...PAK-INDIA RELATIONS Section I: Introduction It is axiomatic that Pakistan and India share a turbulent and complex, if also short, history. While the dynamics of the relationship may shift from time to time, numerous existential issues remain in place. Characterised by mistrust, contrasting interests and the oft-quoted ‘missed opportunities’, the bloodshed of 1947 has been replaced by a more diverse set of issues that continue to mar the relationship. Kashmir has come to exemplify the classic case of a territorial dispute between neighbouring countries in the modern world composed of nation States. Extended hostile periods have only been sporadically separated by periods of relative peace – interludes that many hoped would prolong into perpetuity. But failures of State, internal conflicts, deep-rooted differences and perhaps unavoidable circumstances have meant that these spells of tranquillity remain mere specks of light in an otherwise dark corridor, at best offering missed opportunities. In studying the Pakistan-India ties, it is simplistic but also convenient to divide them into phases with regard to important junctures in South Asian history. None of the occasions that gave rise to optimism could ultimately become the watershed they were built up to be. The most recent such case was in 2004; following a prolonged period of military standoff, there began a ‘peace process’ led by President Musharraf and Prime Minister Vajpayee. This phase was significant since it allowed...
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...Analysis of Indian Developmental Projects in Afghanistan and its impact on Pakistan THEME * Pakistan and Afghanistan are generally labeled as inseparable states due to their historical, religious, cultural, linguistic, trade and ethnic linkages. However, history of bilateral relations between Kabul and Islamabad reveals turbulence. The main reasons for this rocky relationship are the issues related to the Durand Line, the idea of a greater Pakhtunistan, the 1980’s Soviet War, the rise of the Taliban, post 9/11 war, and India’s rising influence in Afghanistan. Through multi-sectoral long-term development projects, apparently carving socio-economic space through application of soft power, India ultimately aims at enhancing its regional relevance to extract politico-economic benefits, while correspondingly constricting contemporary space for Pakistan. Indian sponsored / assisted projects in Afghanistan indicate their character to be more of anti-Pakistan than pro-Afghanistan. Development of road Zaranj-Delaram off sets Afghanistan’s over dependence on Pakistan for transit trade, through offering ground link to Iranian Port Chahbhar. Similarly, Indian offer to build water reservoirs on river Kabul can be termed as extension of her water war against Pakistan. It has implications for Pakistan on its economic, defense and foreign policy fronts. Apropos, carry out a detailed analysis of Indian sponsored / assisted projects directly or indirectly influencing Pakistan and recommend...
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...Appropriately titled “The Last Straw,” the article reviews water conflicts exacerbated by climate change in general while focusing on Pakistan’s unsustainable dependence on Kashmiri waters – a dependence that only exacerbates the long-standing historical, cultural, and religious animosity between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir territory. Faris reports that a shocking “ninety percent of Pakistan’s agricultural irrigation depends on rivers that originate in Kashmir.” This water comes from three of the six tributaries that India and Pakistan split in their 1960 Indus Waters Treaty. Is the treaty’s continued existence a testament to how future resource shortages will draw normally hostile states into cooperating? Perhaps – the agreement has so far survived three major wars and nearly 50 years of hostile exchanges. Unfortunately, the treaty’s stability depends on a status quo that no longer exists. By diminishing water flows in the Indus...
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... | | | | | | | | | |Dear Sir, | |I did my MBA with major in finance and I want to get job under your kind control, I offer my services for consideration of employee | |in your organization. | | | |Please find my attached resume, which would reflect my suitability for the job applied for. If you require further...
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...Water Scenario: Past, Present and Future of Pakistan By: Muhammed Zafir Zia Per capita availability of surface water in Pakistan is gradually dwindling from 5300 cubic meter in 1951 to 1000 cubic meters in 2005 and is projected to hit less than 1000 cubic meters making Pakistan a water short country Of all the major problems, water crisis is the one that lies at the heart of our survival and that of our planet. Experts project that the global water crisis will reach unprecedented levels in the years ahead in many parts of the developing world. The years ahead predict the threat of looming water wars between countries. According to figures published by the United Nations & other international organizations, 1.1bn people are without a sufficient access to water, and 2.4bn people have to live without adequate sanitation. Under current trends, the prognosis is that about 3bn people of a population of 8.5bn will suffer from water shortage by 2025. 83% of them will live in developing countries, mostly in rural areas where even today sometimes only 20% of the populations have access to a sufficient water supply. Fresh drinking water is not only a need of human beings, but equally important for the animals and agriculture throughout the world. This acute water shortage will be responsible in spreading diseases as contaminated water is the sole cause of nearly 80% infectious diseases. Hence the world has to take serious and concrete measures in order to avoid the water...
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...NUSSERWANJEE BUILDING INTRODUCTION: This is the new building on the site of the Nusserwanjee building which was relocated to Clifton as a new wing of Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture. The old building was marked for demolition but was saved by concerned citizens and architects as a cultural heritage. Shahid Abdulla, one of the founders of the Indus Valley School, excitedly called to say he had found a beautiful old building, right in the heart of Kharadar, which was for sale and about to be demolished. Before one could express one’s reservations about the location, he quickly added, “ We will save it and move it to the campus in Clifton.” Although the interiors of the structure are new the overall language of the building has been maintained in the true spirit of the original structure which was a commercial and warehouse use building dedicated to Jamshed Nusserwanjee Mehta (7 January, 1886-1 August 1952). Nusserwanjee was the first mayor of the city and was responsible for many positive developments of Karachi, like daily road washing etc. which are still remembered today. There are few Images of ‘NUSSERWANJEE BUILDING’ at the time Of Relocation: REASONS: * Save it from the inevitable demolition and destruction. * Provide a hands-on, once-in-a-lifetime experience to both the faculty and students, in the area of architectural conservation. * Introduce...
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...Course ID: LBA 101 © Prof. M. Emdadul Haq 22 February 2010 Arab Conquest of Sindh and the Emergence of Muslim Bengal Introduction: • While Harsha Bhardan was reigning over a powerful kingdom in north India when Huen-Tsang, the Chinese scholar-pilgrim, was studying at Nalanda University in Magada, and Islam was emerging as a great religion in Saudi Arabia. It took nearly 600 years before the new religion reached the heart of India and then to Bengal as an ideology. • Prophet Mohammad (SWA) vitalized his followers and filled them with faith and enthusiasm, developed the zeal and self-confidence to change the course of history. • The Arabs, with their passionate enthusiasm and dynamic energy, had spread out and conquered from Spain to the borders of Mongolia carrying with them a brilliant culture. They crossed the Straits of Gibraltar, narrow straits between Africa and Europe, and entered Spain in 711 AD. They occupied the whole of Spain and crossed the Pyrenees into France subsequently. • At the dawn of the 8th century the Arabs had spread over Iraq, Iran, and central Asia. In 712 AD they reached and occupied Sindh in the northwest India and stopped there for a few hundred years. A great desert separated this area from the more fertile parts of northeastern India. Conquest of Sindh: • The conquest of Sindh by the Arabs laid the foundation of future Muslim rule in India. Arab traders had business links with India during the pre-Islamic days. Through their business...
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...of subcontinent in 1947 into two independent states, Pakistan and India, the political situation in the region has been volatile. Both these countries have strained relations and have fought two major wars resulting in the cession of East Pakistan. The real bone of contention between the two countries is Kashmir. The people of Kashmir have expressed their desire to accede to Pakistan but India creates hurdles in the fulfillment of their desire. The state of Jammu and Kashmir came into existence in 1848. Gulab Singh, Dogra Rajpot, bought it for RS. 7500000 from Lord Lawrence. The state has an area of 84,471 square miles. It has 902 miles long border with Pakistan and with India 317 miles only. The three main rivers of Pakistan, namely, the Indus, the Jhelum and the Chenab are their sources in Kashmir. The two roads that link Kashmir with the rest of the world also lie through Pakistan. More than 80% of the people of Jammu and Kashmir are Muslims. Thus geographically, culturally, economically and religiously Kashmir is an integral part of Pakistan. But India has never accepted this fact. The result is that Kashmir has become an apple of discord between Pakistan and India. The Kashmiris were leading a miaerable life. They were treated as slaves. They had no status in society. They were always at the mercy of the Dogras and the Hindus of the state. The result of this suppression and oppression was that the people of Jammu and Kashmir stood against the Maharaja’s rule in 1930. The Maharaja...
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...“The Effects of the Indus Water Treaty on Pakistan’s Economy” Introduction & Background The Indus Water Treaty is a treaty, which was signed in the presence of the World Bank officials, between Pakistan and India, over sharing the water of the Indus basin. The treaty was developed on the 19th of September, 1960 between the President of Pakistan at the time, Ayub Khan, and the Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, at Karachi. The water of the River Indus is alienated between an eastern and western river. The Eastern River belonging to India consisting of Ravi, Beas and Sutlu, while the western river flowing through the uncertain region of Jammu and Kashmir including Indus, Jehlum and Chenab. The treaty was to be known as a consequence of Pakistani fright, considering the foundation of the rivers belonging to the Indus basin were in India. The fright basically was that at times of war; India could bring droughts and famines in being at Pakistan. Nevertheless, India did not leave from the treaty all during the three Indo-Pakistani Wars which occurred later on. To be on the bright side, there have been no water wars between the two nations after the treaty in 1960 and if any disputes did rise in the meantime, they were settled through the involvement of legal events. The treaty is regarded as one of the most successful water sharing deals in the world today. Economic Effects Pakistan is a country which entirely depends upon water to maintain its economy. According...
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...Introduction: PCBF2015 is aimed to provide an exclusive platform for interaction between leading Chinese and Pakistani entrepreneurs, businessmen and commercial communities to explore possibilities of attracting foreign direct investment from China and vice versa. It aims at providing business opportunities for Pakistani entrepreneurs in vast Chinese market, Includes areas e.g B2B, seminars and workshops. It also provides opportunities for commercialization of products and processes, developed at CIIT and other research and development organizations and universities, participating in forum. Prof. Sohail Naqvi, the Executive Director of the Higher Education Commission also visited the Pak-China Business Forum 2012. After his visit he wrote the following email to all Vice-Chancellors and Rectors of Pakistani Universities: “Have just come back after visiting the Pak-China Business Forum at the Pak-China Friendship Center. Excellent exhibition. If you are in Islamabad, or even if you have to come here, do go and visit it. This is how Universities Build Economies. Congratulation COMSATS” This year PCBF2015 is expected to yield much bigger and better business deals and MoUs. The forum is scheduled to be held from 27th to 30th March 2015. The Venue for Pak-China business Forum 2014 is Pak-China Friendship Center, Islamabad. Partners: Following are the event partners: 1. Commission on Science & Technology for Sustainable Development in South (COMSATS) ...
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...The Indus River Basin: The Continuing Water Disputes Between India and Pakistan Anise Ko August 7, 2014 Professor Beth Bennett Introduction The Indus River was a key factor in the development of the Asian civilization. It originates in the Tibetan plateau and flows through four different countries: Tibet, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan to end in the Arabian Sea. The Indus River catchment area is as follows: sixty percent of the area belongs to Pakistan, about twenty percent belongs to India, five percent belongs to Afghanistan and fifteen per cent belongs to Tibet (Aljazeera, 2011). There are a total of six main tributaries: Sutlej, Ravi and Beas flow through Punjab and the other three rivers of the Indus basin - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab run through the territory of Jammu and Kashmir (Harvard, 2011). Since the partition of the British Indian empire in 1947, Pakistan and India have fought over the province of Punjab and the state of Kashmir, which resulted in a partition of the area between the two countries. The water dispute is also closely related to partition of the Kashmir region, too. The six rivers run through India which controls Jammu and Kashmir, before reaching Pakistan and the part of Jammu and Kashmir governed by Pakistan (Harvard, 2011). The geological allocation described above brought out significant disadvantages to Pakistan in early the1950s as a consequence of the political conflicts between the two countries. The help of the World Bank together with...
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...Pakistan is situated in the western part of the Indian subcontinent, with Afghanistan and Iran on the west, India on the east, and the Arabian Sea on the south. The name Pakistan is derived from the Urdu, which is the national language of Pakistan, words Pak which means pure and Stan which means country. It is nearly twice the size of California. The northern and western highlands of Pakistan contain the towering Karakoram and Pamir mountain ranges, which include some of the world's highest peaks. The Baluchistan Plateau lies to the west, and the Thar Desert and an expanse of alluvial plains, the Punjab and Sind, lie to the east. The 1,000-mile-long Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to the Arabian Sea. With the exception of the temperate coastal region, most of Pakistan suffers from seasonal extremes of temperature. From June to September, Pakistan has its monsoon season, with warm weather and heavy rain in some areas. A monsoon is actually a seasonal shift in wind direction and pressure distribution that causes a change in precipitation. The temperatures drop considerably in December through February, while spring tends to be very warm and dry. Of course, the Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountain ranges are snowbound for much of the year, due to their high altitudes. Temperatures even at lower elevations may drop below freezing during the winter, while summer highs of 106 degrees are not uncommon. The climate changes here pose additional...
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...source is made. All four papers in the forthcoming volume are available on the web at http://www.iucnus.org/publications.html. ECONOMIC VALUATION OF THE MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM ALONG THE KARACHI COASTAL AREAS Samina Khalil Applied Economics Research Institute, Karachi ABSTRACT The mangroves of the Indus River Delta in the Karachi, Pakistan coastal areas provide a wealth of goods and services to people who live and work among them. However, these products are not sold in established markets, so their economic importance goes unrecognized. As a result, the expansion of regional industry, agriculture, and population are permitted to threaten the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystems. This study describes the broad array of goods and services provided by the mangroves, and uses market data to estimate the economic value of a few of them. It then argues for the importance of more thorough mangrove valuation studies as a crucial input into policy decisions which will affect the viability of mangrove ecosystems in the future. INTRODUCTION This study focuses on economic valuation of the mangrove ecosystem along the Karachi coastal areas. The mangrove ecosystem of the Indus Delta coastal zone is a vital wetland area of great ecological and economic significance. The location...
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...History | | Pakistan Railways provides an important mode of Transportation in the farthest corners of the country and brings them closer for Business, sight seeing, pilgrimage and education. It has been a great integrating force and forms the life line of the country by catering to its needs for large scale movement of people and freight. The possibility of Karachi as a sea port was first noticed in the mid of 19th century and Sir Henry Edward Frere who was appointed Commissioner of Sind after its annexation with Bombay in 1847 sought permission from Lord Dalhousie to begin survey of sea port. He also initiated the survey for Railway line in 1858 . It was proposed that a railway line from Karachi City to Kotri, steam navigation up the Indus /Chenab upto Multan and from there an other railway to Lahore and beyond be constructed. It was on 13th May,1861 that first railway line was opened for public traffic between Karachi City and Kotri, the distance of 105...
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...RELOCATION OF NUSSERWANJEE BUILDING It used to be in the heart of old Karachi, but now the Nusserwanjee Building stands not far from Karachi’s sea edge. This is the miracle of South Asia’s very first building-relocation project. One can’t but marvel at the idea that this century-old stone structure, which is in two blocks of three and four storeys with large halls and high ceilings, is at the campus of the Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture. The very first step in the relocation effort was through documentation of the building, which was carried out by detailed measured drawings and photographs. Then, considering the seismic zone of Karachi and the fact that the soil stratum at the new site near the sea was a reclaimed sandy beach as opposed to the firm land at the original location, some special measures were introduced. The decision to introduce iron columns was an innovative one as these now support the floor slabs for all four floors, including the mezzanine. Detailed identification of all the material was done and each stone, piece of timber etc., properly marked prior to the dismantling which commenced in April 1995, stone by stone, piece by piece, and completed within three months. The procedure involved the careful removal of each piece of timber and stone which was then tagged permanently for identification, carried to the ground floor, stacked temporarily, loaded on the trucks for transportation to the Clifton site, unloaded and re-arranged according to a...
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