...Crosstabulation & Chi Square Robert S Michael Chi-square as an Index of Association After examining the distribution of each of the variables, the researcher’s next task is to look for relationships among two or more of the variables. Some of the tools that may be used include correlation and regression, or derivatives such as the t-test, analysis of variance, and contingency table (crosstabulation) analysis. The type of analysis chosen depends on the research design, characteristics of the variables, shape of the distributions, level of measurement, and whether the assumptions required for a particular statistical test are met. A crosstabulation is a joint frequency distribution of cases based on two or more categorical variables. Displaying a distribution of cases by their values on two or more variables is known as contingency table analysis and is one of the more commonly used analytic methods in the social sciences. The joint frequency distribution can be analyzed with the chi2 square statistic ( χ ) to determine whether the variables are statistically independent or if they are associated. If a dependency between variables does exist, then other indicators of association, such as Cramer’s V, gamma, Sommer’s d, and so forth, can be used to describe the degree which the values of one variable predict or vary with those of the other variable. More advanced techniques such as log-linear models and multinomial regression can be used to clarify the relationships contained...
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...Observation #1: Children Observing people in an informal setting allows you learn more about who they are as a person. You can learn about what makes them uncomfortable, how well they handle social situations, and what they excel at. Observing children in an informal, unstructured setting gives you a glimpse into how they have developed and how well they handle social situations at their young age. Observation #1: Children details an observation made on a group of children during their recess time at a local elementary school and the connections made to previous readings and topics covered in class. Brief Overview This observation took place at an elementary school located in southern central Maryland. The school is set in an urban community, where most children qualify for the Free and Reduced Lunch Program through the government. The observation group is a group of first grade students. Students in this group are approximately six years old to seven years old. They are of African, African-American, or Latino decent. There are 15 females and 6 males within the observation group. This group of students have varying home lives. The home lives range from a typical home to being homeless, to having only one parent, to having no parents, or to having little to no income. Observation Overview The students were escorted outside to recess at eleven-thirty in the morning. The students were walked down the sidewalk toward the equipment. Once their feet touched the grass, they were...
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...Introduction to Statistics Statistical Problems 1. A pharmaceutical Co. wants to know if a new drug is superior to already existing drugs, or possible side effects. 2. How fuel efficient a certain car model is? 3. Is there any relationship between your GPA and employment opportunities? 4. If you answer all questions on a (T, F) (or multiple choice) examination completely randomly, what are your chances of passing? 5. What is the effect of package designs on sales? 6. ………………….. Question??? 1. What is Statistics? 2. Why we study Statistics? Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 2 STA 13- SYLLABUS Instructor Phone: MsC. Pham Thanh Hieu mobile:0917.522.383, email: hieuphamthanh@gmail.com Goals of To learn how to interpret statistical summaries appearing the course in journals, newspaper reports, internet, television …..and many real-world problems. To learn about the concepts of probability and probabilistic reasoning Understand variability and sampling distributions To learn how to interpret and analyze data arising in your own work (coursework and research) STA 13- SYLLABUS Grading: - One Midterms : 30% total, multiple choice exams, closed book exam, one sheet with handwritten notes (no larger than 9 ½ x 11, two sided) is allowed - Final Exam : 50% (multiple choice + short answer exam) comprehensive; closed book exam, two sheets with handwritten notes (no larger than 9 ½ x 11, two...
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...My love of music education had me excited for the observation, and I was not disappointed. Being able to see another teacher in a formal elementary school setting was immensely beneficial, considering I only have minimal experience with observing elementary schoolers. Going to the school with my peers also helped to alleviate any anxiety I had beforehand, because I could participate alongside them in a group effort. The field observation was a valuable experience for me, and I hope to make use of it as I further my studies in Music Education. Mrs. Bethune’s unique take on certain aspects of musical knowledge took me by surprise. I particularly liked how she chose to engage students with tennis balls, telling them to bounce the balls to different...
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...qualitative research article written by Karen Dorgan (2004) entitled: A Year in the Life of an Elementary School: One School’s Experiences in Meeting New Mathematics Standards. Throughout the course of the 1999-2000 school year, Dorgan observed and interviewed teachers who were members of the faculty of an economically and racially diverse elementary school in Virginia. The purpose behind the case study was to examine how the changes in the state Standards of Learning would effect pedagogical decision making, teaching and learning, and methods of instruction and evaluation. My evaluation/critique of this article is an holistic interpretation of the study as an example of a qualitative research project and is based on my understandings of this type of study from my involvement in Education 6100: Research and Design Methods from Memorial University of Newfoundland. My concern is to develop a systematic and analytical discussion based around the degree to which this case study exemplifies the characteristics of qualitative research. Qualitative Research Article Critique In her article A Year in the Life of an Elementary School: One School’s Experiences in Meeting New Mathematics Standards, Karen Dorgan (2004) outlines a non-participatory case study undertaken during the course of the 1999—2000 school year. This study focused on the faculty of an elementary school in the state of Virginia (USA) and its efforts in coping with changes in the educational standards...
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...become the cornerstone for developing new concepts or products, treatments and cures, safety, policy and strategies, or even used simply to answer a question and provide information for decisions. Four types of research are: descriptive, correlational, experimental, and action. Descriptive Research Descriptive research uses tools such as “tests, surveys, interviews and observations to describe the status of characteristics of a situation or phenomenon” (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010, p. 15). Educators often use tests to answer achievement questions and assess instructional programs. Tests can also be used to compare external programs to obtain baseline measures of similarities and differences. Surveys can assess attitudes and feelings about programs or specific educational approaches. The results are used to shape program enhancements or changes to current practices. Observations are perhaps the most significant source of current status. Watching reactions, listening to interactions, observing expressive feelings, or seeing expressions of emotions are all ways observations can illustrate situational characteristics. For example, observing students taking a final exam can provide clues to the teacher about exam difficulty. Students exhibit visible signs of test difficulty or test ease through facial expressions or expressions of happiness or frustration. The non-verbal clues might be more relevant than questions asked after the test to...
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...This action research study is to examine social skill intervention on children with social deficits and their ability to use active listening and observing to help them notice others. “The term ‘social skills’ encompasses a wide range of abilities that includes listening and speaking skills, the recognition and understanding of emotional facial expressions, and the appropriate employment of gesture, posture, and proximity” (Ryan & Charragain, 2010, pp. 1505). What effect does active listening and observation intervention have on students with social deficits and their ability to make connections with their peers? After intervention, participants should know how to ask questions and respond with follow up comments by actively listening. Participants should know how to collect information about peers by actively observing them inside their school community, as well as listening to them. We should see participants noticing and doing non-verbal communication while...
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...through element schools in which the children are addicted to those materials they have been seeing from their early ages. How does this happen? Most companies sponsor the education system, textbooks’ authors, cafeteria’s food, school sports, and education channels, which grants them huge opportunity to advertise their products as well as their companies’ names. It so easy for children to learn these companies’ names, such as McDonald, Hi-C, Coca-Cola, Disney World, Cap’n Crunch, or Pri-media from the classroom because that is what they see and view from their education materials, school cafeteria, or televisions. The industries sponsorship could be easily mistaken as ethical or see as a social responsibility fulfillment, but with careful observation, it appears clearly that corporations are seeking more after their business ambitions. Companies are more after advertising their products; thus, they do no longer consider educational usefulness, rather they manipulate the children’s mind as possibly as they could in order to promote their industries. ETHICAL ISSUES: Most industries promote the school system for sake of their products rather than the sake children because it creates easy opportunity to manipulate the children with advertisements. The association they have established with the school system gives them high opportunity to success in advertising as much as they desire. It appears as if the major reason the companies are associating with the school industry...
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...'711101,fririltrilrfr0117,!*.. REPORT RESUMES ED 012 169 GUIDANCE IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. BY- PRUETT, ROLLA F. WHITEMAN, KAREN INDIANA STATE DEPT. PUBLIC INSTR., INDIANAPOLIS REPORT NUMBER ISDPI-BULL-251 PUB DATE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.50 HC-$2.76 69P. CG 000 146 JAN 67 DESCRIPTORS- *ELEMENTARY SCHOOL GUIDANCE, *ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS, *ELEMENTARY SCHOOL COUNSELORS, *PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT, COUNSELOR FUNCTIONS, BULLETINS, *GUIDANCE SERVICES, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA THE ROLE OF THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL COUNSELOR AND THE IMPORTANCE OF PROVIDING GUIDANCE SERVICES AT THE ELEMENTARY LEVEL ARE DISCUSSED. THE FUNCTION OF GUIDANCE SERVICES AT THE ELEMENTARY LEVEL IS EXPLORED, WITH EMPHASIS ON DEFINITION. PHILOSOPHY, OBJECTIVES, AND GUIDES FOR PROVIDING THE NECESSARY SERVICES FOR OPTIMUM DEVELOPMENT OF ALL CHILDREN. FOLLOWING THE BIBLIOGRAPHY, A PARTIAL LIST OF INDIANA REFERRAL AGENCIES FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PERSONNEL IS PROVIDED. (SK) INDIANA STATE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION GUIDANCE in the ELEMENTARY SCHOOL by Rolla F. Pruett Karen Whiteman William E. Wilson Superintendent Bulletin No. 251 January, 1967 CG 000 146 INDIANA STATE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION GUIDANCE in the ELEMENTARY SCHOOL by Dr. Rolla F. Pruett Director, Division of Pupil Personnel and Guidance Services Karen Whiteman Field Supervisor, Elementary School Guidance U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION REPRODUCED EXACTLY...
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...Teacher Interview and Observation on Lesson Implementation Theresa Flournoy University of Phoenix/Axia College EDU 310 At 1:00 p.m. I entered into Evoline C. West Elementary school on Thursday, July 12 2012 for an interview with Mrs. Yolanda Lawrence. As I entered the classroom, I was greeted by Mrs. Lawrence, the head teacher in this classroom. Mrs. Lawrence has no assistant at this present because of it being in the summer. After I entered into the classroom, the entire class welcomed me with “hello Ms. Flournoy”. It made my day to see all of those smiley faces greeting me. This was a 2nd grade classroom which consisted of 17 students of which 8 were girls and 9 were boys. This interview and observation was a total of 2 hours long. During the observation of Mrs. Lawrence classroom, I noticed how the students flocked under Mrs. Lawrence as she started reading one their favorite books before they did their afternoon lesson. For some reason I got an excitement about doing this interview. My Observation of a Lesson Plan Once the story was over, Mrs. Lawrence had the students to go back to their desk because Math class was getting ready to begin. Mrs. Lawrence reminded the student that they would continue with their study on multiplication as they have been doing for the past two weeks. Mrs. Lawrence listed math objective on the chalk board and manipulative on the back table. When the lesson begins, the students are in a large group and then they moved to...
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...THE RELATION OF THEORY TO PRACTICE IN EDUCATION»1»* John Dewey From the Middle Works It is difficult, if not impossible, to define the proper relationship of theory and practice without a preliminary discussion, respectively, (1) of the nature and aim of theory; (2) of practice. A. I shall assume without argument that adequate professional instruction of teachers is not exclusively theoretical, but involves a certain amount of practical work. The primary question as to the latter is the aim with which it shall be conducted. Two controlling purposes may be entertained so different from each other as radically to alter the amount, conditions, and method of practice work. On one hand, we may carry on the practical work with the object of giving teachers in training working command of the necessary tools of their profession; control of the technique of class instruction and management; skill and proficiency in the work of teaching. With this aim in view, practice work is, as far as it goes, of the nature of apprenticeship. On the other hand, we may propose to use practice work as an instrument in making real and vital theoretical instruction; the knowledge of subject-matter and of principles of education. This is the laboratory point of view. The contrast between the two points of view is obvious; and the two aims together give the limiting terms within which all practice work falls. From one point of view, the aim is to form and equip the actual teacher; the aim is immediately...
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...A sit-down interview, in the interviewee’s classroom, on April 22, 2017, resulted in responses from Rachel, a female Elementary Education teacher at Deerfield Elementary School, in Deerfield, Wisconsin. The interview contained eight initial questions, with two response follow-up inquiries, representing the 4-year Kindergarten grade level perspective, and utilizing eleven years of teaching experience. A University of Wisconsin-Madison graduate, Rachel began her career in Milwaukee before moving to her current position of nine years. Pursuing a plan to become an Elementary Education teacher, especially 4-year kindergarten (4K), Rachel’s extensive knowledge of the field makes her an excellent candidate for this paper. The purpose of the interview...
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...Introduction “Question: How much money does the United States spend on public elementary and secondary schools? Response: Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools in the United States amounted to $632 billion in 2010–11, or $12,608 per public school student (in constant 2012–13 dollars, based on the Consumer Price Index). These expenditures include $11,153 per student in current expenditures for operation of schools; $1,076 for capital outlay (i.e., expenditures for property and for buildings and alterations completed by school district staff or contractors); and $379 for interest on school debt. From 2000–01 to 2010–11, current expenditures per student enrolled in the fall in public elementary and secondary schools increased by 14 percent (from $9,751 to $11,153 in constant 2012–13 dollars). The amount for 2010–11, however, was lower than the amount for 2009–10 ($11,353).” 1 This increasing trend in US educational spending has existed for decades. It is only during economic downturns that the growth trend has stalled or had minor inversions, like mentioned in the excerpt above for 2009-10. It should also be noted that the growth trend of these dollars typically outpace the growth trend of CPI inflation. In other words, the percent of GDP that goes towards public education has been on the rise. Why the growing trends? Many believe that education is worthwhile because of the financial flexibility it affords individuals especially during the...
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...Administration Course Instructor: Dr. Swapan Kumar Dhar Definition of Statistics Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting data for the purpose of making intelligent statements and drawing appropriate conclusions. So, according to this definition, there are four stages: (1) Collection of data (2) Presentation of data (3) Analysis of data and (4) Interpretation of data. Example of Statistics: Examples include the average starting salary of college graduates, the number of deaths due to road accidents last year, and 20% students of BBA are female. In these examples statistics are a value or a percentage. Other examples include: 95% students of BBA come to the class in time. 25% students of IBA come to the campus by car. The above are all examples of statistics. Data: Data are the facts and figures that are collected, analyzed and summarized for presentation and interpretation. The data collected in a particular study are referred as the data set for the study. For example, the heights (in cm.) of 14 randomly selected persons from a group of 100 persons are as follows: 152, 160, 158, 155, 154, 155, 162, 164, 160, 153, 161, 158, 167, 151. The above information on height of people constitutes a data. A set of five students is selected from a class of the course “Business Statistics’ and measurements are entered into a spreadsheet as shown in the following Figure. Figure: Measurements on five...
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...How to Write a Thesis Statement What is a Thesis Statement? Almost all of us—even if we don’t do it consciously—look early in an essay for a one- or two-sentence condensation of the argument or analysis that is to follow. We refer to that condensation as a thesis statement. Why Should Your ILP/Research Project Contain a Problem/Thesis Statement? • to test your ideas by distilling them into a sentence or two • to better organize and develop your argument • to provide your reader with a “guide” to your argument In general, your thesis statement will accomplish these goals if you think of the thesis as the answer to the question your paper explores. How Can You Write a Good Thesis Statement? Here are some helpful hints to get you started. • How to Generate a Problem/Thesis Statement • How to Tell a Strong Thesis Statement from a Weak One [pic] How to Generate your Problem/Thesis Statement Your problem/thesis statement needs to answer a question about the issue you’d like to explore. Your job is to figure out what question you’d like to write about – this is your topic selection. A good thesis statement will usually include the following four attributes: • take on a subject upon which reasonable people could disagree • deal with a subject that can be adequately treated given the nature of the assignment • express one main idea • assert your conclusions about a subject Let’s see how to generate a thesis statement...
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