...Research Method Hypothesis and Theory Hypotheses can be developed and tested to recognize the relationships between categories. Silverman (1991:1) defined hypothesis as a ‘testable proposition’. The appearance of an apparent relationship or connection between categories will need to be tested in order to find out whether there is an actual relationship (Saunders, 1997:344). The importance of hypothesis is that it will bring a specific direction and focus to a research study. The theory on the other hand, is usually drawn from the hypothesis. Theories are usually generated from attempts at explaining observations and thus prediction or expectations can be made (Gill, 1991:25). Deduction and Induction There are two methods of establishing what is true or false and of drawing conclusion. These two methods are deduction and induction. Induction is made by empirical evidence based, while deduction is logic based. Through induction, a general conclusion can be made from empirical observation. It goes by the process of assumption to conclusion (Ghauri, 1995:8). From deduction, conclusions are draw through logical reasoning and it is not necessary to be reality. When an observation is made to generate a theory with consistent facts, it is called induction, on the contrary deduction involves the gathering of facts to confirm or disprove hypothesized relationships among variables that have been deduced from proposition or earlier theories (Ghauri, 1995:9). Research method and methodology ...
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...About Us Samples FAQ Our Prices Order now Writers Contact Us We write: Essays Research Papers Coursework Thesis Dissertations Term Papers UK Essays # Count of pages: Number of words: Choose your academic level: Term: Discount Code (optional): Discount: 0% Price: $0 Official PayPal Seal website security Types of Essays A big problem that most students and new essay writers run into is “How to write an essay.” usually roughly all essays follow a common structure of writing which comprises of an introduction, the body, and the conclusion. Once the writers are lucid about the technique of writing an essay and how to write an essay outline, the next step that they face up to is how to move toward a particular research paper topic. And what type of writing works best? Students often complain about a certain type of essay they have been assigned with. It seems to them that writing within essay type boundaries doesn’t allow them to think out the box, limits their potential. But writing a paper without any directions could be even more confusing than the class assignment you got. Do not think about the limitations as of the prison walls, but as of the walls in your room where you feel free to paint murals or change nothing whatsoever, simply being in control of it, being yourself. Tweet Quick Navigation through the Types of Essays Page Basic Types: Narrative, Descriptive and Persuasive How Can We Help Personal...
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...POL128, Sec. 021,031 061, Politics and Film, Test 1 Study Sheets, Fall 2012 Instructor: Laurinda Hartt-Fournier (Ryerson University) Test 1 will take place on FRIDAY OCTOBER 5th in our regular FRIDAY classroom and at our regular Friday class time, but beginning no later than 15 minutes (rather than 10) after the hour and going until 5 minutes before the usual end of class. The test itself should take 30-40 minutes. § The test will consist of mostly multiple choice questions worth 2 points each, although there will be one short answer question (2 or three sentences) worth 4 points) and the final multiple choice question will be worth 4 points and will follow a slightly different format from the other MC questions (demonstrated in the sample test that will be posted shortly on Blackboard under Documents (or Course Documents). Grade Weight: This test is 20% of your final grade in this course. § If something is not listed below (under Films OR Concepts/People/Related Readings) that means it is NOT on the TEST. Films to Focus On (in order of importance): Ø Breakaway --study your own notes from the lectures/discussion and read the related online handout readings mentioned here and listed below, and understand how they apply to this Canadian film (a co-production with Bollywood), especially the “Notes on Althusser’s Theory of Interpellation (on Blackboard), particularly the concepts of the Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs) of family and media and the Repressive...
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...Journal of Health Communication, 13:667–680, 2008 Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1081-0730 print/1087-0415 online DOI: 10.1080/10810730802412248 Interrupting a Narrative Transportation Experience: Program Placement Effects on Responses to Antismoking Advertising SARAH DURKIN AND MELANIE WAKEFIELD Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia It is thought that ‘‘transportation’’—absorption into the narrative flow of a story— may play a role in influencing resistance to persuasion. We hypothesized that advertising that disrupts the experience of narrative transportation may be adversely appraised by audiences. This study aimed to explore the influence of two types of television programs: narratives (dramas, comedies, and soap operas) versus nonnarratives (light entertainment, sports, documentaries, and news), on smokers’ reactions to antismoking advertisements. In preexposure interviews, daily smokers (n ¼ 779) were asked to watch a particular television program they usually watched. Postexposure interviews were conducted within 3 days of exposure. Results indicated that placing an antismoking ad within a program in which the viewer is focused on the narrative flow of a story may lead to reduced immediate cognitive and emotional impact of the ad and reduced intentions to quit, especially among those for whom the ad is most relevant, such as those preparing to quit smoking. Placing antismoking advertising...
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...(Census, 2000). Given a steady increase in the numbers of low-income children living in urban areas, efforts to understand this particular phenomenon are critical. In this context, it is important not only to examine the negative (e.g.: drug abuse, violence, etc.) but also the positive self-regulatory skills (e.g.: athletics, education, creativity, dance, poetry, etc.), which urban youths employ as coping mechanisms. Another concomitant question that needs to be explored is how urban youth exercise positive self-regulatory skills under different circumstances and in specific contexts. This study specifically examined the phenomenon of coping and resiliency skills in African American urban youths growing up in the developmental contexts of various environmental stressors (e.g.: pollution, gang violence, drug abuse, urban blight, racial and ethnic discrimination, etc.). The study attempted to determine the prevalent types of coping and resiliency skills that are implicit to a youth's nature. This research highlights and, thus fosters retention of these adaptive tools so that they do not disappear but encourage positive thoughts and actionable dreams around...
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...Qualitative Research Defining and Designing 1 8 T he qualitative research methods introduced in this book are often employed to answer the whys and hows of human behavior, opinion, and experience— information that is difficult to obtain through more quantitatively-oriented methods of data collection. Researchers and practitioners in fields as diverse as anthropology, education, nursing, psychology, sociology, and marketing regularly use qualitative methods to address questions about people’s ways of organizing, relating to, and interacting with the world. Despite the interdisciplinary recognition of the value of “qualitative research” (or perhaps because of it), qualitative research is not a unified field of theory and practice. On the contrary, a plethora of viewpoints, sometimes diametrically opposed to one another, exist on the subject. Scholars regularly debate about what qualitative research is, how and why it should be conducted, how it should be analyzed, and in what form it should be presented. In fact, fundamental and often heated disagreements about philosophical assumptions and the nature of data exist among qualitative researchers. We don’t pretend to be able to solve any of these controversies. Nor do we suggest one approach or viewpoint is superior to another in the grand scheme of things. How one approaches qualitative research, and research in general, depends on a variety of personal, professional, political, and contextual factors. Ultimately, there...
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...you write the descriptive paragraph. Samples of descriptive paragraphs: Sample 1 My friend, Andrew, is really weird. First of all, he is only twenty four years old, but he dresses as if he is living in 1950, instead of 2009. He combs his hair completely slicked back, and his clothes are always too small for him, but he seems to never notice. His teeth are also never clean, and his breath is horrible. He thinks he is cool, but he repulses women. One day he tried flirting with a girl, and she ran from him. In addition, he eats the weirdest foods. For example, the other day, he brought over a hardboiled egg and mixed it with peanut butter. Andrew also has the loudest and most embarrassing laugh, and he laughs at things that no one else thinks is funny. For instance, one day he told a joke that no one found funny, but he started laughing at his own joke and loud, which made other people turn around. Furthermore, he has the most ridiculous accent; he was born in America, and his parents were born in America, and none of his relatives have accents. In addition, he likes to take walks by himself at 10:00 P.M., and not for exercise; he says "these walks are just to see what is going on around the neighborhood." Andrew also never speaks when too many people are around; he just sits there and stares at everybody, making other people uncomfortable. Andrew is definitely weird, but he is a good person to me, and that is why he is my friend. Narrative paragraph...
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...METHODOLOGY A. RESEARCH APPROACH This research consists of a survey, considered a quantitative strategy an approach that “that provides a quantitative or numeric descript of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of the population” (Creswell, 2009, p. 12). This study will involve a questionnaire, used like a structured interview for collecting data to assist with answering the three research questions; and intended to generalize a sample population of five NGOs (Babbie, 1990 cited in Creswell, 2009, p. 12). B. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH APPROACH The characteristics of case study research embody the following (derived from Creswell, 2009, p. 175-176): multiple sources of data; theoretical lens; and participant meaning.. First, multiple sources of data may include: observation, case studies related to humanitarian organizations, documentation from humanitarian organization’s source to donors, and other mass media and social media available. Additionally, the study will use framing theory as its guiding approach and how it relates to soft power theory, to understand how humanitarian organizations develop their messages. Finally, the participant meaning by reviewing the responses NGOs have toward the research questions to view “the meaning that the participants hold about the problem or issue, not the meaning that the reaserchers bring to the research or writers express in the literature”(Creswell, 2009, p. 176). C. RESEARCH STRATEGY ...
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...Communication Program Assessment Report Narrative: The communication faculty at Georgia Perimeter College (GPC) is committed to the mission of the college which includes strengthening student success, fostering a culture of teamwork, and enhancing the economic, social, and cultural vitality of the communities the college serves. Faculty commitment to the mission includes assessing the Communication Program of Study and individual communication courses. The Communication Program of Study includes a survey course in human communication (COMM 1100), a public speaking course (COMM 1201), a business and professional communication course (COMM 2300), an interpersonal communication course (COMM 2105) and an intercultural communication course (COMM 2900). To expand access and enrollment capacity, the communication courses are offered in a variety of course formats, i.e., face-to-face, online, and as a hybrid course. They are also designed for Honors students, learning communities, and with service learning components. All of the communication course offerings at Georgia Perimeter College, regardless of focus and format, are designed to meet the requirements for an Associate of Arts Degree with a concentration in Communication, and for transfer into baccalaureate programs in Speech Communication. Communication Program Goals I. Students will produce well organized communication that exhibits logical thinking and organization, use appropriate style for audience, and meet conventional standards...
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...disruption to the regular processes in the classroom and they should respect the classroom teacher’s direction. The protection of the child’s rights in any type of child study is important. Regardless of the procedure used to collect information, the child’s protection is paramount. The child must not come to any harm (physical or mental) through participation in the observation process. Confidentiality must be utilized at all times. Talking about children and families with others outside of class or with the classroom teacher is prohibited. Please use fictitious names in written reports. Any concerns about a child’s safety should be addressed immediately with the classroom teacher or other responsible party. Observation tells us about children’s behavior – what they are doing. If we want to understand children’s development in school settings then we should observe them in those settings. Observation that takes place in a natural environment is referred to as naturalistic observation. Qualities of a Good Observer: · Recognize personal bias and preconceived assumptions about children. · Stay focus for a long period of time on whatever is being observed. · Pay attention to details. Documentation The most popular method for recording child observations falls under the heading of “narrative record.” That is a written description of the children’s actions. This is written in paragraph form. You describe what happened in factual terms; where and when and...
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...THESIS MANUAL INSTRUCTIONS CONCERNING THE PREPARATION OF THESES AND DISSERTATIONS Research and Graduate Studies Texas A&M University-Kingsville Kingsville, Texas 78363 (361) 593-2808 SPRING 2011 COPYRIGHT PRIVILEGES BELONG TO RESEARCH AND GRADUATE STUDIES Reproduction of this THESIS MANUAL requires the written permission of the Graduate Dean. FOREWORD The nature of a research study should be one in which the investigation leads to new knowledge or enhancement of existing knowledge in the student's field of study, either through acquisition of new data or re-examination and interpretation of existing data. At the graduate level, all students should learn how new knowledge is created, how experimentation and discovery are carried out, and how to think, act and perform independently in their discipline. Depending upon the degree to which the discipline has an applied orientation, the student can demonstrate mastery of the discipline through means such as research papers, literature reviews, artistic performances, oral/written presentations or case studies. The doctoral dissertation is viewed in academia as the ultimate model of documentation of the student's research. The characteristics of dissertation research include the theoretical background, description of the problem, the method which was used to solve the problem, interpretation of results and explanation of their significance. The student is expected to produce a product of excellent quality which reflects...
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...Literary Reviews Laura Miller of Salon write, “Indelible . . . Much like Ann Fadiman’s The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, this is a heroic work of cultural and medical journalism. With it, Skloot reminds doctors, patients, and outside observers that however advanced the technology and esoteric the science, the material they work with is humanity, and every piece of it is precious.” In Miller’s review of “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,” she focuses almost solely on the aspect of Henrietta’s family and the injustice done to them. She lightly mentions what these cells have done for ethics and medical research but how most importantly Skloot was able to tell a story from “the Lackses’ perspective.” I agree wholeheartedly with this statement and I do not believe this book would have been near the success that it is without including the Lackses’ side of this story of unjust ethics and racism in the medical and research field....
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...RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative, Quantitative. and Mixed Methods Approaches SECOND EDITION John W. Creswell University of Nebraska, Lincoln SAGE Publications International Educational and Professional Publisher Thousand Oaks London New Delhi ~ 6 7 6 3Copyright O 2003 by Sage Publications, Inc. -3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover image copyright O Sheldan CollinsICorbis; used by permission. For information: Sage Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com Sage Publications Ltd. 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. M-32 Market Greater Kailash I New Delhi 110 048 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Creswell, John W. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches I by John W. Creswel1.- 2nd ed. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-7619-2441-8 (c) - ISBN 0-7619-2442-6 (pbk.) 1. Social sciences-Research-Methodology. 2. Social sciences-Statistical methods. I. Title. H62 .C6963 2002 30W.7'2-dc21 Acquiring Editor: Editorial Assistant: Production Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Cover Designer: ...
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...Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank to accompany A First Look at Communication Theory Sixth Edition Em Griffin Wheaton College prepared by Glen McClish San Diego State University and Emily J. Langan Wheaton College Published by McGrawHill, an imprint of The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright Ó 2006, 2003, 2000, 1997, 1994, 1991 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced in print form solely for classroom use with A First Look At Communication Theory provided such reproductions bear copyright notice, but may not be reproduced in any other form or for any other purpose without the prior written consent of The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. PREFACE Rationale We agreed to produce the instructor’s manual for the sixth edition of A First Look at Communication Theory because it’s a first-rate book and because we enjoy talking and writing about pedagogy. Yet when we recall the discussions we’ve had with colleagues about instructor’s manuals over the years, two unnerving comments stick with us: “I don’t find them much help”; and (even worse) “I never look at them.” And, if the truth be told, we were often the people making such points! With these statements in mind, we have done some serious soul-searching about the texts that so many teachers—ourselves...
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...Qualitative Research Critical Analysis Paper:The Lived Experience of Healthy Behaviors in People with Debilitating Illness The purpose of this paper is to summarize the study “The lived experience of health behaviors in people with debilitating illness” (Haynes & Watt, 2008). Within this summary it will critique and describe the qualitative methodology used in the study, the appropriateness and relevance of the design for the study purpose, the study purpose, the target population, the study participants, and the setting the study participants are in. This paper will critique and describe ethical issues mentioned in the study and ethical issues not mentioned in the study, but are of importance to the study population. It will also critique and describe the data quality methods used, the research findings, the limitations as they relate to the study purpose, the implications for nursing practice, and conclude with a brief summary. The selection of this research article was because of the interest in understanding how individuals with incapacitating illnesses can continue with living a health centred lifestyle. Thoroughly analyzing the selected research via a critical lens, as well as reflecting on professional practice, assists the healthcare professional in applying holistic, client-centered care. Method The study, “The lived experience of health behaviors in people with debilitating illness” (Haynes & Watt, 2008), uses phenomenology as its qualitative research tradition. Phenomenology...
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