...time in FCB. The lack of independence in the auditor could lead to inappropriate analysis of the financial statments in which the financial statements are not in a true and fair manner. The auditor is also neglecting the responsibility to rely on the previous auditor’s report in order to give a reasonable assurance. This will subsequently lead to a wrong decision making process by the management and finally producing a fraudelent material mistatement reports that mislead the users of this report such as stakeholders,investors and regulatory bodies( government and MASB). 2. By end of 2006, it was reported that FCB had been involved in accounting fraud that inflated its earnings for 2004 to 2006. In your opinion, should the auditors be held responsible for not detecting the misstatement earlier? (refer to ratio analysis) In my opinion, I strongly believe that the auditor’s should be held responsible for not detecting the material mistatement earlier. Owing the fact, that the responsibility of the appointed auditor’s is clearly stipulated in the auditing standards that they have to carry out necessary audit procedures and investigation in order to detect the material mistatements. But a point to note is that the auditor’s are not neccessarily needed to detect any fraud according to the new revised auditing standard. Thus, auditor’s should take reasonable care when analysing the financial statements given by the company so that is in compliance with the...
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...Kansas City Southern Analysis Report Prepared for Vice President of Acquisitions Prepared by October 27, 2015 October 27, 2015 Kansas City Southern Analysis Report Prepared for Vice President of Acquisitions Prepared by October 27, 2015 October 27, 2015 To: From: Subject: Kansas City Southern Analysis Report Date: 10/27/2015 Kansas City Southern Introduction Kansas City Southern, founded in 1887, is a railway transportation company that covers the southern part of the US, Mexico, and Panama. It serves both commercial and industrial sectors (Kansas City Southern, 2014). The following report will cover the company’s growth potential, the competitive ratio analysis, the competitive edge it has over the other companies and the key aspects of the industry and how KCS fits in. The summary of the overall position of the company helps in guiding the purchasing decision. Ratio Analysis Looking at key ratios between Kansas City Southern and the rail industry, you will notice some positive and negatives points of interest between the two. The first key figure you will notice is the annual sales is significantly lower than the industry at 2.58B vs. an industry average of 10.5B. This is expected though because KCS is one of the smallest companies in the industry. Looking at profit margins, KCS does not perform up to the industry averages with gross profit margin, net profit margin, as well as pretax profit margin. The reason for this...
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...AGENDA BUSINESS PLANNING 1. PLANNING FOR A MEETING, TRADE SHOW, EVENT 2. 1 PAGE BIZ SUMMARY-challenging exercise to narrow the scope of the business idea and summarize 3. SNAPSHOT OF A BUSINESS PLAN-details of the sections of a table of contents sections 4. Outline Table of Contents 5. 11-1 TO 11-11 SUM helps research and develop information to complete in chart formats the key information for your written business plan; some charts may be used in your full plan and in your presentation 6. WEB SITE RESOURCES help with information and samples on business plans |EVENT/TRADE SHOW/ MEETING PLAN | | | |DATE: | |NAME: | |LOCATION: ...
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...An Evaluation of Micro-Finance Programmes in Kenya as Supported through the Dutch Co-Financing Programme With a focus on KWFT Otto Hospes Muli Musinga Milcah Ong’ayo November 2002 Study commissioned by: Steering Committee for the Evaluation of the Netherlands’ Co-financing Programme 3 Contents List of contributors List of abbreviations Acknowledgements 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2 Introduction Background and objectives Legitimization and overall objective of Dutch CFAs to support micro-finance programmes Partners of Dutch CFAs operating in the micro-finance market of Kenya Central questions Organization and methodology Process implementation and limitations of the study Structure of the report A brief description of micro-finance in Kenya and agencies as supported by Dutch CFAs Micro-finance in Kenya 2.1.1 The emergence of micro-finance as an industry 2.1.2 Types of micro-finance agencies in Kenya 2.1.3 Service delivery approaches 2.1.3.1 Savings services 2.1.3.2 Loan products 2.1.4 Outreach 2.1.4.1 Banks 2.1.4.2 NGO-MFAs 2.1.4.3 Savings and Credit Co-operatives (SACCOs) 2.1.4.4 ROSCAs and ASCRAs A profile of micro-finance agencies and schemes as supported by Dutch CFAs 2.2.1 General profile 2.2.2 Specific profiles 2.2.2.1 K-REP Development Agency (KDA) 2.2.2.2 Kenya Women Finance Trust (KWFT) 2.2.2.3 Jitegemea Credit Scheme (JCS) 2.2.2.4 PRIDE Africa – Sunlink Some conclusions 7 9 11 13 13 15 16 17 17 18 19 21 21 21 23 25 26 28 28 31 33 35 35 36 36...
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...com/file/c3a70b64-5599-41cb-be31-a270... Print Given an annual report, the student should be able to read, understand, analyze, and explain a A company’s Balance Sheet to other decision makers and use the knowledge and skills to make business decisions. Key Concepts Understand the environment of financial reporting in the United States and explain the importance of generally accepted accounting principles. Explain the meaning and purpose of a balance sheet and the items that appear in the balance sheet. Determine the interrelationship among the basic financial statements. Analyze the relationship between certain items in the balance sheet and the income statement with the help of ratio analysis. Evaluate the way that different assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity items are presented in a balance sheet. Given an annual report, the student should be able to read, understand, analyze, and explain a B company’s Income Statement to other decision makers and use the knowledge and skills to make business decisions. Key Concepts Explain the meaning and purpose of an income statement and the items that appear in the income statement. Determine the interrelationship among the basic financial statements. Analyze the relationship between certain items in the balance sheet and the income statement with the help of ratio analysis. Evaluate the way that different revenues, expenses, gains, and losses are presented in an income statement. Given an annual report, the student...
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...On Accounting Flows and Systematic Risk Neil Garrod University of Glasgow Dusan Mramor University of Ljubljana Address for correspondence: Neil Garrod, Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Glasgow, 65-71, Southpark Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LE, Scotland, U.K. Tel: 00-44-141-330-5426 e-mail: n.garrod@accfin.gla.ac.uk On Accounting Flows and Systematic Risk Abstract The body of work that relates accounting numbers to market measures of systematic equity risk was largely undertaken in the 1970s and early 1980s. More recent proposals on changes in accounting disclosure of risk mean that a rigorous theoretical model of the relationship between accounting measures and market measures of risk is timely. In this paper such a model is developed. In addition, the assumptions required to develop the model are explicitly identified. By so doing it becomes possible to identify the potential cross-sectional differences which drive the empirical relationship between accounting and market based measures of risk. The model developed highlights a clear relationship between accounting and market measures of risk which can be exploited in situations where accounting data alone is available. It also provides a framework within which the environmental factors leading to cross-sectional differences between companies can be further explored. On Accounting Flows and Systematic...
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...The codes of ethics for both associations complement each other in several ways. The first way in which the complement each other is through confidentiality. Both handle confidential in similar ways, the Institute of Internal Auditors code states that auditors will keep all information confidential unless there is a professional or legal obligation to otherwise disclose the information. The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners code states that examiners will not disclose confidential information without the proper authorizations to do so. A second way the codes complement each other is through competence. Both the Institute of Internal Auditors and The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners state that they will continue to increase the competency of their members. Other ways in which they complement each other, both declare their allegiance to integrity, professionalism, and to maintain both ethical and legal conduct. The codes of ethics are essentially the same for each organization, all though the wording is a bit different between the two codes. Standards are important in both fields, so that auditors and fraud examiners have a uniform and legal approach to handle the risks inherent in organizations. Standards are important for fraud examiners so that they have uniform way of obtaining documentary evidence, interviewing witnesses and potential suspects, writing investigative reports, testifying to findings, and assisting in the general detection and prevention...
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...sheet provided by Mr. Sheehan have a few questionable points: a. Net Sales – even though the forecast numbers are based on the typical seasonality of the firm’s sales performance of previous year. The forecast performances are much higher than the actual. b. Profit and retain earnings – closely relate to forecast, these forecast also inaccurate c. Inventory – with sales under perform, the inventory forecasts are also inaccurate. With much higher inventory than anticipated, especially in January 1991, the residual between actual and forecast is 924,000, which is a very big different. These excess inventories became illiquid assets, thus increased the liabilities which have a negative effect on the company’s financial health. Nevertheless, with lack of previous years’ financial data in addition to the unpredictable recession of the economy, it is hard to say whether or not these data were exaggerating. 2. Risk assessment a. Liquidity – as of March 1991, the current and cash ratio of Dynashears are 5.99 and 0.38, which are not bad numbers. The ratios shows that Dynashears’ current assets are still well cover (almost 6 to 1 ratio) over its increasing liabilities due to illiquid assets and that it still has sufficient cash for optimum operation. b. Long-term debt ratio – as of March 1991, the debt ratio is 4.71% which is very low, indicates that Dynashears still able to borrow a lot more. Even though Dynashears’ asset turnover rate is low (estimate at 0.24) and sales performance is...
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...controls Taxation Documents on display Purchases of equity securities by the issuer and affiliated purchasers Fees and charges payable by a holder of ADSs Fees and payments made by the Depositary to the issuer Called-up share capital Administration Annual general meeting Exhibits BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2010 83 Directors and senior management 84 87 Directors and senior management Directors’ interests 89 Corporate governance 90 105 106 106 107 108 Board performance report Corporate governance practices Code of ethics Controls and procedures Principal accountants’ fees and services Memorandum and Articles of Association 141 Financial statements 142 Consolidated financial statements of the BP group 150 Notes on financial statements 228 Supplementary information on oil and natural gas (unaudited) PC1 Parent company financial statements of BP p.l.c. 111 Directors’ remuneration report 112 Part 1 Summary 114 Part 2 Executive directors’ remuneration 120 Part 3 Non-executive directors’ remuneration UNITED...
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...with the problem of choosing from among a large number of securities. His choice depends upon the risk and return characteristics of individual securities. He would attempt to choose the most desirable securities and like to allocate is funds over this group of securities. Again he is faced with the problem of deciding which securities to hold and how much to invest in each. The investor faces an infinite number of possible portfolios or groups of securities. The risk and return characteristics of portfolio differ from those of individual securities combining to form a portfolio. The investor tries to choose the optimal portfolio taking in to consideration the risk return characteristics of all possible portfolios. As the economy and the financial environment keep changing the risk return characteristics of individual securities as well as portfolios also change. This calls for periodical review and revision of investment portfolios of investors. An investor invests his funds in a portfolio expecting to get a good return consistent with the risk that he has to bear. The return realized from the portfolio has to be measured and the performance of the portfolio has to be evaluated. It is evident that rational investment activity involves creation of an investment...
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...simple fundamental analysis strategy based on historical accounting information can predict stock returns. The paper’s goal is to show that simple screens based on historical financial signals can shift the distribution of returns earned by an investor by separating eventual winners stocks from losers. Results show that historical accounting signals can be used to improve the entire distribution of future returns earned by an investor. In fact, despite the overall down activity of the market over the sample period chosen, results reveal that fundamental accounting signals can be used to discriminate from an overall sample generating future negative returns of -0,116 a winner portfolio that provide positive future return of 0,019 from a loser one generating a negative return of -0,229. The over-performance of the winner portfolio seems to be attributable to the ability of the fundamental signals to predict future earnings. In fact, results show that fundamental signals have a positive and significant correlation with future earnings performance and that the winner portfolio have a future earning’s realisation (0,100) that outperforms that of the loser portfolio (-0,012). Keywords: Fundamental Analysis, Market Efficiency, Stock returns. JEL Classification Codes: G11, G14 1. Introduction One object of financial accounting is to provide information that is relevant to investment decisions. Discovering value-relevant accounting attributes has been the subject of numerous...
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...KOTA FIBRES What does the forecast show? Do you like how it is constructed? The company has projected gross sales to reach 90.9 million rupees in 2001, an forecasted growth of approximately 15 million rupees over the previous year. In spite of the large increase, there are several additional financial factors which need to be taken into account in evaluating the forecast. For instance, Total asset turnover gives an understanding of the efficiency with which the firm uses its assets to generate sales. Total Asset Turnover in this particular case is suboptimal at best. In 2000, Kota had a total asset turnover ratio of .18, with a ratio value of .17 in projected for 2001. This shows major inefficiencies in the management of assets by the company, as it only turns its assets over .18 times a year. They may want to increase this ratio number by increasing their amount of total assets. Kota Fibres as a company (as far as its financial statements are concerned) is very capable of satisfying its short-term obligations as they come due. With a current ratio of 3.24 and quick ratio of 2.38, Kota is operating within acceptable levels (acceptable values are 2.0 and 1.0, respectively). However, the forecasted ratio for 2001 shows that this ratio drops to 1.5:1, which is below the acceptable level of 2.0 set for a manufacturing firm. This means they will have some problem paying their bills on time with the projected production and sales levels. Kota Fibres, in 2000, had a quick ratio...
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...Arthur Anderson 1. Environment, strategic, organizational changes * High quality accounting, promoting integrity and sound audit opinions over short run profits * 1930’s- government adopted laws that require public companies to submit financial statements to independent auditor each year * mantra- good service, quality audits, well managed staff, profits for firm * auditors rewarded for making sound auditing decisions * decision rights to Professional Standards Group * firm did not become wealthy in the early years, partners were well respected in communities * 1950’s- Joseph Glickauf- computers to automate bookkeeping * 1979-42% of $645m fees came from consulting * 1989- split to AC and AA * accounting business grew slowly in 1990 due to increased competition and mergers * AA adopted new strategy of generating profits, “it was a matter of pride” * New rules- partners retired at 56, less experienced auditors and fewer partners overseeing audits * New breeds of partners- Samek, Allgyer, signing off on inaccurate financial statements * 1997- AC split completely and became Accenture, AA underwent setback when they didn't receive the $14b expected payment from AC * AA- 2X performance evaluation, relaxed dress code, wooden doors removed * New service- take over entire internal bookkeeping for clients- impaired quality of audits * Enron-1986, wholesale energy trading * Anderson hired Enron in 1990 * Speed...
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...Solutions: 1. A review is performed to obtain a reasonable basis for providing limited assurance that the client's financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. An independent audit is designed to provide a reasonable basis for expressing an opinion concerning whether or not a client’s financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. There is also a major difference between a review and an audit in terms of the scope of work performed. When a review is done, the main evidence collection techniques are analytical procedures and inquiries of client personnel. Whereas, in an audit, the full range of evidence collection techniques available to an auditor is likely to be used. A review does not assess control risk, tests of accounting records and responses to inquiries by obtaining validating evidence through inspection, observation or any other audit procedure. It can point out significant matters of the financial statements but does not provide assurance of their accuracy. Because reviews are generally not as rigorous as audits, considerably less evidence is typically collected in a review than in a comparable audit engagement. The issue with ZZZZ Best case is that the auditors review was not sufficient enough to review any material misstatements on the financial statements. 2. Third party confirmations should give consistent evidence in support of assertions made by...
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...About the Company Ratio Analysis Ratio Analysis involves methods of calculating and interpreting financial ratios to analyze and monitor the firm’s performance. The basic inputs to ratio analysis are the firm’s income statement and balance sheet. Financial ratios are designed to helps one evaluate a financial statements. (A) Liquidity Ratio: Liquidity Ratio measures a firm’s ability to satisfy its short term obligations as they come due. Bellow we have shown the liquidity ratio of the Confidence Cement. For the year 2002, 2003.2004.2005 & 2006. 1. Current Ratio: The current ratio is a widely used measure for calculating a company’s liquidity and short term debt paying ability. Generally, the higher the current ratio, the more liquid the firm is considered to be. The current ratio is sometimes referred to as the working capital ratio. The current ratio is only one measure of liquidity. Ratio Formula 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Current Ratio Current Asset Current Liabilities 1.45 times 1.21 times 1.09 times 1.12 times 1.17 times Interpretation Here we have calculated the current ratio of the Confidence Cement for 5 years. Here we considered current asset = Stores + book debits+ other transactions. And we considered current liabilities = creditors + proposed dividend + other accounts. Here we have seen that for Confidence Cement all the current ratios have the minimum ability to meet the short term obligations. Hopefully we see that from 2002...
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