...1. Define first aid First aid is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an injury or illness, usually effected by a lay person, and performed within a limited skill range. First aid is normally performed until the injury or illness is satisfactorily dealt with (such as in the case of small cuts, minor bruises, and blisters) or until the next level of care, such as a paramedic or doctor, arrives. 2. State the purpose of first aid a) Preserve life - This includes the life of the casualty, bystander and rescuer. b) Protect the casualty from further harm - Ensure the scene is safe. c) Provide pain relief - This could include the use of ice packs or simply applying a sling. d) Prevent the injury or illness from becoming worse - Ensure that the treatment you provide does not make the condition worse. e) Provide reassurance 3. Principles of first aid a. Explain Identification First aid is the initial assistance or care of a suddenly sick or injured person. It is the vital initial care we all feel an impulse to give as soon as possible after an accident or illness. In an emergency situation it is crucial to be able to recognise the appointed first aider. We have a range of first aider identifications such as hivis waistcoats, armbands, badges and helmet labels. First aid is an important part of everyday life, both at home, work or at play. Everyone should learn first aid and be willing to administer basic care until emergency assistance...
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...Bleeding Bleeding refers to the loss of blood. Bleeding can happen inside the body (internally) or outside the body (externally). It may occur: • Inside the body when blood leaks from blood vessels or organs • Outside the body when blood flows through a natural opening (such as the vagina, mouth, or rectum) • Outside the body when blood moves through a break in the skin Considerations Always seek emergency assistance for severe bleeding, and if internal bleeding is suspected. Internal bleeding can rapidly become life threatening, and immediate medical care is needed. Serious injuries don't always bleed heavily, and some relatively minor injuries (for example, scalp wounds) can bleed quite a lot. People who take blood-thinning medication or who have a bleeding disorder such as hemophilia may bleed excessively and quickly because their blood does not clot properly. Bleeding in such people requires immediate medical attention. Direct pressure will stop most external bleeding, and is the most important first aid step. Always wash your hands before (if possible) and after giving first aid to someone who is bleeding, in order to avoid infection. Try to use latex gloves when treating someone who is bleeding. Latex gloves should be in every first aid kit. People allergic to latex can use a non-latex, synthetic glove. You can catch viral hepatitis if you touch infected blood, and HIV can be spread if infected blood gets into an open wound -- even a small one. ...
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...outdoors, let us first have a common understanding of what first aid is. The term first aid refers to administration of care to prevent deterioration of the victim, to aid recovery and to preserve life. Generally, first aid entails some simple but often life-saving ways that most people can be trained to perform with minimal equipment. On a technical level, it is not identified as medical treatment and should not be compared to what a trained medical profession might do. First aid as they say is a combination of simple procedures and an application of some common sense. Along the discussion in this chapter, the symbol will be used to indicate emergency or urgency of the situation...
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...LESSON 3 Theory At the end of this lesson, learners will be able to develop skills and knowledge to: PERFORM ADULT CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) • Recognise the signs and symptoms of a heart attack. • Recognise the importance of the chain of survival concept. FIRST AID (SILVER) LESSON 3 For Official RCY use only firstaid.rcy@gmail.com 1 MANAGE SHOCK • Recognise the different types of shock. • Recognise the signs and symptoms and how to give first aid. • Recognise and manage different types of bleeding MANAGE BLEEDING • Recognise and manage different types of wounds. MANAGE DIFFERENT TYPES OF WOUNDS • Recognise and manage special types of wounds – embedded foreign body 2 For RCY use only LESSON 3 Practical At the end of this lesson, learners will be able to: • Demonstrate the correct skills of adult one man CPR. • Apply the correct methods of bandaging for wounds. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM LESSON 3 Brachial artery Femoral artery For RCY use only 3 For RCY use only 4 Structure THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM LESSON 3 THE HEART LESSON 3 Blood vessels • Arteries • Veins • Capillaries Blood Volume: 4-6 Litres of blood circulate around the body. The functions, pump: • Deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. • Oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. For RCY use only 5 For RCY use only 6 LESSON 3 The Heart’s Position in Relation to CPR The Pulse This is the pressure wave along...
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...191-377-4256 - Guard Detainees Standards: Maintain accountability and control of the detainees. Ensure that detainees remain silent and segregated. Protect detainees from abuse and harm. Follow the ROE/RUF during escape attempts. Correct and report inappropriate treatment and detainee noncompliance to your supervisor. Conditions: Given your individual equipment, assigned weapon, an interpreter (when available), the rules of engagement (ROE) or rules for the use of force (RUF), cloth. Standards: Maintain accountability and control of the detainees. Ensure that detainees remain silent and segregated. Protect detainees from abuse and harm. Follow the ROE/RUF during escape attempts. Correct and report inappropriate treatment and detainee noncompliance to your supervisor. Performance Steps: Note: Always maintain positive control and accountability of the detainees. 1. Ensure that your weapons are functional, loaded, and prepared for use, if needed. 2. Position yourself and stay alert. Note: If a detainee has not already been searched and restrained, notify your supervisor. a. Remain close enough to maintain positive control, but far enough away to allow defensive reaction time. b. Face the detainees, observe everything in their line of sight, and report all incidents the supervisor. c. Ensure that you understand mutually-supported sectors of fire, communications, and battle drills when positioned with others. If you do not, ask your supervisor for clarification. d...
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...The Circulatory System Rajat Goyal and Michelle Fater Table of Contents Table of Contents Human Organ Systems The Circulatory System Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System Functions of the System Heart Pulse Chambers of the Heart Arteries Veins Blood Oxygenation of Blood Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Antigens Plasma Cells and Platelets Circulatory Systems of Other Organisms Mammals and Birds Amphibians and Reptiles Fish First Aid Glossary About the Authors Illustration Credits 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 21 23 24 1 Human Organ Systems Humans have several organ systems: the immune system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the lymphatic System, the digestive system, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the endocrine system, the excretory system, the reproductive system, the integumentary system, and the nervous system. Each of these systems are responsible for carrying out unique functions that are essential for human life. Humans cannot live if one of these systems malfunctions. This book focuses on the circulatory system and its components. 2 The Circulatory System The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and muscles that help to control the flow of blood throughout the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of this system are the heart, the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins through which the blood flows. As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle...
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...the location of biofilm (plaque) on their teeth and gingival tissues with the help of visual aids. This would promote a more dynamic home care regimen resulting in lower Plaque and Bleeding Index scores between dental visits. I believe that if patients can see the areas where biofilm is located, it would be easier for them to use the toothbrush and floss more effectively. Keeping Plaque Index scores low will help prevent dental decay, gum disease and maintain the integrity of any existing restorations. In addition, increased patient compliance will result in overall better home care to encourage less inflammation and bleeding to minimize future problems. Patients will be able to recognize the biofilm and...
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...this injury. Treatments can come in two forms common treatments and first aid. The first process someone should carry out on a person with possible concussion is AVPU. This acronym stands for Alert, is the person responding to questions, and are their eyes open? Voice, are they responding to sounds e.g. voices, can they answer and respond to instructions and questions? Pain, are they responding to pain such as a pitch to their skin? Unresponsive, do they respond to any kind of interaction? If the person is alert or responsive it could mean they could have mild head injury as only experience symptoms such as a bad headache and dizziness. With this a cold compress against the injured area to stop the swelling and by taking paracetamol to control the pain and lots of rest, this should help to recover the person. First aid should be seeked if the person has vomited more than once, has unequal pupils, has neck pain, slurred speech, and is drowsy or unable to wake up and if they have weakness on one side of the body. These symptoms sometimes don’t occur for hours or even days after the injury. This makes it...
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...EMERGENCY FIRST AID CHART This First Aid Chart is not intended to take the place of qualified help in the event of an emergency. In any emergency, always seek medical advice and assistance when you think it is needed. It is also recommended that you take a certified CPR and first aid course. ANIMAL BITE Flush the wound area with water and then wash with soap and water for at least five minutes. Cover with a clean dressing or cloth. Immediately seek care at a hospital or physician. CHOKING If the person is choking and unable to talk or breathe, get behind the person and wrap your arms around the waist. Make a fist, grasp fist with other hand. Place fist against the stomach just above the navel but well below the lower tip of the breastbone. Pull fist upward into the stomach with a quick upward thrust. Repeat up to four times. If choking continues, seek medical help. If the victim becomes unconscious, lay him or her down, roll to side, pull the tongue and jaw forward and with your index finger, dislodge any visible matter. Perform mouthto-mouth resuscitation and/or CPR. object, pull the upper lid down and over the lower lid and let it slide back up. This may dislodge the particle. If pain and tearing persist, seek medical help. FAINTING Lay patient on his or her back and raise both legs above the heart. Check airway to be certain it is clear. Loosen tight clothing and apply cold cloths to the face. If fainting lasts more than a minute or two, keep patient covered...
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...Emergency first AID In an emergency, don’t panic. Try to keep calm. The child’s life may be in danger and calmness will help to comfort the child. The really important things to check immediately are breathing, bleeding and consciousness. I. Check breathing If the child has stopped breathing give mouth to mouth resuscitation (the kiss of life) immediately. Every second is important. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation 1 – Quickly clear the child’s mouth of any dirt, vomit, etc. 2 – Bend the head back with one hand and push the jaw upwards with the other hand. This lifts the tongue off the back of the throat. 3 – Pinch the nose together, put your mouth completely over the child’s mouth and blow gently. See that the chest rises as you blow in. 4 – Take your mouth away and let the air come out of the child’s chest. 5 – Repeat this about 15 times a minute. Keep on until the child starts to breathe again. 6 - Then gently place the child in the “recovery” position. II. Stop bleeding If there’s heavy bleeding press firmly on the cut, using a clean cloth (if possible) or your fingers. Keep pressing until the bleeding stops. III. Check consciousness It can be dangerous for an unconscious child to lie in his or her back because the throat can be blocked by the tongue or by vomit. So if the child is still breathing, but unconscious, it’s important to place him in the “recovery” position. Recovery position Turn the child half way over onto or her front with the underneath arm behind...
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...First Aid What is first aid? The care given before emergency medical help arrives an literally mean the difference between life and death, but knowing the correct thing to do if someone has a nosebleed or cut is also important. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure, performed in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person in cardiac arrest. It is indicated in those who are unresponsive with no breathing or abnormal. Giving CPR: • Call 999 when victim is found unresponsive. • Head tilt-chin lift or jaw thrust if spine injury is suspected. • Open the airway Look, listen & feel for breathing for 5 but no more then 10 seconds. • Give two breaths make the chest gently rise (about 1 second each). • If breaths do not make chest rise, re-tilt open the airway and attempt two more breaths. • Begin CPR Compression location centre of breastbone. • Check mouth for foreign object after giving 30 compressions • Use a hooking actions to remove any object before giving 2 breaths • Compression method heel of one hand, other on top with fingers interlaced and elbows locked. • Compression ratio 30 compressions: 2 breaths. First Aid treatments Burns and scalds victims: • Definition Burns are caused by dry heat and scalds are caused by wet heat. Both burns and scalds damage the body...
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...bacteria that are introduced through the mouth. A tonsillectomy, the surgical removal of the tonsils, might be suggested if there are recurrent incidences of tonsillitis. It may also be recommended for breathing problems during sleep, bleeding issues or some other uncommon diseases of the tonsils. Tonsillectomies, like any other surgical procedure, does have certain risks to consider. Some of those risks would be as follows; the chance of infection, bleeding during and after surgery, anesthetic reactions and swelling, which could lead to breathing problems. There is an immense difference between having a tonsillectomy as a child and as an adult. First off, as people age it takes longer for the body to heal, so healing time after surgery would take much longer for the adult. Secondly, adult tonsils are also much larger than a child’s with more scar tissue, which means more tissue removal, causing more pain and a higher risk for bleeding. The adult also needs to consider any other existing conditions they might have that might lead to other complications. Eating food is very difficult after a tonsillectomy, which means dehydration can be a factor in the recovery process. If the patient gets dehydrated the scab on the wound will fall off and bleeding will follow. One of the greatest risks that an adult faces after a tonsillectomy, is that of the wound hemorrhaging, as the blood vessels...
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...a patient in shock will produce thrombomodulin which joins thrombin to start up protein C. Protein C is associated with an increased amount of bleeding because it has anticoagulant effects and causes the individual to experience a lengthier clotting time. In addition, significant blood loss is associated with increased D dimer levels. When traumatic injury is sustained and tissue damage is present as a result, the patient will have an increased activity of fibrinolysis and anticoagulant factors. Both of these factors can result in a condition known as acute traumatic coagulopathy. Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy is defined as “a complex system of changes to normal clotting responses, occurring early in the patient’s clinical course.” This condition is often fatal and is associated with a 50% mortality rate. Hemorrhaging associated with trauma is most times the beginning of a deadly cycle resulting in other medical issues such as inflammation, increased coagulopathy, and shock. Now the provider has a multitude of problems that they must be able to efficiently and appropriately manage. This can be extremely overwhelming and stressful for the provider. Currently prehospital providers and emergency departments are treating and managing uncontrollable bleeding by recognizing significant blood loss in a timely fashion and controlling bleeding as best as possible with resources already available at hand to the provider such as the use of a tourniquets or hemostatic dressings. Military...
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...First Aid/CPR/AED PARTICIPANT’S MANUAL American Red Cross First Aid/CPR/AED PARTICIPANT’S MANUAL This participant’s manual is part of the American Red Cross First Aid/CPR/AED program. By itself, it does not constitute complete and comprehensive training. Visit redcross.org to learn more about this program. The emergency care procedures outlined in this book reflect the standard of knowledge and accepted emergency practices in the United States at the time this book was published. It is the reader’s responsibility to stay informed of changes in emergency care procedures. PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING TERMS AND CONDITIONS BEFORE AGREEING TO ACCESS AND DOWNLOAD THE AMERICAN RED CROSS MATERIALS. BY DOWNLOADING THE MATERIALS, YOU HEREBY AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS. The downloadable electronic materials, including all content, graphics, images and logos, are copyrighted by and the exclusive property of The American National Red Cross (“Red Cross”). Unless otherwise indicated in writing by the Red Cross, the Red Cross grants you (“recipient”) the limited right to download, print, photocopy and use the electronic materials, subject to the following restrictions: ■ The recipient is prohibited from selling electronic versions of the materials. ■ The recipient is prohibited from revising, altering, adapting or modifying the materials. ■ The recipient is prohibited from creating any derivative works incorporating, in part or in whole, the content of the materials...
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...ground. If her friend knows what to do, she may be able to prevent further harm to her friend, or even save her life. First Aid In many cases, emergency care may require some form of first aid. In a best-case scenario, emergency care is performed by an emergency care professional. However, in some cases, emergency care procedures are required before a professional can arrive on the scene. For this reason, it is important that the general population and, more importantly, all health care workers know how to perform emergency care. Agencies such as the American Red Cross and the American Heart Association train people to perform these life-saving procedures. Top of Form Question # 1 An emergency situation occurs when a person suddenly becomes ill or is injured and requires an immediate medical response. • [pic]True • [pic]False [pic] Correct Answer. Bottom of Form Top of Form [pic][pic] [pic][pic][pic] Question # 2 In a best-case scenario, emergency care is performed by whom? • [pic]An emergency care professional • [pic]The general population • [pic]A health care worker • [pic]All of the above [pic] Correct Answer. Bottom of Form Effective First Aid Providers To be an effective first aid provider, an individual should understand some essential first aid factors. Obtain proper first aid training First and foremost, anyone who expects to encounter an emergency situation should be properly trained.This clearly includes...
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