Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1979796 CENTER FOR Massachusetts INFORMATION Institute of SYSTEMS Technology RESEARCH Sloan School Cambridge of Management Massachusetts Developing a Common Language About IT Risk Management George Westerman and Richard Hunter June 2009 CISR WP No. 377 A version of this paper will be published as “Developing a Common Language About IT Risk,” IESE Insight, Issue 1, Second Quarter 2009: 21–27. © 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Research Article: a completed research article drawing on one or more CISR research projects that presents management frameworks, findings and recommendations. Research Summary: a summary of a research project with preliminary findings. Research Briefings: a collection of short executive summaries of key findings from research projects. ...
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...someone brought up in total isolation from human society could do so. Biases can occur in several stages of research, such as, for example, in specifying and selecting the study sample, in executing the experimental procedure, measuring exposures and outcomes, analyzing the data, interpreting the analysis, and publishing the results. Depending on the study, the experimenter may even subtly communicate expectations for the outcome of the study to the subjects, causing them to unconsciously alter their behavior to comply with those expectations. The history of science is perforated with instances where there has been “processing” of answers and widespread confirmation bias and suppression of experimental data that threatens the hypothesis. In our days, modern science is, like any other human activity, business. It involves a choice of how to spend time and resources. Given the 21st century financial reality, such choices are becoming increasingly important. Private corporations and governments use scientists to advance knowledge and develop new products and innovations which will generate revenue (Greenberg 2001). In serving this goal, are scientists at risk of losing their objectivity and neutrality? Can money, regardless of its source, corrupt science? A good example is the famous case of Dr. Roger Revelle, from Harvard University, the co-author of the influential 1957 paper that reported that fossil fuels had raised CO2 levels in the atmosphere. He was one of the first people in...
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...According to the recent research on employee recognition the recognition from leaders has less impact than we may think. Employees feel much better when they are recognized by their peers. (http://www.forbes.com/sites/joshbersin/2012/06/13/new-research-unlocks-the-secret-of-employee-recognition/2/) Co-workers are close to each other as well as to the events and actions they have to assess. Daily interaction and communication provide them with the comprehensive information about how well their colleague works. Thus, peers can provide more detailed, effective feedback than managers as they have more opportunities to observe co-worker performance. Therefore, when they “thank” their colleague for the efforts he/she applies at the workplace, the impact is much more strong. Moreover, colleagues can give several assessments, while the immediate superior - just one, and several independent assessments are almost always more objective than one. At AT&T Universal Card Services in Jacksonville, Florida, anyone in the company can write a message of thanks to someone else and send it. To make it official, employees use a sheet from a globe-shaped pad of colored paper. In four years, employees at AT&T have written more than 130,000 thank you notes. (Secrets of Successful Employee Recognition by Bob Nelson) Peer-to-peer recognition has a powerful motivating result and increases productivity at the workplace. The recognition of a colleague's success creates a favorable working atmosphere...
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...Vyacheslav Shulikov CMST& 210 23rd January, 2015 I did not know that it was possible for me to be three different people while remaining in my own body the whole time. The purpose of this paper is to show the different views people have of one another, and how the relationship between the two people affects how one views another. In this paper I would like to discuss the views of three different people and how the closeness of my relationship with these people affected their view of me and my view of them. In three situations I was viewed differently by three different people that either knew me very well, knew me just enough to be friends, or did not know me at all and were a stranger that I met at a coffee shop minutes earlier. While conducting my research for this paper and getting questionnaires filled out I noticed that the closer of a relationship I had with someone the more accurate were the questionnaire results. For example when I had my significant other fill out the information about me, only one of the answers was something that was in the unknown to me. However when I asked my casual friend to answer a few questions and I did the same about him I found the results to be rather different than either of us expected and not too accurate. When I finally asked a stranger at a coffee shop to answer a few questions about their first impression of me and I did the same about them, the answers surprised...
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...and Concepts Paper Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Paper An organization is a group of individuals that work together with common goals and vision. The people within these organizations are the driving force that are made up of CEO’s, Controllers, CFO’s, managers, employees. These organizations also include external influences like that of customers, distributors and venders and the like. It is the organizational culture, organization behavior, ethics and communication that makes these organizations stronger and keep integrity at the forefront of the organization’s mission, values and principles. Within this paper the areas of organization; culture; behavior; ethics; and communication will be elaborated on and examples provided. Organizational Culture Organizational Culture is the outcome of the internal environments and beliefs along with values that influence the behavior of organizational members as a whole. The more solid and stronger the organizational culture the more well-developed and well-communicated the beliefs and values will be, hence the organizational vision is clearly presented for future endeavors. ” Organizational culture is the sum total of an organization's past and current assumptions, experiences, philosophy, and values that hold it together, and is expressed in its self-image, inner workings, interactions with the outside world, and future expectations.” ("Organizational Culture", 2011). The organizational culture includes all...
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