...Examine the factors affecting power relationships and division of labour between couples. There are many factors that affect power relationships and division of labour between couples, mainly the traditional division of domestic labour within the past. Other factors include the breakdown of traditions, gender inequality and negative factors such as domestic abuse and violence. There are a variety of views and approaches to the factors from Feminists, Marxists and Functionalists. Division of labour between couples is the assignment of different parts of a process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency. This includes housework, childcare and paid work. However power relationships is where there is an evident controller of power within the relationship or whether the power is equal or symmetrical within the relationship. The factor of gender inequality is presented by Parsons 1955 within the family and relationships. He said that, women and men have different segregated roles that are very different and distinctly opposite to one another within couples. Parsons saw the man having the instrumental role, in which he works and provides for the family as the breadwinner. The mans life is about providing, financially supporting the family and achieving success at work. However the women within the relationship holds the expressive role, where she provides emotional support for the family, carries out the housework and gives the primary socialisation to the children...
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...Sociology Essay: “Examine the factors affecting power relationships and the division of labour between couples” (24 marks) A power relationship is defined as an imbalance of power between the two people within a relationship. Traditionally, this will mean that one partner will be dominant and manipulative towards the other. Michelle Barrett and Mary McIntosh support this idea that there is an imbalance of power between men and women in heterosexual relationships. They believe the men gain far more from domestic work than they give back in finance. Additionally, this sense of ‘power’ suggestively is rooted from the means of finances – men generally earn more and exert this power on decision making and resources in the household. For example, Barett and McIntosh argue that men usually make these decisions, concluding that financial input is a key factor within a power relationship. Furthermore, it is argued by Elaine Kempson that this imbalance is apparent among low-income families. She notes that within these families, women’s basic human rights are ignored or not seen as a priority, such as women having smaller portions of food or simply skipping meals altogether. Other needs that are set aside are their own female needs and seldom going out. This theory links closely to the fact that power relationships, from a financial perspective, are observed by two key factors; pooling and an allowance system. Evidence of a more symmetrical, balanced relationship financially is shown when...
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... Examine the factors affecting power relationships and the division of labour between couples (24 marks). The domestic division refers to how household and childcare tasks are shared between the adult partners in a household. Domestic tasks could include tasks like washing, ironing or even childcare. These tasks were seen as tasks that would be commonly be took up by the woman of the household as they experience what Parsons would call the expressive role. Functionalists saw this being the norm of the typical family household, which they thought to be a nuclear family. However, more recent times have proven that the domestic division of labour has revolutionised and is now a lot more equal, meaning men share household tasks with the women. Through society we also see a diverse nature of power within relationships between couples. Factors upon power authorised in relationships could have to do with person with the most power within; financial, physical or political. Young and Willmott take on the ‘march of progress view’ which see couples to more equal and fair. Feminists reject this view as they see that the family is still patriarchal dominated through roles taken upon. It can be seen throughout society that opportunities have arisen for women to go out into paid employment, thus giving women a sense of financial independence and not being self-reliant on their husbands. This theory was proposed by Young and Willmott, they also found that the division of labour becomes a lot...
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...Using material from item 2B and elsewhere, assess the view that gender roles and relationships have become more equal in modern family life (24 marks) The domestic division of labour refers to the roles that men and women take in relation to housework. These roles are often referred to as conjugal roles; roles which display roles within marriage itself. Segregated conjugal roles described the situation of man and wife having separate roles within the house where the man would more often be the breadwinner and the woman would be the homemaker. This notion supported Parsons idea of expressive roles, but is the centre of debate for feminist sociologists. There are also joint conjugal roles which represents the idea that couples share tasks such as housework, child rearing and decision making etc. Joint conjugal roles also describe the couple as sharing leisure time together, rather than independently. Within these marriages relationships also vary. One of the most deviant and misunderstood issue within the married couple is the idea that coercive power is used to control the other; usually the male using physical power (according to statistics). Domestic violence can be defined as any kind of physical, psychological, sexual or financial violence that takes place within the family toward an intimate partner. Domestic violence is seen as a method of control amongst partners, to display dominance and/or authority. It is often under-reported so national statistics are not always...
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...of oneself in the world. He states thatsocial sciences is not concrete and differs depending on the generation. The social sciences needs to bemore heavily considered especially in our current society because there are many youths have no idea how their actions are affected by social structures.Sociological imagination is the interaction between the individuals and other individuals as well as the social structures in place. The term was coined by Mills in the 19th century during the industrial revolution. To have a sociological imagination, a person must be able to pull away from the situation and think from an alternative point of view. The movie lottery at birth helps us understand the concept of socio imaginti. Mills believed in the power of the sociological imagination to connect personal troubles to public issues. Soci imaginat is more applicable today than in Mill’s time because society is going through very fast transformations. Socio imaginati explains the nature of sociology and its relevance in daily life.Mythistory by McNeil is the concept that what may seem to be true to one historian may seem false toanother. This is an important concept because to get a full understanding of any subject we must read critically and analytically. That is to understand the context and the views of the writers and how it could’ve affected the text. The concept of Mythistory is significant to the course because it...
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...Social Stratification and Social Mobility Social Stratification: Ø This is the ranking of society into groups or classes of people according to wealth, power, status and or prestige (Mohammed, 2007). Ø In addition, a particular race or color may be aligned with those who have wealth, prestige or status in the society. Social Stratification under Slavery Ø During the era of slavery Caribbean society was a closed system of stratification based on race and color. The society was termed as a ‘plantation society’. Ø A plantation society was a rigidly stratified system of social and economic relations enforced on plantations in the Americas (Mohammed, 2007). Ø Economic characteristics – very large agricultural land holdings which demanded a huge labour force for manual work. The owners and managers were Europeans who had access to capital. Ø Social Relationships – the large plantation encouraged the formation of a miniature social system with little contact with the outside. The ‘total institution’ of the plantation demanded that everyone observed the superiority of European culture. Different races contributed to cultural diversity but the way in which the plantation was organized discouraged easy interaction and mixing of the races Effects of Social Stratification on Contemporary Caribbean • Certain social groups continue to dominate society. These groups may be direct descendents of Europeans whether white or coloured. • There is still a strong resemblance to...
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...internal environment 20 Types of organization structure 21 Environmental analysis 24 Summary 27 01 9780199203055_001_030_CH01.qxd 2 X 11/1/07 15:14 Page 2 Introduction Learning objectives When you have completed this chapter you will able to: l Recognize different uses of the term business, and understand the different forms of business in terms of, for example, private, public and not-for-profit organizations l Describe the complexity of the external environment in which business operates and explain the idea of environmental uniqueness l Understand the nature of the ‘internal’ environment of business l Understand how businesses must respond to changing environmental factors in order to operate successfully, but also how they seek to influence the environment l Use analysis tools such as PEST or SWOT to examine the business environment l Understand the approach to the business environment of this book and how to use it in your studies...
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...cost the products independent of output volume and to apply overheads on the basis of causes and effect. Besides that, it is also aim to trace all the costs to products. The underlying assumption of ABC is that a product causes activities, activities cause costs and therefore activity is related to product costs. In other words, since activities consume assigned resources and products consume activities, the costs of products are the cost of resources. Its main focus is on the relationship between activity, cost driver, cost, cost pool and cost object. Traditional cost accounting is inadequate so that become activity based costing more relevant. Activity based costing gained support because of the limitations of traditional cost accounting. It is focuses on departments, cost centres or divisions and not an activity. For example, the production overhead is increase while the labour hours decrease due to automation. This will leads to high absorption rates based on direct labour hours and direct labour costs. The traditional costing treats some departments as non-productive cost centres such as testing, inspection and quality control departments. Activity based costing is still relevant for...
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...the extract from the mark scheme and examiners’ advice to create essay plans of the questions. * You may not have heard of all of the concepts in the mark scheme but there should be at least some that are familiar to you. * The examiner’s advice usually outlines bad, moderate and good answers to the question so pick out the ways in which you can achieve top band and incorporate this into your plan. June 2015 Examine the impact of government policies and laws on family life. [24 marks] From the mark scheme: Concepts and issues such as the following may appear: patriarchy; familism; surveillance; ideological control; gender regimes; marital breakdown; family structure; family diversity; welfare dependency; underclass; reserve army of labour Policies/laws on abortion; divorce; contraception; reproductive technology; marriage; adoption; pensions; benefits; taxes; education; childcare; child protection; sexuality; immigration may be discussed Analysis and evaluation may be developed, for instance by comparing the impact of different policies/laws or by discussing perspectives on social policy and the family (eg New Right, feminist, functionalist etc) From the examiner’s report: The most successful answers were able to identify relevant policies...
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... of how to direct scarce resources in the way that most efficiently achieves a managerial goal. Economic profits: the difference between total revenue and total opportunity cost. Opportunity cost: the explicit cost of a resource plus the implicit cost of giving up its best alternative use. The five forces framework -‐ Entry -‐ Power of input suppliers: industry profits tend to be lower when suppliers have the power to negotiate favourable terms for their inputs. -‐ Power of buyers: industry profits tend to be lower when consumers have the power to negotiate. -‐ Substitutes and complements -‐ Industry rivalry: rivalry tends to be less intense in concentrated industries (with few firms). Within a firm, incentives affect how resources are used and how hard workers work. Rivalry within markets -‐ Consumer-‐producer...
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...INTRODUCTION The term "Industrial Relations" has developed both a broad and a narrow meaning. Originally, industrial relations was broadly defined to include the totality of relationships and interactions between employers and employees. From this perspective, industrial relations covers all aspects of the employment relationship, including human resource (or personnel) management, employee relations, and union-management (or labor) relations. Since the mid-twentieth century, however, the term has increasingly taken on a narrower, more restricted interpretation that largely equates it with unionized employment relationships. In this view, industrial relations pertains to the study and practice of collective bargaining, trade unionism, and labor-management relations, while human resource management is a separate, largely distinct field that deals with nonunion employment relationships and the personnel practices and policies of employers. Both meanings of the term coexist in the twenty-first century, although the latter is the more common. ORIGINS The term "industrial relations" came into common usage in the 1910s, particularly in 1912 upon the appointment by President William Taft of an investigative committee titled the Commission on Industrial Relations. The commission's charge was to investigate the causes of widespread, often violent labor conflict and make recommendations regarding methods to promote greater cooperation and harmony among employers and employees. Shortly...
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...FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENTS’ DECISION TO DROP OUT OF SCHOOL A Research Paper Presented to Center for Social Development Research Cor Jesu College Digos City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For Academic Research by HERMOGENES C. ORION, JR, Ed.D ERIKKA JUNE D. FOROSUELO, DM-HRM JEAN M. CAVALIDA, MA, RGC March 2013 COR JESU COLLEGE Sacred Heart Ave., Digos City 8002 Davao del Sur Philippines APPROVAL SHEET ------------------------------------------------- As a requirement for Academic Research, this research paper entitled: FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENTS’ DECISION TO DROP OUT OF SCHOOL has been prepared and submitted by HERMOGENES C. ORION, JR., ERIKKA JUNE D. FOROSUELO, JEAM M. CAVALIDA ------------------------------------------------- APPROVED by the Oral Examination Committee DR.MARIA ELENA MORALES DR. LETICIA CANSANCIO Panel Member Panel Member DR. ALEX D. NIEZ Chairperson ------------------------------------------------- Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for Academic Research. DR. ALEX D. NIEZ College Dean MAY 2013 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...
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...Tobacco Industry in Norway 21st Century Phillip Morris International (PMI) FGH430025 - Org and Man for Performance - 12408 - 201213 A report to identify and critically analyse a key organisational behavioural and/or human resource issue facing Phillip Morris International in Norway Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Background of the Study 3 2.1 PMI Strategy 4 3. Organisational Behaviour and HRM Issues 5 I. Leadership 6 II. Management 7 III. Motivation 11 4. Process involved in the preparation 14 5. Conclusion 15 6. References 16 1. Introduction This report aims to critically analyse Phillip Morris International (PMI) strategies and structure of how they manage the Norwegian consumer market. In this report the key issues that are required to be analysed are PMI leadership and management style for gaining more emerging markets across Scandinavia and Europe. PMI has had an autocratic leadership approach, which has been a controversial matter regarding changing laws and regulations in Norwegian tobacco industry. This report will focus on PMI’s approach to organisation behaviour and Human Resource Management practises through its leadership, management ,and HRM theories into practice and employee motivation as a result of PMI’s strategy to monopolies the entire market as a 21st century organisation. According to Buchanan& Huczynski (2010), “The organization behaviour is the systematic study of formal organisations and of...
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...importance for these countries of FDI, as well as the increased presence of multinational firms. Alongside the expansion of FDI have risen concerns regarding competition between countries or regions to attract FDI. After adopting new economic policy by government of India in July 1991 many foreign investors came in the Indian economic scene because the government of India gave many incentives to the foreign investors. So it is clear that government opened the doors of Indian market to foreign investors. With more companies operating internationally, the impact on various business functions and labour laws in India is becoming more pronounced. Globalization, and the need to attract foreign investment, inevitably leads to an attack on workers’ rights by diluting existing labour standards, as trans-national corporations concede to the demands of multinationals. This dilution of stringent labour standards and strong resistance to any strengthening of workers’ rights (which sometimes become an obstacle to competitiveness in the global...
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...Sample Research Paper on Citizenship Introduction Citizenship is being defined as the relationship between the state and individuals. Historically citizenship is being inevitably linked with the state formation. Originally citizenship was denoting residence of people within protected walls of a city. Thus, whoever belonged to a community residing inside the boundaries was considered a citizen. Later this term has acquired a different meaning and the standards and definitions of citizenship have changed. There were many reasons that have caused such changes: history proceeded with its migrations, wars and annexation and along on its way brought new meanings to citizenship. Such change in definition, for example, can be found in suffrage granted to women and the nonpropertied classes. Paupers, convicts and soldiers are another example of how political and civil rights were once a privilege of certain classes only (Dahrendorf, 1974, p. 11). With the introduction of mass democracy and social protection as well as introduction of welfare state a need in the new conception that would look on the relationship on an individual and the state appeared consequently. The norms of citizenship, therefore, have improved with the development of state and citizenship became a multination concept, which implies different things to different nations (Dahrendorf, 1974, p. 12). According to Michael Ignatieff (1995), the introduction of the welfare state can be explained as an attempt to make citizenship...
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