...5000 kilometers’ pipeline, now reduced to 2,250 km in length. Transporting petroleum products destined for the Asian market is not completed but it is still achievable under the rerouting plan. The rerouting plan make it possible and feasible providing up to 75% of...
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...Implications of the Turkmenistan-China Gas Pipeline Alex Goeman alextgoeman@gmail.com MC 492, Graham 4/26/2012 Abstract The struggle over energy export routes in Central Asia has taken the form of a new Great Game, one in which Western energy companies (encouraged and assisted by their governments) compete with state owned Russian and Chinese firms for the right to exploit Central Asian resources. The implementation of the Turkmenistan-China Gas Pipeline, which began to pump gas to China in 2010, has been the most significant development of the past five years and signals, more than any other event, the primacy of Chinese influence in the region. Turkmenistan now possesses the proven reserves and a partnership with China that could help it achieve sustainable development, although there are many domestic factors impeding this. As China increases its presence in the region, it seems that Russia and the West are being left behind in the race for Central Asian hydrocarbons. Executive Summary In the complex geopolitical environment of the Caspian region, all the players involved must carefully balance political and economic objectives. Each actor brings its own set of goals for the region, and in the case of the external actors these interests are generally in conflict. While Russia seeks to preserve its hegemony over export routes of Caspian hydrocarbons, Western governments overtly seek to undermine precisely this element of Russian influence. To the...
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...Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion: Regulatory Requirements and Technical Analysis Student Name University Name Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 5 2.0 Shipping 5 2.1 Spills risk 6 2.2 Spills response 7 2.3 Spills recovery 8 3.0 Pipeline safety and integrity 9 3.1 Risk analysis 10 3.2 Spill preparedness and response 10 4.0 Greenhouse gas emissions 11 4.1 Implications of pipeline expansion 12 4.2 Alternatives and its effects 13 5.0 Conclusion 13 Abstract There is high rate of increase in the world’s demand for energy to run its various development projects. However, the most popular source of the needed energy is oil and petroleum products. To respond to this dire need for energy, Trans Mountain company under the Kinder Morgan Canada has presented a request for approval of its multi-billion dollar expansion. However, their proposal report for approval has drawn mixed reactions from first nations, municipal governments, British Columbia residents and various environmental organizations. A lot of environmental issues have topped the list of the project’s safety complications. Some of these groups have vowed never to support the expansion project citing various loopholes. Kinder Morgan Canada’s oil spills risk assessment both on pipelines and shipping vessels is elaborate. It has considered every concern of various partied and has tried to adjust to the NEB requirements. The NEB has scheduled public hearing on this project for 2015. As the company...
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...ENSURING MORE EFFICIENT MARKETING OF PETROLEUM PRODUCT; THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION A Graduate Seminar Paper Submitted to the Department of Marketing Faculty of business administration University of Nigeria Enugu Campus In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Business Administration (MBA) Graduate seminar (MKT 803) By Onah Godfrey C. PG/MBA/12/62555 AUGUST 2014 APPROVAL PAGE This review by: GODFREY. C. ONAH Titled: Ensuring efficient marketing of petroleum product; the role of physical distribution Has been approved for meeting the research requirement for the award of Degree of master of Business Administration (MBA) in Marketing Prof. Ogwo E. Ogwo Date Approved SupervisorProf. Ugwuonah | Date Approved Head, Department of Marketing | INTRODUCTION The marketing of petroleum products in Nigeria has been inefficient and has faced a lot of problems over the years. Therefore this paper examines the role of physical distribution and how it can help to ensure greater efficiency in the marketing of petroleum products. We shall be reviewing the problems of inefficiency in the marketing of petroleum products in Nigeria, the essence or thrust of physical distribution...
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...Europe’s energy security: challenges and opportunities GAWDAT BAHGAT Several geopolitical and economic developments in the first decade of the twentyfirst century have heightened Europe’s sense of vulnerability in respect of its energy supplies. On the supply side of the energy equation, the continuous fighting and rising ethnic and sectarian tension in Iraq, and the diplomatic confrontation over Iran’s nuclear programme, have intensified concern over the stability of supplies from the Persian Gulf. On the demand side, China’s and India’s skyrocketing energy consumption and their efforts to secure supplies have intensified global competition over scarce hydrocarbon resources. These changes in the landscape of the global energy market, in conjunction with diminishing refinery capacity, shrinking spare capacity and a low level of investment, have driven oil and natural gas prices higher. Currently, the European Union’s oil bill (for imported and domestically produced oil) stands at around €250 billion a year, or roughly 2.3 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).1 These soaring prices have exerted tremendous pressure on European economies and underscored the need for a common European energy policy. The dispute between Russia and Ukraine over natural gas prices in January 2006 further highlighted the risks of dependence on a few energy suppliers. In early 2005 the Russian state monopoly, Gazprom, announced plans to start applying ‘market rules’ in its gas dealings with former Soviet...
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...Business Ethics in a Global Context Executive Summary TransCanada and the Pipeline Industry Ethical decisions are important in any organization, regardless of location, industry or size. The importance is paramount in the oil industry due to the danger to the environment, local towns and cities, and employees. The following project looks at the TransCanada Company in detail to determine the practices and policies they have in place to ensure ethical decisions are made. The paper will explain the company’s goals, current systems in place and plans for the future. It will also show past examples of why careless mistakes and risky behaviour could cripple a company’s performance, even if the mistake is minor. The TransCanada Company is a Canadian giant and a world leader in energy. They specialize in many regions of the energy industry, including gas, electricity and oil. Currently, they have over 10 natural gas pipeline projects, 13 oil pipeline projects and 8 electric projects on the go, not to mention their existing infrastructure and day to day operations. They have over $46 billion in assets and are constantly expanding, devoting billions in investments across North America every year. A Company of this size with so much power needs to behave in the most ethical way possible and consider all stakeholders with the utmost respect. A lack of attention to detail and its effects on society could lead to disastrous effects to not only North America but to TransCanada...
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...Production and Operations Management Introduction Improving the operations of a company that will enhance productivity and product quality may not only certainly benefit a company’s bottom line, but can also benefit national interests. Marathon Oil, for example, is the United States’ “fifth largest transportation fuel refining company and the largest in the Midwest” (“Corporate Profile”). This Findlay, Ohio based company’s operations “include a six-plant refining network, a comprehensive terminal and transportation system, and extensive wholesale and retail marketing operations” (“Corporate Profile”). Marathon’s six refineries have a total refining capacity of 1.142 billion barrels per day and provide the United States with approximately seven percent of its total capacity (“About MPC”). Marathon sells 4.1 billion gallons of gasoline each year that are then distributed to over five thousand independently owned and operated Marathon locations (“About MPC”). Marathon owns Speedway, the fourth largest convenience store chain in the U.S. Speedway not only sells gasoline but also sells food and beverages and a variety of other products in one of its 1350 locations scattered throughout the Midwest (“About MPC ”). To be sure, examining Marathon’s overall product process and identifying those phases which might be improved could result in more efficient refining and distribution of the United States’ life blood: transportation fuels. Efficiency improvements to Marathon’s...
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...CPEC is one of the most vital components of a larger planned setting of Peoples Republic of China. 21st century saw the reconfiguration of the world strategic picture driven by Chinese phenomenal economic development and emerging as a leading global power. Chinese President Xi Jinping first time presented China’s vision for a land-based “Silk Road Economic Belt” (SREB) in a 2013 speech in Kazakhstan. The idea was to “develop closer economic relations, deepen assistance, and increase progress in the Euro-Asia area”. In early 2015, the outlines of Beijing’s policy began to appear as China’s headship place out plans for the “Silk Road Economic Belt” passing between Central Asia, and a “new 21st Century Maritime Silk Road” amidst Southeast and South Asia. China specified to both jointly as “One Belt, One Road” (OBOR) . A significant advancement in this area was the suggestion to develop two economic corridors in South Asia. One is CPEC and other is BCIM-EC(Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor ,a sub-regional initiative...
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...desirability of imposing harsh economic sanctions on Russia. In any such confrontation, EU stands to lose much more than the US, though it can be argued that Russia will be the worst loser. In future, Russia may try to find new potential market for its gas and that could be India. So it is important for India to take its stand on Ukraine crisis carefully without tarnishing its relation with USA. India’s long-term prosperity hinges to some degree on a conflict free neighborhood; that an economically integrated region is in India’s overall security interests. Keywords: oil crisis, energy diplomacy, Ukraine Crisis, trade agreement, SAARC Nations Literature Review Indian foreign policy has always concentrated around major powerful nations like USA and Russia. The research which has been done so far is focused on building relations with these nations. We see that a lot of work has been done in this field- there is a...
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...Pipeline Routes For Delivery Of US North Slope Natural Gas to Lower-48 Markets [pic] Economics 494 March 2, 2005 By: Etienne Snyman Pipeline Routes for Delivery of US North Slope Natural Gas to Lower-48 Markets Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Over-the-Top Route 1.2 Alaska Highway Route 2.0 Part 1 2.1.0 Economic Impacts of the Alaska Highway and “Over-The-Top” Routes on Various Stakeholders 2.1.1 Natural Gas Producers in Alaska 2.1.2 Natural Gas Producers in the Beaufort Sea-Mackenzie Delta 2.1.3 Mackenzie Valley Corridor Producers 2.1.4 Producers in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 2.1.5 Producers in the Supply Regions of the Lower 48 US States 2.1.6 The Global Liquefied Natural Gas Sector 2.1.7: Natural Gas End-use Consumers 2.1.8: Pipeline Operating Companies 2.1.9: American Taxpayer Perspective of the Alaska Highway Route 2.1.10: Canadian Taxpayer Perspective of the Alaska Highway Route 2.1.11: American Taxpayer Perspective of the “Over-the-Top” Route 2.1.12: Canadian Taxpayer Perspective of the “Over-the-Top” Route 2.1.13: Aboriginal Interests 2.2.0: Potential Environmental Impacts of the Alaska Highway and the “Over-The-Top” Routes 2.2.1: Overview 2.2.2: Environmental Impacts According To The Yukon Conservation Society 2.2.3: Environmental Impacts...
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...the field of mathematics in which five individuals have made and are making contributions, while at the same time suggesting that their path to their achievements were unusual. The first section of this paper is a summary of these five. The second section is concise and provides an overview of how many math Ph.D.s, were awarded to African Americans during that same period. The next two sections examine the contributions and mathematical achievements in general and the barriers and psychology that perhaps has created a dismal increase in underrepresented populations entering the field. The final section highlights the importance and implication of stagnate educational pipelines. In addition, I would like to stretch the mind to consider educational practices, as we know them now and to urge the reader to, bear in mind that in the 21st century, we need the talents, contributions and resources of all citizens in United States. A Summary of Five Ph.D.s in Math from 1925 to 2000 While there are numerous achievements by minorities the individuals researched are: 1. Elbert F. Cox was the first African-American awarded a Ph.D. in mathematics from Cornell University in 1925. The topic of Cox's dissertation concerned polynomial solutions of difference equations. 2. Euphemia Lofton Haynes was the first African-American women awarded a Ph.D. in mathematics from Catholic University in 1943. Haynes’s thesis was entitled...
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...Large pharmaceuticals who previously dominated the market have been forced to rethink how they discover, develop, manufacture, test, market, distribute, and seek regulatory approval for their products. However, given the range of factors influencing the business environment, this has also led to a diverse range of organisations competing for unique segments of the market ranging from niche biotechnology operators such as Alexion who are currently establishing a base for the global supply of treatments for severe and ultra rare disorders in Ireland and diversified global players such as Johnson and Johnson who operate across extensive consumer health, medical device and pharmaceutical sectors. PESTEL Analysis Below is an analysis of the macro environmental factors at play in the Pharmaceutical Industry using the PESTEL (Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological, Environmental and Legal) model. The model seeks to identify the issues that impact the sector in a broad context and how these factors influence the strategy of the industry in...
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...Dear sir/madam, I am submitting for your consideration this thorough analysis to support your plan to use FRACKING technology in a number of oil and gas wells on a private land in Adams County, Colorado. Your approval is required so that we can move to the next step of the project’s lifecycle. PRELIMINARY ACTIONS Seismic investigation is the first step that should be taken prior to a formal analysis of business opportunities. It is vital to ensure that expected revenue will justify cost of operation and result in reasonable profits expected by our customers. Communications Plan is in the pipeline to assure stakeholders that the fracking activity will not connect to the aquifer, since the oil and gas deposits are separated from any useable aquifers by nearly 5,000’ of impermeable shale, and that the cement wall to be used is solidly sealed. There are two resources that will be produced once project reaches its operational phase - OIL and NATURAL GAS. OIL PRODUCTION To minimize transportation costs it would be appropriate to use refining capacity in other US states where production presently exists. The refineries are configured to deal with specific types of crude. Therefore, it is important to examine compatibility of the oil to be produced from this project with target refineries. For example, Commerce City Refinery located in Commerce City, Colorado is going to be our primary target due to low transportation costs of oil to the refinery, as Colorado State is a promising market...
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...1. INTRODUCTION Financial analysis is defined as the process of discovering economic facts about an enterprise of a project on the basis of an interpretation of financial data. It also seeks to look at the capital cost, operations cost and operating revenue. It is vital for assessing the performance of the company and hence provides valuable information to the investors and to the company for future references. Financial Analysis is the process of evaluating businesses and other finance-related entities to determine their suitability for investment. Typically, financial analysis is used to analyze whether an entity is stable, solvent, liquid, or profitable enough to be invested in. One of the most common ways of analyzing financial data is to calculate ratios from the data to compare against those of other comparable companies. In Infinancials, financial ratios are categorized according to the financial aspect of the business which the ratio measures: Profitability, Asset Utilization, Capital Structure on a specific tab, Financial Ratios. Financial analysis allows for comparisons between companies, between industries and also between a single company and its industry average or peer group average. My work concentrates on financial and physical result of the company for a decade. They have been analyze to review its performance over the years and to find the areas in which it is lacking in comparison to other major players in same field. Gail (India) Ltd. Is...
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...1. Introduction The most important factor in the fate of societies and nations is command of energy. Energy is defined as the ability or capacity to do work. Energy policy in the European Union represents one of the core policies since the beginning of the European Integration. The treaty of Paris to establish a European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM or EAEC) were the first attempts to an energy cooperation within the European Community. As the size of the European Union grows (reached twenty eight member states as of March 2013), it needed more energy sources as energy plays an important role for economic development. Now the European Union is the largest importer of energy (oil and gas) in the world, and the second largest energy consumer. Therefore, member states of the EU need more secure access to energy resources. Beside the North-South and East-West energy corridors, Europe ingests the South-North corridor, connecting it with North Africa and the Middle East. In 2007 Oil and Gas Journal estimated stocks and supplies of oil at 114 billion barrel and natural gas at 13, 9 billion cubic meter. Almost one third of European imported oil comes either from the Middle East or from North-West Africa. Europe pipeline interests in the south are focused exclusively on natural gas. In 2006 Algeria delivered 16, 7% of Europe gas, and it’s considered to be the biggest third land delivers natural gas, including LNG (Liquefied Natural...
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