...AUTISME, SINDROM ASPERGER DAN SINDROM KANNER Autisme diklasifikasikan sebagai ketidaknormalan perkembangan neuro atau kecacatan neurologi yang menyebabkan interaksi sosial yang tidak normal dan masalah kemampuan berkomunikasi. Istilah autisme berasal dari perkataan ‘Autos’ bermaksud diri sendiri dan ‘Isme’ bermaksud suatu aliran. Oleh itu, autisme bermaksud keadaan yang menyebabkan seseorang kanak-kanak menumpukan perhatian dalam dunianya sendiri. Autisme dikenali sebagai sindrom Kanner, kerana sempena nama seorang ahli psikiatri kanak-kanak berasal dari Amerika yang bernama Leo Kanner yang menemui penyakit tersebut pada tahun 1943. Autisme juga dikenali sebagai sindrom Asperger yang berbentuk austisme tahap sederhana. Autisme diklasifikasikan sebagai kegagalan integrasi deria (Sensory Integration Dysfunction). Ia juga dikaitkan dengan beberapa penyakit seperti: 1. Fragile X-Syndrome 2. Phenylketonuria 3. Tuberous Sclerosis 4. Neurofibromatosis 5. Sindrom Asperger 6. Sindrom Rett PENYEBAB AUTISME Antara penyebab autisme ialah: 1. VAKSIN YANG MENGANDUNGI THIMEROSAL Thimerosal adalah zat pengawet yang digunakan sebagai vaksin. Ada pendapat yang mengatakan bahwa jika terlalu banyak vaksin Hepatitis B yang termasuk dalam MMR (Mumps, Measles dan Rubella ) boleh mengakibatkan anak mengidap penyakit autisme. Ini kerana vaksin ini mengandung zat pengawet Thimerosal, yang terdiri dari Etilmerkuri yang menjadi penyebab utama sindrom Autisme Spectrum Disorder...
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...Elaine is a 52-year old married female. Elaine is married to Richard for over 20 years. Elaine is a mother, caregiver and grandmother. Elaine has 3 children who currently who lives at home. Elaine’s sons are: Donald the first born, Richard Junior, age 19 and John, age 12, (Elaine’s youngest). In addition to her grandson, Richard III, age 3 and her 85 year old mother in-law, Janice. . Elaine works part-time as a CNA worker at the local nursing home B. Person, Family, Household, and Community Systems 1. Person System Elaine reported graining 30 pounds jumping from size 12 to 18. Elaine describe herself as exhausted, about to lose it, and “Can’t go on.” Elaine is currently experiencing some health issues and finds it difficult to get up in...
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...Clarita requires counselling, and given her age and the request of her mother to abandon family-based therapy, counselling with a group or individual will be best. Although Clarita was referred to treatment by her mother, core mental health will be considered if and when her symptoms get to a point where there is concern for her physical safety or the safety of others. Core mental health is reserved for the most severely ill children and it should not be considered as a first step for Clarita before trying less intrusive options (Goertz, 2001). Medication is not recommended at this point until a medical assessment is made to determine if there are any physical or biological concerns related to her lack of engagement in activities she once enjoyed,...
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...Objective: The researchers who conducted this experiment wanted to improve the engagement of high-risk adolescents and their families in treatment by augmenting in-home family therapy with short and creative experiential activities. Method: A Texan social service agency that serves families with troublesome adolescent children presented families with the opportunity for this study. The recruitment criteria were that the youths were 12-17 years old and were living at home, the family resided within a 30-mile radius of the agency, and at least 1 parent was willing to participate in family therapy sessions. Parents and youth who agreed were provided a full explanation of the study. Researchers documented the number of sessions each family attended in the 12 week period. For the intervention group families, all sessions took place in their homes and their therapy included the addition of experiential activities that were developed to target...
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...tongue to understand where he was in space at any given time. Although Daniel 100% blind he moved through life as a seeing person. He attended regular schools, walk long distances, climbed trees, attend college and also do the amazing task of riding a bike. Daniel was able to go through life without the limitations of being a blind man by learning echolocation at very young age. To echolocate, Daniel learned to click his tongue sending out sound waves from his mouth and when the sound waves hit an object they produce echoes. This is the same concept that bats use to get around and that is how Daniel got the name Batman. Daniel was able to persevere because his mom refused to put limitations on him. In fact the mother was told by doctors and family that she needed to wrap Daniel up in some cotton as a toddler so that he would not hurt himself. However Daniel's mom chose to not limit him and let him learn things on his own as a seeing child. As Daniel encounter other blind individuals he realized they were very limited in how they moved through life and he want to help children that were blind to use echolocation so that they too can go life without limitations however Daniel and his college came to a great stumbling block love. Parents were very skeptical to give their children the freedom that Daniel's mom gave him. One example of this is when Daniel and his colleague were working with this 5yr old boy Nathan learning echolocation. They had Nathan...
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...Running Head: CASE ANALYSIS Case Analysis of Theresa Jimmie Cross Glenda J. Chandler Northcentral University Case History Theresa Cross was born in Sacramento, California on March 12, 1946. She was the youngest child in her family. Bill and Clara Tapp are from their mother’s previous marriage. Rosemary and Theresa were the daughters of Jim and Swannie Cross. Both Jim and Swannie gave preference to boys and Jim was rather disappointed that he only had daughters. Jim wanted a son to carry on his name. He charged Clara $60.00 a month for room and board in their home. Clara was also made to care for her two younger half-sisters while their mother worked. “Sometimes she was forced to stay home from school for weeks at a time” (McDougal, 1995, p. 14). Theresa was her mother’s favorite and Theresa fought Rosemary for the attention of their mother. Swannie was a strict mother and made her daughters do all the housekeeping. She never allowed her daughters to leave their own yard. Swannie let her son do pretty much whatever he wanted. She often made excuses for Bill when he was caught stealing. He did not see this as a second chance, but as permission to continue. He eventually ended up divorced and in prison for the remainder of his life. The preference to boys was apparent in this family due to the fact that the oldest daughter, Clara, never received a legal name until she was 20. She demanded that her mother sign the paperwork to grant her a full name on her birth certificate...
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...the way we approach therapy. In chapter two Corey and Corey discuss various subjects that could incite strong moral attitudes and they encourage self-exploration when different case studies are presented. Family structures are varied and come in a variety of shapes and forms. In this paper I will examine my own views of the family value system and in what ways the different case studies challenge my life view and how I would proceed counseling these patients. Family Values The family system is diverse and comes in different shapes and forms. Family can be defined as the people with whom we surround ourselves. They are the people who love and support us while we navigate the world. Families are living organisms that change and they require nurturing to keep from dying. Although I do believe that keeping the family unit together is important, I understand that it is not always the best choice for the individuals involved. Traditional families and non-traditional families can equally be as nurturing and loving. The traditional family is no longer the norm. Every circumstance, every family and each individual in that family is going to have a different view and expectation. As a woman and a mother, I approach family issues from that point of view. This view point could play an important role in the way I counsel an individual or a family regarding major changes and decisions, i.e. divorce, relocation, etc. Although I do believe that as a family group each individual...
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...CASE STUDY:MAVIS, JOHN AND APRIL BIRD ASSIGNMENT 3 FOR PYC4808UNIQUE NUMBER .STUDENT : Siwa Gv Case Study: Bird Family Pg1 1. 3-generational genogram: Bird FamilyNotes on Map: Size of Icon determined by significance of relationship and/or influence Considered significant: information regarding Mavis’s deep distrust towards others Considered significant: information regarding John’s deep attraction towards the “instant family” Lack of information regarding relationship between Mavis with mother and siblings: assumed none Lack of information regarding relationship between John with father: assumed none Lack of information regarding relationship between April and biological father: assumed none PYC 4808 Assignment 03 Student 3350-133-5 August 2013 Fiure: Authors own Case Study: Bird Family Pg2 2. Eco map: Bird Family in ContextNotes on Map: Size of Icon determined by significance of relationship/influence to client Absence of arrows where direction of influence is uncertain Spheres of influence outside of family is assumed Lack of information regarding the interconnection between the two families of origin Lack of information regarding relationship between April and biological father: assumed none PYC 4808 Assignment 03 Student 3350-133-5 August 2013 Figure: Authors own Case Study: Bird Family Pg3 3. Perspectives:a. Perspective of each family member: Mavis Bird: Mavis Bird grew up in what appears to have been an unstable...
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...Describe and evaluate the psychological therapies for schizophrenia. Cognitive behavioural therapy has multiple different approaches; Tarrier used detailed interview techniques and found that schizophrenics can often identify triggers to the onset of their psychotic symptoms and the participants find their own methods to cope with the distress caused by hallucinations. These strategies include: distractions, concentrations and positive self-talk. Other strategies include initiation or withdrawal from social contact, relation techniques, such as breathing exercises.73% of the sample reported that these strategies were effective in managing their symptoms. Coping strategy enhancement was developed which aims to teach individuals to develop and apply effective coping strategies. These reduce the frequency, intensity and duration of psychotic symptoms. A weakness of this is that schizophrenic patients have irrational thought processes which makes it difficult to identify the accuracy of their statements regarding the onset of symptoms and it is retrospective therefore it is hard to judge the accuracy of the theory. A weakness of this study is that the main technique used is interviews, so participants may have faced demand characteristics, therefore decreasing the validity of the findings. Another weakness is that the cognitive behavioural therapy does not offer a cure for schizophrenia, therefore is not entirely useful as it doesn’t look at the cause of the disorder which...
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...Application of Clinical Psychology Paper Amanda Ayers PSY/480 March 02, 2016 Mark Peterson Application of Clinical Psychology Paper What is a case study? According to Merriam Webster, a case study is a process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time (2016). In this paper, a case study will be examined and applied to clinical psychology aspects in real-world situations. The case study will be looking at a 19 year old Chinese male named Joe. Joe’s situation will be discussed in overview. Following this will be a discussion of the biological, psychological and social factors that are involved in Joe’s case. Lastly, the case study will be used to explain the different interventions that would be appropriate to use in relation to the field of clinical psychology. Now let us take a look at Joe and his case. The Overview The case study applied in this situation looks at a 19 year old Chinese male. This individual suffers from episodes of depression along with some anxiety. His name is Joe. Joe has an overwhelming feeling of not being “good enough”. In his daily life, he takes the responsibility of taking care of his invalid mother as well as two younger siblings. Joe’s father left when he was 5 years old and an only child. At the age of 12 his father returned. Within two years after his father’s return his parents had 2 more children. At the age of 16...
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...Thimersosal (Love to Know Everything You'd Love to Know, 2011). However, the U.S. Court of Federal Claims Office of Special Masters determined that the measles, mumps, and the rubella vaccine were not the cause of autism. In another perspective, a study done thru John Hopkins University and the Broad Institute of Harvard found a genetic code that is associated with Autism. The research studied the genetics of 1,031 families that had a minimum of two autistic members of the family. It was found that all the families exhibited the same pattern on the fifth chromosome near the gene semaphorin 5a. This gene’s expression was at a lower rate in the study with participants (Love to Know Everything You'd Love to Know, 2011). Additional studies have found that there may also be a link between Autism and autoimmune diseases. While most would advocate that Autism is a biological circumstance it is also believed that there may be some form of environmental factors involved. The University of California conducted a study and found that there was a connection between environmental toxins and a higher rate of Autism. In 1990, the rate of Autism was as high as two hundred and five while in 2006 the rate was three thousand confirmed cases (Love to Know Everything You'd Love to Know,...
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...Running Head: REALITY THERAPY 1 2 REALITY THERAPY Reality Therapy: A Case Study Thomas J. McCarthy Grand Canyon University: PCN-500 May 4, 2016 Reality Therapy: A Case Study The counselor will choose the Reality Therapy in this case study because it focuses on relationships and how we choose to establish or re-establish new, satisfying relationships. (Murdock, 2013, p. 365) And in this case, the counselor needs to change Ana?s relationships with her parents and siblings in hopes for support because right now she is hopeless and needs to reach out for support. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and Cognitive therapy focus on thoughts and emotions...
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...Case Study of George Nekisha Riley Kaplan University HN450: Legal and Ethical Issues in Human Services Professor Diane Berry Decemeber 27, 2013 After reading the case study of George, it appears that George is depressed. George is also grieving his wife’s death, which he had been married to for 50 years. When reading the case study, it talked about how George’s father had committed suicide when he was younger. So as a counselor, you have to take into consideration that George may have never had a chance to talk to anyone about this personal issue. In this paper, I will discuss ethical concerns, goals, treatment plan, and support systems for George. When working with George, my ethical concern would be confidentiality. Michael, his son, is the one who has brought George to the counseling session. Confidentiality is the ethical duty of fulfilling the promise that the client’s information received during therapy is not disclosed without permission (Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2011). When discussing the breach of confidentiality, you have to make sure you cover all grounds. I would think that Michael would want to know things about the counseling session, but as a counselor you have to keep in mind that permission needs to be granted from George. Breaching confidentiality can harm the counseling relationship and potentially the client (Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2011). With George not talking that much in the first session, we want to start building his trust...
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...Capella University Course- HS 854- Child and Adolescent Counseling Topic: Project Case Study - Shayla Abstract This case study is about a 4 yr old African American boy whose parent is going through a contentious divorce. Shayla is a fraternal twin whose aggressive behavior in school has attracted the attention of teachers and parents to seek counseling. Using two theories (Developmental and Cognitive) to address client’s need, Shayla has been diagnosed with depression and anxiety disorder. The etiology of client’s behavior was determined including the strength and weakness of therapeutic approach. Shayla family unit was consider owing to the fact that her mother is African American and wanted to marry a Latino American. Due to the dynamic of Shayla’s family composition different family systems such as (systemic, traditional and strategic) were consider for proper adjustment. Proper diagnosis were assessed, reviewed and evaluated for mental health treatment team professionals to follow. There are ethical and legal guidelines associated with treatment such confidentiality, informed consent and right to privacy. Table of Content Project topic --------------------------- page 1 Abstract ----------------------------------page 2 Table of content -------------------------page 3 Theories...
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...to which people suffer from. After reading several case studies and matching the correct diagnosis to the correct case study, now it is time to go over these case studies, diagnosis, causes and treatments. There are five case studies in total. The diagnoses to be covered are schizoid personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, somatoform disorder, dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia. The first case study was on a middle ages woman name Josephine. Josephine presented with symptoms of schizoid personality disorder. She is avoidant of social situations, shows no emotions and prefers to be alone. From a cognitive perspective, individuals with schizoid personality disorder have a deficient way of thinking and looking at things. However, psychodynamic theorists believe that schizoid personality disorder is a product of unaccepting or abusive parents. Treatments for schizoid personality disorder are quite limited on effectiveness and treatment isn’t usually sought unless another disorder presents the need for treatment. Drug therapy, group therapy, learning social skills, role play and exposure techniques are some types of behavioral therapy techniques used to treat schizoid personality disorder. The cognitive approach gives the patient a list of emotions to think about and also asks him/her to write down experiences when certain emotions are present, such as pleasure (Comer, 2011). The second case study is on Luis who has narcissistic personality disorder...
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