...Running head: FEMALE SEX 1 Female Sex Offenders FEMALE SEX 2 Without a doubt it is statistically proven that women commit fewer crimes as a whole than men. In 2010, there were one million five hundred thousand men incarcerated compare to the number of female offenders, which was one hundred thirteen thousand. When it comes to sex offenders we often think of the male gender than females. We see females as nonviolent nurtures rather than violent human beings who are capable of committing crimes of sexual nature. This false ideology is due to the lack of reporting of sexual offenses committed by females as well as clinicians and other agencies not recognizing the fact the term sexual offenders can be used for females as well as males. In the case study done by Stuckman-Johnson 28.5 percent of females reported to forcing men to partake in sexual intercourse and between the years of 1994 to 1998 there was a slight increase of seven percent that were reported. Of that 28 percent one to seven percent admitted to using physical force to restrain their victims, thirty-six percent admitted to getting their victims intoxicated before engaging in sexual acts, and another nine percent admitted to using a weapon. As of 2006, it was reported that female sex offenders that were convicted for rape made up for 3 percent of the population and other sexual offense were 5 percent of the population. Throughout the years researchers directed...
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...Female offenders and their experience of criminal justice Before I choose to reply to this exact question of my essay questions I googled “Female offenders”, and I am honestly going to admit that as soon as I saw the search results I knew this is what I want to write about. The reason for this is because the first five articles that came up were not just about female offenders, they were all about black female offenders. You see, I think this is a pretty clear picture of the face that our stereotype criminal is black, either it is a woman or a man. In this essay I will look at how women experience criminal justice today, and despite the fact that google is trying to make it look like all offenders are black, I will include all nationalities. And then I will discuss what can and what needs to be changed for the criminal system to be better and more functional. A particular issue that I am going to have a further look at is if and possibly why women from suburban societies are treated differently in criminal settings than women from lower social rankings, e.g. homeless or prostitutes. The biggest question right now is, how does the justice system treat females? Obviously they are treated different than men because males are considered to stand more and to be built completely different physical and psychological, not to come across as a feminist or something even though that is pretty difficult in this case, but is that a fair game? I am aware that my task in this essay is to...
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...Female Offenders: is Chivalry Dead? Intro: In the last two decades, there has been a definite shift in the leniency of sentencing female offenders in the criminal justice system. It has been suggested the shift turning to harsher, more severe punishments is due to more female practitioners in the criminal justice system which subsequently reduced the chivalry hypothesis. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the literature and empirical research regarding past and present studies of female offenders, the chivalry hypothesis, the differences in male and female convictions, and to answer the enduring question: Is chivalry dead? While this paper does not incorporate all of the literature available, it does offer a good snap shot of many pertinent studies conducted regarding these topics and the issues pertaining to them. Female Offenders Then and Now Over the years, the empirical evidence supporting the position that women offenders are treated less harshly than their male counterparts has been at best inconsistent. (Burnett, 1994: Coombs, 1995: Denno, 1994: Johnson & Nagel, 1994: Klein & Kress, 2014). The writers of these studies used a variety of theses to explain the leniency. Some suggested women are treated with chivalry and thus given lighter sentences for similar offenses created by men. While others suggested the leniency was due to the majority of females in the court system are first time offenders. In 1994, Kathleen Davy published Gender...
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...‘violent’ female offender • The for and against argument • Assess all evidence • Decide which opinions, theories, models are preferable INTRODUCTOIN Research conducted for the national commission on the causes and prevention of violence, ward et al asked ‘are women more aggressive in committing violent crimes today than in the past? Women were viewed as gatekeepers of social morality and the common fear is that women are changing. Ward and his colleagues relied on to document the nature of women ‘violent offences. They have examined whether and how the characteristics and crimes of incarcerated female offenders have changed. This essay also seek to explain the patterns of stability and change over the last third of the 20th century in women’s crimes of violence and the moral panics that explain violent criminality by women. Although boys engage in more delinquent and criminal acts than do girls, female delinquency is on the rise. In 1980, boys were four times as likely as girls to be arrested; today they are only twice as likely to be arrested. In this article, Elizabeth Cauffman explores how the juvenile justice system is and should be responding to the adolescent female offender Reasons why there is less research on female criminality? Smart (1976) stated that throughout history female violence or crime have has been neglected` in criminology theories. The studies show that females were documented to commit less crime, which resulted female offenders being simply...
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...and treatment of female offenders There are nearly 2.1 million violent female offenders annually in the United States (Greenbelt et al. 2000). Three out of four female violent offenders commit simple assaults, and three out of four female violent offenders attack other women. The incarceration rate for women is increasing at nearly twice the rate of men (Gater, 2005). Some risk factors contributing to the increase in criminal behavior among women include spousal abuse, substance abuse, and mental illness. The treatment of female offenders is becoming an increasingly important issue. Female offenders are often incarcerated in facilities designed for male treatment and rehabilitation needs. In the past, it was considered that male and female inmates had similar treatment needs, but as correctional administrators become aware of the increasing numbers and the differing needs of female offenders, they must re-evaluate the available treatment programs and begin to implement revisions to the management of program plans. It is now clear that differences in treatment between women and men within the judicial and correctional systems often have harmed rather than helped women (Harris 1998). In addition, Harris (1998) adds that evidence continues to grow of ways in which women’s experiences have been tied to their race and class, as well as the part of the country in which they lived and other personal characteristics. Research suggests that female offenders differ from male...
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...What Works with Juvenile Offenders Juvenile Offenders are categorized differently than their adult counterparts for a variety of reasons. The primary reason is that as an offender who is not yet an adult, they are still considered a protected class due to their age and the concern of disrupting their rights to council and the rights of their parents to help dictate the events in their lives. Over the past few decades there have been several studies completed correlating the quantitative analysis in primary research studies with success rates of juvenile offender treatment. Because of the repeated success of certain treatments over others, these studies have lead to an agreement on what programs and intervention strategies work and which have little to no repeated success. By analyzing these treatment strategies as they have been portrayed in academic literature and through the primary research that has been completed, a summary analysis of what plans work when dealing with juvenile offenders will be devised and put forth as the best option for treatment. The first aspect to analyze when dealing with implementing a new strategy for juvenile offender reformation and treatment plans is the idea of quality of the plan versus quantity of sessions required with all individuals in correctional institutions across the United States. In the past two decades, the numbers of individuals within the correctional systems across the United States has skyrocketed. In 2004, the jump in population...
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...Children Sexually Abusing Children Paula Chipman COM/172 August 25, 2014 Charlotte Babb Children Sexually Abusing Children Parents not only have to worry about adult sexual predators, but also have to worry about adolescent social offenders-which is on the rise. The background has a lot to do with how a child turns out. The fact that both male and female juvenile sexual predators exist is horrifying by itself. The sexual behavior that leads to sexual abuse can start as young as six years old (Smith, B. 2007, September 19). The thought crosses the mind of all parents. How do they protect their child? Unless they plan on following their child everywhere they go, they can only teach them and watch for the signs of both child predators and their victims. Everyone has to wonder what could cause one child to abuse another child sexually, and if they even understand the consequences of their actions. What will happen to the juvenile offender, will they get off with therapy, or will they go to prison to pay for their crime? The younger offenders are getting therapy while the older predators are going to juvenile detention centers or even to prison. When a child relapses a second time, the child could be sent to a child detention center, jail, or a mental hospital for the safety of the public. Most people are not exactly sure what child on child sexual abuse consists of. The fact is that child on child sexual abuse is when a younger child is sexually abused by one or more...
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...Canadian prisons have always been lacking the needs of offenders and programs to help them. Till now they have the same problem; however, they have been improving and meeting the needs of the offender’s population in a slow manner. Many incidents have occurred during prison time as well as after inmates have been released from prisons. Due to that Canadian corrections have slowly taken more time into their programs and treatments to help the inmates rehabilitate themselves and be able to get back into society in a better state than what they had arrived in. Overtime there have been many facilities available in order to help inmates with certain behavior issues and severe issues. In this paper I will be covering the different types of inmates and how each of them is treated with different programs. Incarceration rate has slowly been going down and there have been more treatment programs to help the offenders rather than just punishing them. Once again, in this paper, I will thoroughly explain how this is done with different types of offenders including; Women in gangs, impaired offenders, offenders who have been diagnosed with HCV (hepatitis C or AIDS), and sexual offenders. Not everyone will be getting treatments or put into programs in prison. Majority of the people are the ones who have a higher risk of danger when being put back into society; however, to prevent this, programs have been available in Canadian prisons. As you read on in this paper you will find out the different...
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...cases recidivism has decreased with the proper assessment and treatment. Our country has an overzealous sex crime legislation dating back to the 1880s. In the United States there are three types of legislation dealing with sex crimes. The first was pre-World War II when offenders were subjected to indefinite institutionalization and sterilization. These policies were jointly influenced by the fields of sexology and eugenics (Ordover, 2003). Sexologists promoted the view that minor forms of sexual misbehavior would predict future sexual violence and homicide (Jenkins, 1998), whereas eugenicists promoted the view that criminal behavior was genetically determined (Ordover, 2003). Both of these fields developed the view that sexual offending was considered intractable, resistant to change and escalating, therefore, new legislation was established to enact extreme interventions by institutionalization offenders. In order to keep society safe from future exposure and danger from an offender’s offspring thus forced sterilization (Letourneau, 2013). This method has large economic costs to our government in funding for the physical care and procedure costs, which outweigh the benefits for this treatment. The offender and his family had to endure his physical and mental costs from the sterilization. Sterilization poses numerous...
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...The topic of this survey prevails, what are public attitudes towards the reintegration of offenders? Reintegration of offenders into society is becoming exceedingly recognised, research exists in the reintegration of sex offenders, but not offenders collectively. Additionally, it focuses on the offenders themselves and not the public and their attitudes towards reintegration. Therefore, this survey should offer an improved insight into the publics attitudes towards offenders being reintegrated into society (Russell, Seymour and Lambie, 2011). Public attitudes cover the workplace, family relationships and the entire community. Research has supported the effectiveness of employing ex-offenders in reducing recidivism, and therefore highlighting the importance of employment in successfully reintegrating offenders (Crime and Justice Institute, 2006). However, there remains no such research into the general reintegration of offenders into the community and the publics attitudes towards this. Therefore, my survey holds importance as the offenders are reintegrated into communities and will have an impact on the people living there....
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...types of sexual offenders Sexual offenders are a major problem in today’s society. There has been an increasingly amount of research done in order to fully understand, and identify the types of sexual offenders. Researchers are trying to focus on finding types of treatments that could help sexual offenders. Since there are a lot of different types of offenders, building a treatment program is seen as a difficult task. Sexual offenders vary in terms of their characteristics, and their reasoning behind their acts. They are viewed as a heterogeneous group; which means that their types vary according to their characteristics. In order to help keep our society safe, it is important for us to understand the reason as to why sexual offenders commit the acts that they do. It is also important to understand the different types of treatments offered to sexual offenders, and if it reduces any risks of recidivism. This research paper will demonstrate ten different articles with ten very different analysis as to why sexual offenders offend, and what kind of treatment can be offered in order to reduce the chance of recidivism. Types of sexual offenders In order to fully understand this paper we first have to identify, and explain each typology of sexual offenders. What is a sexual offender? A basic definition of a sexual offender is someone who commits a sexual crime against someone. According to the encyclopedia of social and behavioural sciences “Sex offenders force another...
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...offense. Offenders with paraphilic interests are at increased risk for sexual recidivism. For example, most individuals have little interest in exposing their genitals to strangers or stealing underwear. Offenders who engage in these types of behaviors are more likely to have problems conforming their sexual behavior to conventional standards than offenders who have no interest in paraphilic activities. It should be noted here that the DVD’s made available to this evaluator did not change Mr. Martinez’s static risk factors for future acts of sexual misconduct in the Static 99 risk assessment tool and remains as Moderate. The following risk factors were considered based on the new data made available to this evaluator: Index Non-sexual Violence, Any convictions. This factor was excluded due to the following: If the offender’s criminal record shows a separate conviction for a non-sexual violent offence at the same time they were convicted of their Index Offence, you score the offender a “1” on this item. If the offender’s criminal record does not show a separate conviction for a non-sexual violent offence at the same time they were convicted of their Index Offence, you score the offender a “0” on this...
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...Serena Manfredy Probation & Parole Research Paper: Supervision of Sex Offenders Sex offenders are a highly diverse group of people, but all are individuals who have at least one of the following crimes in common: have committed violent sexual assault on a stranger, have had inappropriate sexual contact with a family member, have molested a child or any other inappropriate and criminal sexual behavior. What constitutes a sex crime differs by culture and legal jurisdiction. The majority of convicted sex offenders have convictions for crimes of a sexual nature. Some of the crimes which usually result in a mandatory sex-offender classification are sexual assault, statutory rape, rape, sexual harassment, prostitution, and pedophilia. Currently, in the United States there are a total of 722, 499 individuals who are registered sex offenders, some of these individuals being juveniles. However, this number does not include offenses that have not been reported. Research shows that a lot of cases go unreported which can deem inaccurate numbers regarding the amount of sex offenders. Victims of sexual offenses often feel a plethora of negative feelings following the crime, including guilt, and this can account for some of the underreporting. There are subcategory designations sex offenders can fall into that classify them into levels depending on the severity of the crime. They are then registered and put under special conditions they must abide by for...
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...When you imagine a sex offender, who do you see? Do you picture an unkempt man with balding hair, dirty clothes, and a grin that gives you chills? You’d be incorrect. This is just a popular stereotype, and unfortunately, sex offenders, more likely than not, look just like your postman, or the business man who lives two doors down. In fact, usually they are intelligent, charming, likeable, and successful individuals. These predators can be from any economic group, any ethnicity, and religious background. And most unsettling, they can be someone your child doesn’t know or, quite often, someone your child knows very well. The common myths of sex offenders are too familiar; This article will dispel these common myths about the sexual offenders...
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...Triple Homicide of Michael Moore, Steve Branch and Christopher Byers: The Offender Profile Profile prepared for: West Memphis Police Department Profile prepared by: XXX Contact Details: Name: Address: Email address: Overview The following profile is based on the case of triple homicide of the victims identified as Steve Branch, Michael Moore and Christopher Byers. The bodies were discovered less than 24h after their disappearance, in the wooded area of West Memphis, Arkansas, known as the Robin Hood Hills. Steve Branch and Michael Moore were discovered hogtied and drowned with extensive injuries to the body and the head, while Christopher Byers was discovered mutilated with the similar injuries displayed by the other two victims. Upon the review of the available forensic and investigative evidence, the following offender profile has been compiled, based on the known facts, for the use by the West Memphis police Department in further investigation, and ultimately, the offender apprehension. The Profile Limitations The profile, although put together to the best of the profiler’s knowledge and with presented evidence, does have limitations, which are noted below. The use of this profile should be done with its limitations in mind. The profile should be used as a framework in further investigation and not as means of naming the offender. * The State Crime Scene Laboratory reports did not have any concrete physical evidence that can be indicative of any of...
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