...Research and Background The Nacirema tribe and their strange behaviors were first documented by Horace Miner in “The Body Ritual Among the Nacirema” in 1956. Considerable effort has been extended to the study of this most unusual tribe in the years that followed and many print articles and lectures were devoted to trying to understand these people and their strange customs. Recently, many new research techniques combined with a host of motivated anthropologists and a fresh source of both corporate donations and governmental funds have uncovered new information about the Nacirema. Although there are hundreds or perhaps thousands of Nacirema rituals, ceremonies, and practices that merit intense study and analysis, the focus of this research paper is perhaps one of the most bizarre and poorly understood of all their rituals. This ritual has it’s roots in many different cultures dispersed across the world dating back hundreds of years. This most interesting ritual has been celebrated in a very concentrated region of Nacirema for hundreds of years located in a few costal cities north of the body of water “Gulf of the Land of Maize”. Although this ritual is celebrated to some degree in selected Nacirema cities of this region, the epicenter of this ritual and it’s many strange customs is the city that straddles the end of the big river Ojibwe. This city is “Crescent City”, aptly named for the villages of the city that followed the curvature of the big river Ojibwe. Once per...
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...Guns, Germs and Steel Page 1 GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL: The Fates of Human Societies By Jared Diamond, 1997 About the Author: Jared Diamond is a professor of physiology at UCLA School of Medicine. He is a recipient of a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship and was awarded a 1999 National Medal of Science. He is also the author of The Third Chimpanzee. SUMMARY The book asks and attempts to answer the question, once humankind spread throughout the world, why did different populations in different locations have such different histories? The modern world has been shaped by conquest, epidemics, and genocide, the ingredients of which arose first in Eurasia. The book’s premise is that those ingredients required the development of agriculture. Agriculture also arose first in Eurasia, not because Eurasians were superior in any way to people of other continents, but because of a unique combination of naturally occurring advantages, including more and more suitable wild crops and animals to domesticate, a larger land mass with fewer barriers to the spread of people, crops, and technology, and an east-west axis which meant that climate was similar across the region. The book is well written and contains not only information about the history of cultures around the world, but excellent descriptions of the scientific methodologies used to study them, from how archeologists study the origin of agriculture to how writing evolved to how linguistics can trace the movements of peoples across huge geographic...
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...resources, coastal zones and its resources, agriculture and human health the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. Around 66 per cent of the country’s labour force are engaged in agriculture and with their dependence on water, are likely to be hit the hardest by climate change1. The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has recognized climate change as an important issue and attempts are being made to incorporate potential measures for reducing climate change impacts into overall development planning. Bangladesh has developed the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). It has also incorporated climate change into its Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). The GoB realizes that to reduce the impacts of climate change it is necessary to work across sectors and with active participation of local communities. Thus, the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS) has been working since the 1970s with vulnerable communities, particularly women through the Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP), is in a unique position to pursue community-based disaster risk reduction initiatives leading to climate change adaptation. 1 Government of Bangladesh prioritizes Climate Change The National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) of Bangladesh aims to involve the key sectoral Ministries, Departments and Agencies to increase ownership and help mainstream climate adaptation into sectoral development and gives...
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...Norwood Hodges Mr. Connell English 9 14 February 2014 The Astonishing Creature There are tons of astounding creatures in this world. Ones of different size, shape, and color. Yet, the one most humans do not think about is the honeybee. A quick Google search of honey bee defines the insect as, “a stinging winged insect that collects nectar and pollen, produces wax and honey, and lives in large communities. The honeybee was domesticated for its honey and usually lives in hives.” While researching information about the honeybee I realized just how helpful and interesting the insect is. However, they can be a huge burden. My goal in this paper is to state accurate information and inform a reader about the unique creature, the honeybee. Honeybees are important to our wold. Not only are they one of the biggest pollinators, they also provide some people with food and a source of income. They live in large colonies called hives. In those hives there are millions of bees, called worker bees. Worker bees are female honeybees that are not sexually developed. It takes approximately twenty days for an egg to hatch. After the first three days of being birthed the egg turns into larvae. They older and mature worker bees take care of the larvae, feeding it royal jelly, pollen, and honey. Royal jelly is the leakage of the bees that provides the larvae with the nutrients they need. The worker bees tend to larvae and forage for food. They forage for three main types of food: honey...
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...Junior Research Paper There are wide variations of traditional and religious practices worldwide, from the Japanese tea ceremony, to circumcision in underdeveloped countries. These customs, have been around for centuries and continue to be important aspects of everyday life. However, as today's society continues to progress, these traditions are questioned. The dreadful reality and unjust qualities of the practices have been revealed, as more information and research is conducted. Circumcision is a custom, highly common amongst women in 3rd world countries, and is used for numerous cases. Circumcision is the surgical process of removing skin surrounding the tip of a newborn male sexual organ. This surgical process is legal, and commonly safe in different parts of the world, including the United States and other developed countries. “For some families, circumcision is a religious ritual. Circumcision can also be a matter of family tradition, personal hygiene or preventive health care.” Circumcision may be a risky process, but the benefits far exceed the risks if done properly. Improved hygienics, is a huge beneficial factor of male circumcision. The process makes it easier for males to cleanse...
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...Research Paper The Babylonian Empire and the Old Testament Submitted to Dr. Curtis Fitzgerald, Ph.D, In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of the course OBST 520 LUO (Summer 2014) Old Testament Orientation II Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Marcus Banks-Bey_L2444950 June 29, 2014 Thesis Statement This research paper will discuss, and review the history of the Babylion Empire, its rulers, and the Empire’s influential relationship upon some of the major events which developed within Old Testament literature. Introduction Through my research, it is my intent to identify significant points within the history of the Babylion Empire, including its origins, development, expansion, eventual decline, and why it became a focal point of many of the major events of the Old Testament. From the Great Empire of Akkad, Babylon became a major seat of learning, culture, and technology. More than simply a city-state of defiance, and sinful practices, Babylon’s influence, very often viewed through a negative scholarly lens, shaped the history of Asia Minor, Northern Africa, and the world when approached from a biblical standpoint. As such, Babylon remains a critical, powerful nation in relation to its nation-state of Israel, and Old Testament history. Nimrod The Cushite The first nation-state identified within contemporary Biblical literature is the land that is “Ethiopia”, as mentioned...
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...Mitigation Strategies and Solutions: Conserving Energy and Human Population Mitigation Strategies and Solutions: Conserving Energy and Human Population Developing countries with rapid population growth face the urgent need to improve their living standards without destroying the environment. Natural resources are facing a coupling of increased pressure, threatening the health of the public and our development. The global challenge begins with the water shortages, loss of forests, and air and water pollution. Are we blindly destroying our natural resources needed for our future, as we humans exploit nature to meet our present needs? The world’s current supply of energy is provided by natural resources. Natural resources are defined as various nonrenewable and renewable energy sources. A renewable resource consists of naturally occurring resources in nature, like wind (windpower), water (hydropower), or sun (solar). Renewable energy is safer for the environment when compared to nonrenewable resources. Only about 9 percent of electricity in the U.S. is generated from these renewable sources (EPA, 1997). Renewable resources are replaced in nature as they are used, which makes this type of energy highly desirable. Nonrenewable resources are found in fixed amounts, these are natural resources that cannot be replaced. Although nonrenewable resources are also found in...
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...that explain the evolutionary history of our natural world and ongoing environmental change? The origin of life and earth is still one of the greatest mysteries scientists have yet to solve. Modern day science and technology allow us to make theoretically correct assumptions about the past. According to research, it is evident that the earth’s environment and life have been evolving since the beginning of time, which is still evident today as ecosystems and environments continue to change. Three theories that help explain the evolutionary history of our natural world and ongoing environmental change include natural selection, neutral theory of molecular evolution, and the transition into the Anthropocene epoch. Natural selection theory argues that life forms evolve in response to the changes in the environment. Neutral theory of molecular change argues that changes occur in organisms at a constant rate over time without the influence of the environment. Anthropocene is a relatively new term that suggests we have transitioned from the Holocene era to the Anthropocene, which is characterized human dominated activity. These theories are presented in various works, but this paper will focus on Life and the Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere by Stephen J. Mojzsis, The Anthropocene: a new epoch of geological time? by Jan Zalasiewicz, Mark Williams, Alan Haywood, and Michael Ellis, and The Modern Molecular Clock by Lindell Bromham and David Penny. According to most scientists including...
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...FERNS OF PAKISTAN | FERNS | SUBMINTED TO: Ma’M UZMA HANIFSUBMITTED BY: AYESHA SULTANAROLL NO: 072-BH-BOT-11SUBJECT: VASCULAER PLANTSDEPARTMENT: BOTANYGOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LAHORE | | CONTENT: * INTRODUCTION TO FERNS * PARTS OF FERNS AND THEIR NAMES * LIFE CYCLE * LIFE CYCLE OF A TYPICAL FERN * CLASSIFICATION OF FERNS * A CONTRIBUTION TO THE TAXONOMIC STUDY OF FERN * FLORA OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN * Family: Dennstaedtiaceae * Family: Sinopteridaceae * Family: Cryptogrammaceae * Family: Pteridaceae * Family: Adiantaceae * Family: Oleandraceae * Family: Dryopteridaceae * Family: Thelypteridaceae * Family: Athyriaceae * Family: Aspleniaceae * Family: Marsileaceae * Family: Salviniaceae * Family: Azollaceae * A FIELD SURVEY OF MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS IN FERNS OF PAKISTAN * Morpho-Palynological Studies On The Angiospermic Fern * Cyrtomium Cyrotideum C. Chr; (Syn: Polystichium * Falcatum). * SOME TOP FERNS TO GROW AS HOUSE PLANTS: * Crocodile Fern * Lemon Button Fern * Maidenhair Fern * Rabbit's-Foot Fern * Staghorn Fern * Bird's Nest Fern * Silver Brake Fern * Kangaroo Paw Fern * Boston Fern * Reffernces FERNS OF PAKISTAN. INTRODUCTION: A fern is any one or more of a group of about 12,000 species of plants belonging to the botanical group known as Pteridophyta. Unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem (making them vascular...
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...(CIRDAP) is a regional, intergovernmental and autonomous institution. It was established in 1979 at the initiative of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations with support from other UN organisations and donor countries/agencies. The member countries of CIRDAP are: Afghanistan, Bangladesh (host state), Fiji Islands, India, Indonesia, Iran, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. The main objectives of the Centre are to: (i) assist national action, (ii) promote regional cooperation, and (iii) act as a servicing institution for its member countries for promotion of integrated rural development through research, action research, training and information dissemination. Amelioration of rural poverty in the Asia-Pacific region has been the prime concern of CIRDAP. The programme priorities of CIRDAP are set under four Areas of Concern: 1) Agrarian development; 2) Institutional/infrastructural development; 3) Resource development including human resources; and 4) Employment. Within these areas of concern, the thematic areas are: Poverty alleviation through participatory approaches with emphasis on social sector development (e.g. health, education and nutrition); Employment generation through microcredit support, infrastructure development and local resource mobilisation; GO-NGO collaboration; Gender issues; Governance issues; and Environmental concerns...
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...Islamic Impact on City/Town Planning Course : Muslim Heritage and its Global Impact (Spring 2013) sec. 02 Date : 3/19/2013 Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE CITY 2.1. PRE-ISLAMIC PRECEDENTS 2.2. FORMATION OF URBAN MODELS 3. DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF THE ISLAMIC CITY 3.1. NATURAL LAWS 3.2. RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL BELIEFS 3.3. DESIGN PRINCIPLES STEMMED FROM SHARIAH LAW 3.4. SOCIAL PRINCIPLES 4. MORPHOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF THE ISLAMIC CITY 4.1. THE MAIN MOSQUE 4.2. SUQS 4.3. RESIDENTIAL QUARTERS -COURTYARDS 4.4. STREET NETWORK 4.5. WALL 4.6. EXTERIOR 4.7. ELEMENTS ABOVE THE STREET. 4.8. ISLAMIC EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR DECORATION 4.9. THE WAQF 4.10. WATER SYSTEMS 4.11. SERIAL AND CONTINUOUS SHAPES OF WATER 4.12. POLAR AND CLOSED WATER SHAPES 5. CONCLUSION 6. REFERENCES 3 4 4 4 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 14 15 18 19 20 |Page2 1. Introduction Man is a natural planner and all through history has planned for his own changing needs and for the needs of those around him. His towns and cities have been subject to continual 'progress' and 'modernization', evolving, adapting and assimilating new ideas and technologies. The changes came about through additions, alterations and adjustments to what was there before and in a way that continued to allow each place its own expression of culture and society. The infinite variety and diversity of mankind is identified by cultural preferences, modes of social behavior and interaction, rationale, intellect, beliefs, history...
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...Background of the study The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage. He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on. Generally speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each generation lasted for a certain period of time,and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing computer. First generation: 1937 – 1946 - In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the military. Other developments continued until in 1946 the first general– purpose digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was used for processing. When this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this generation could only perform single task, and they had no operating system. Second generation: 1947 – 1962 - This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes which were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to the public; the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International Business Machine (IBM)...
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...IN REFERENCE TO LEWIS COSER'S MASTERS OF SOCIOLOGICAL THOUGHT: IDEAS IN HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT, SOCIOLOGY In reference to Lewis Coser's Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context Sociology All throughout the history of humankind, people have moved in and out of places. According to an article, a group of people migrates because of a more favorable place or region or because of some adverse condition or combination of conditions in the home environment (Migration, 2006). The same article asserts that humans have migrated since they evolved in East Africa 6 to 2 million years ago and that their original differentiation into ethnic groups appears to have been the result of separate groups of people who migrated from central points of origin. Even in the Stone Age, however, this isolation was not complete, for migrations resulted in a complicated pattern of blood relationships through widely separated groups (Migration). The migration of people has led to accelerated mixing of stocks and mutual infusion of cultural and physical characteristics, including tools, habits, ideas, and forms of social organization, which have been prerequisites for the development of modern civilization (which would have taken place much more slowly if people did not move from place to place) (Migration). An example would be the use of horse which was introduced into the Middle East by Asian invaders, later spreading to Europe and the Americans (Migration)...
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...POLICY AND PEACEBUILDING FINAL PAPER University of Notre Dame THE LAND QUESTION AND DISPLACMENT IN KENYA: SUPPORT FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL LAND POLICY By William Kiptoo EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 2010 Kenya enacted the National Land Policy following the promulgation of the new through the referendum. This was achieved through many years of consultation between the government and stakeholders of the land sector, mainly civil society organizations. The need for land reform was also identified by the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation as key to long-term peace and reconciliation. The policy aims to address Kenya’s land tenure problems that have caused political violence during elections and mass displacements of the local population due to unresolved land grievances. Internal displacement and land problems in Kenya are a product of the colonial legacy, where the land policy favored the white settlers against the African natives. After independence successive governments inherited these policies and land became political tool to rewards loyalties further creating divisions and discontent. A myriads of land-related conflicts followed pitting communities against each other as political elites continue to benefits. The inability of the government of Kenya to adequately address the land question has implied that the basic needs of significant proportion of the Kenyan population are not met. The basis of the new law is address the root causes of...
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...Global Issues | Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Gender equality is a human right,1 but our world faces a persistent gap in access to opportunities and decision-making power for women and men.2 Globally, women have fewer opportunities for economic participation than men, less access to basic and higher education, greater health and safety risks, and less political representation.2 Guaranteeing the rights of women and giving them opportunities to reach their full potential is critical not only for attaining gender equality, but also for meeting a wide range of international development goals. Empowered women and girls contribute to the health and productivity of their families, communities, and countries, creating a ripple effect that benefits everyone. The word gender describes the socially-constructed roles and responsibilities that societies consider appropriate for men and women.17 Gender equality means that men and women have equal power and equal opportunities for financial independence, education, and personal development 3 . Women's empowerment is a critical aspect of achieving gender equality. It includes increasing a woman's sense of self-worth, her decision-making power, her access to opportunities and resources, her power and control over her own life inside and outside the home, and her ability to effect change.4 Yet gender issues are not focused on women alone, but on the relationship between men and women in society.5 The actions and attitudes of men and...
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