...Lab Report 2 Sodium in Water & Flame Test Rui Li Sep 29, 2011 Purpose Metal in the Water The purpose of this experiment is to observe and rationalize the tends of experiment. Flame test To observe the flame color when different metal burns. The atoms of the elements are excited and emit light, giving the flame a distinct color. Experimental Details Metal in the Water Put the lithium, sodium and potassium into water, and then add phenolphthalein. Flame test Part A Clean the glasses, weight out 0.1g and add methanol into the watch glass. Metal Chloride | Flame Color | NaCl | Yello | KCl | Light Purpal | LiCl | Dark Red | CuCl2 | Blue | SrCl2 | Red Pink | Part B Burn the salt. Metal Salt | Flame Color | MgSO4 | No Change | LiNO3 | Dark Red | NaNo3 | Yello | SrCl2 | Dark Pink | CuCl2 | Blue Green | Part C Spay the metal on the Bunsen burner. Metal Chloride | Flame Color | NaCl | Yello | KCl | Light Purpal | LiCl | Dark Red | SrCl2 | Red Pink | CuCl2 | Light Blue | Calculations Metal in the Water Not Applied. Flame test Not Applied. Results Metal in the Water When observing the cut the length of lithium wire it looks dull, that is because the lithium has been expose in the air for a while. It supposes to be shining when freshly cut. When placing the lithium into water, the metal ball moved around with small bubble attached around. When placing the sodium into water, the metal move with white smoke, it swum...
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...- [pic] ABSTRACT A flame test is an analytical technique to identify the presence of metal ions in a sample by heating the sample with a flame and examining the color of the flame. It is also used to visually determine the identity of an unknown metal or metalloid ion based on the characteristic color the salt turns the flame of an alcohol lamp. The heat of the flame excites the metals ions, causing them to emit visible light. The characteristic emission spectra can be used to differentiate between some elements. Different metal electrons emit different wavelengths of light to return to their respective ground states, so the flame colors are varied. These flames can be used to produce atomic emission spectra of the elements combusted. Using known values of emission spectra, one can perform a flame test on un unknown substance, gather an emission spectrum from it, and determine which elements are in the unknown substance. INTRODUCTION The smallest particle of an element that exist and still have the properties of the element called “Atom”. Electrons specify the chemical properties of atoms. Shells or energy level is the electrons in an atom that exist in layers. Usually, atoms do not eject radiation but there are ways of causing radiation to be ejected. The simplest thing to do is to heat the atoms. When an atom is heated, It soak up the energy causing its electron to get excited to positions of higher potential energy father away from the...
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...Observations of Chemical Change and Physical Change Emily Fromme July 7, 2015 Purpose: To perform a variety of chemical reactions and make scientific observations to describe the chemical change. Equipment: Pie pan, dish soap, distilled water, matches or lighter, pair of sunglasses, paper towel, scissors, sheet of black paper, sheet of white paper, source of tap water, sunlight (needed for 30 minutes); burner fuel, 2 pairs of gloves, pipet, empty short-stem pipet, goggles, spatula (metal), test tube clamp holder, 4 test tubes, test tube rack, tweezers, 2 well-plates, 1 Experiment Bag: Observations of Chemical and Physical Changes. Exercise 1 Procedure: First, set a sheet of black paper and a sheet of white paper on a table. Set one of the 24-well plates on the table and use scissors to carefully snip off the tips of pipets containing chemicals. Set upright in wells using well plate as a pipet holder. Set the second well-plate on sheet of white paper and arrange so that A1-well is in upper left-hand corner. In well 1, place 4 drops of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and then add 4 drops of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to sodium bicarbonate. Swirl well-plate as necessary to thoroughly mix two chemicals together. Immediately observe the interaction between chemicals (using white and black sheets of paper as background) and record observations in Data Table 1. From observations, make a conclusion (yes or no) if a chemical change occurred and record in Data Table 1. Repeat...
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...use is if it is spilt wipe the benches with Virkon to prevent microorganism growth. Disinfectants: low hazard. Wash hands after use. Ethanol: can cause a fire. Take care when using ethanol with the Bunsen. Bunsen: burns. Use carefully. Keep on yellow flame when not in use. E.coli: possibility of infections. Use a good antiseptic technique. Wear a lab coat. Cover cuts/ ware gloves. Depose of equipment in a bleach pot or bags for autoclaving. Hypothesis: I would expect to find that Dettol works better than Tesco’s disinfectant because it is said to work better than other leading brands. Equipment: Tweezers Borer Pipettes Suring (20Ym) Glass simmers Beaker of ethanol Bunsen burner E.coli 4 clean agar plates Virkon 30 Cm Ruler Micropipette Method: 1. 1 plate for each cleaner (2 plates used, other plates are in case a mistake is made) swamped the E.coli in the blue flame of the Bunsen burner. 2. Get a pipette of E.coli and up it on the plate. Flame the spreader (put it in ethanol then in the flame) be careful on to crack the spreader. Use the simmer to spread the bacteria around the agar plate 3. Flame borer (in the same way as the simmer but be careful if the borer is in the flame too long you can burn your hand. If you do run it...
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...identify this compound a series of test were performed to find the chemical and physical properties of the unknown compound. The test performed; flame test, solubility test, halide test, acetate test, ammonium test, nitrate test, sulfur test, carbonate test, calcium test and pH test. When the flame test of the unknown resulted in a brick red color, it was determined that the unknown contained calcium. Another calcium test was tested and proved that the unknown was calcium. Since the unknown is dissolvable in water, CaCO3 was no longer a possible candidate because it is insoluble. The pH test for the unknown was 5 whereas the pH for calcium chloride is 8 and the unknown tested negative for halide, therefor calcium chloride was not an option for the unknown as well. The last calcium compound left was calcium nitrate which also had a pH of 5 and a brick red flame test color. Introduction There was an unidentified white compound found in the lab. The goal of the experiment was to identify what the unknown compound is and how to dispose of it safely. In order to find this information, the compounds chemical and physical properties needed to be determined. This was a given table of possible compounds the unknown might be: NaCl KCl Na2SO4 CaCl2 MgSO4 Na2CO3 K2SO4 KNO3 Ca(NO3)2 NH4CO3 NH4Cl (NH4)2SO4 CaCO3 MgCO3 CH3CO2Na To narrow the possibilities down there were a list of test to run. The first test ran was the solubility test on unknown compound, to see if...
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...The Determination of Percentage Ethanol from Gin Vodka by Simple Distillation *Bejasa,B. ; Beltran,R. ; Bombase,M. ; Bunyi,C. ; Canlas,L. 2BMT Abstract Vodka is composed primarily of water and ethanol with traces of impurities and flavourings and naturally has an alcoholic content of 38-40% by volume. This experiment aimed to determine the percent ethanol of the vodka through simple distillation. A 30mL of the sample was collected and heated through the use of alcohol lamp. A collection of 0.50mL of distillate was continuously made while recording its corresponding temperature until the sample reached 100°C. Through the obtained data, the percentage ethanol was computed (5.0%). Introduction Vodka is a clear liquor manufactured from ethyl alcohol. It is said to have been originally created from potatoes in Russia for medicinal purposes. Nowadays, Vodka is distilled from barley, wheat or rye. Most flavoured vodka contains 30-35% alcohol, whereas clear vodka is normally 40%, with a few brands offering a 50% product on top(1). Its percentage ethanol can be determined through the use of a simple distillation set-up. Simple distillation is designed to evaporate a volatile liquid from a solution of non-volatile substances(2). The first mention of the process of simple distillation appears in India and China around 800 B.C. in the production of beer and rice wine. At present time, simple distillation helps make production simple and economical, creating more products for consumers(3)...
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...The Philippine School Al Rashidiya, Dubai, UAE Citrus fruits (Rutaceae) as Flame Igniter Submitted to: Sir Michael Espares Prepared by: Anthony Lloyd Carlos Mark Anthony Nazareno Maria Bernadette Magleo 14th of May 2015 Table of Contents Introduction 2 Statement of the problem 3 Significance of the study 3 Scope and limitations of the study 3 Review of Related Literature 3 Materials and Methodology 4 Result and Discussion 5 Summary and Conclusion 7 Bibliography 9 Introduction Citrus fruit has been cultivated in an ever-widening area since ancient times; the best-known examples are the oranges, lemons, grapefruits and limes. Inside the cells of citrus fruit peels, there are flammable oils and other carbon compounds, including alcohol. When you press the peel, the cells are squeezed and the oil is pushed out. When these flammable oils hit the flame, they burn and create an amazing effect. It's like a small military flamethrower, except that real flamethrowers work with petroleum-based fuels. This study aimed to find out whether citrus fruits such as orange, lemon and lime could ignite without the use of matches. Statement of the problem This study was conducted to answer the following questions: a) Are citrus fruits effective as flame igniters without matches? b) Does the freshness of the fruit affect the outcome? c) Which among the citrus fruits is the best one to be used? Hypotheses: ...
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...community. After the unknown compound was identified, the chemists studied its properties and confirmed the identity by synthesizing the compound in the lab and comparing it to the unknown. Experimental Week 1 After a sample of the unknown compound (#21) was retrieved, various experiments were carried out to determine the chemical formula. An anion analysis was first performed on the unknown compound. A solution of the unknown compound was prepared by taking a small amount of the solid on the end of a scoopula and dissolving it in 2 mL of distilled water (DI water) in a test tube. The compound was then tested for the sulfate ion by placing 1 mL of the solution in a test tube and adding 1 mL 6 M HCl and 1 mL of BaCl₂ solution. A white precipitate proves the presence of a sulfate ion. (aq) + (aq) (s) + 2 (aq) A carbonate ion analysis was also performed by adding 1 mL of the unknown solution in a test tube and adding 6 M HCl one drop at a time. If bubbles form after each drop is added, a carbonate ion is present. When anion analysis was completed,...
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...DETERMINATION OF ALCOHOL IN COSSACK VODKA BY MEANS OF SIMPLE DISTILLATION ABSTRACT: Cossack Vodka is distilled liquor composed primarily of water and ethyl alcohol or ethanol (CH3CH2OH) without a definite aroma or taste. Alcohol is a primary content of vodka, and distillation – a process involving condensation and evaporation wherein solvents of different boiling points are separated from each other – is a method that may be used to determine the certain presence of Alcohol content in Cossack vodka. A certain number (17) of test tubes were obtained, each with 0.05 ml until the temperature reached 93(C. The volume of distillate collected by the end of the experiment was 9.00 ml at 93(C, giving percent ethanol of 30.00 %. I. INTRODUCTION: Distillation is the process of evaporating a volatile substance from a solution of non-volatile substance wherein the vapor afterwards is condensed in the condenser and collected in the receiving flask. Simple distillation is a process of separating two liquids with different boiling points. It can be used to separate liquids with boiling points of at least fifty degree Celsius. There are four types of distillation: simple, fractional, vacuum, and azeotropic. Vodka is a colorless liquid made by distilling fermented substances such as sorghum, corn, rye or wheat. Vodka is said to contain 40% to 55% alcohol. The experiment aims to: (a) separate the components of Vodka, an alcoholic beverage, by the means of distillation, particularly simple...
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...Lab #1 “Who has the same solid that I have?” Abstract Different Physical and chemical tests were performed on 10 numbered unknown solids and the results of all tests were compared as a class to try and determine which groups had the same unknown solids based on similarities in properties. It was found that my given unknown solid #11 shared similar properties with the unknown solid #1. A side by side analysis of the reactivity test in which Hydrochloric acid (HCI), lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was added to three separate samples of the compounds unknown #1 and #11 aqueous solutions. The results for both unknowns were identical, leading to the conclusion that my unknown solid #11 was the same unknown solid as #1. Introduction When conducting research it is important to be comfortable communicating your results with other researchers so that they can be further analyzed and compared with the results of other research experiments. Another large part of conducting research is to be comfortable determining, describing and comparing chemical and physical properties of compounds. Many compounds can look very similar, but have drastically different chemical properties, so it is important to know which tests can be performed on a compound to help determine what it is, or what it is not. In this experiment 2 sets of six unknown solid compounds were put into small jars and labeled with the numbers 1-12, numbers 4, 6 and 8 were not used. Each lab group was given...
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...Purpose How do we determine the reaction type and write a balanced equation for chemical reactions? Background Discussion There are many kinds of chemical reactions and several ways of classifying them. One popular and useful method is to classify reactions into five major types. These are: (1) synthesis, (2) decomposition, (3) single replacement, (4) double replacement, and (5) combustion. Most reactions can be put into one of these categories. In a synthesis reaction, two or more substances (elements or compounds) combine to form a more complex substance. A decomposition reaction is exactly the opposite of a synthesis reaction. In a decomposition reaction, a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances (elements or simpler compounds.) In a single replacement reaction, one element in a compound is replaced by a more active element. In a double replacement reaction, the positive ions of two different ionic compounds can be thought of as “replacing each other.” Most replacement reactions (both single and double) take place in aqueous solutions containing free ions. In a double replacement reaction, one of the products must be removed from the solution as a precipitate, water, or an insoluble gas. A precipitate is a solid that is produced as a result of a chemical reaction in solution. As the precipitate separates from the solution, the solution appears cloudy. In a combustion reaction a substance combines with oxygen, releasing a large amount...
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...INTRODUCTION Distillation is a technique widely used in organic chemistry for separating compounds based on differences in their boiling points. The experiment is divided into two parts: simple distillation, an easy set-up where a solution or a mixture of substances with different volatility is separated through exposure heat; and fractional distillation, which under goes a series of evaporation and condensation process to purify more complex mixtures. Raoult and Dalton Law are the two principles involving with this experiment. The former states that the vapor pressure of a solvent above a solution is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent at the same temperature scaled by the mole fraction of the solvent present. While the latter states that the total pressure of a gas in a container is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the container. In this experiment, the group performed a fractional distillation set-up. At the end of the day, they were able to attain the following objectives: differentiate simple from fractional distillation, separate the components of an alcoholic beverage and calculate the percentage of ethanol in a beverage. EXPERIMENTAL A. Compounds tested The compound or sample used in this experiment was vodka (alcohol). Vodka (35%–50%) was originally distilled from fermented wheat mash but now also made from a mash of rye, corn, or potatoes. In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional...
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...concentration is too low, then there will not be the full effect of the pesticide on the pest. On that ground, it is important to determine the correct concentration of pesticides in this case. Given two different substances, it is required to determine if the first solution is an acid or base. It is also mandatory to determine which of the three known cations exist in the second unknown solution based on qualitative analysis. After identifying what each solution is, it is needed to discover the concentration of each solution. Materials Litmus paper, dropper, 15ml of unknown solutions laboratory bottle (2). 15.03ml of NaOH beaker, pipet, volumetric flask, 100 ml of CH3COOH beaker, burette, white paper, bromothymol blue dropper Laboratory bottle, test tube, Na2SO4 wash bottle, Na2CO3 wash bottle, NaOH wash bottle Paper clip, tong, bunsen burner, flint, distilled water beaker, KI laboratory bottle, Ba(NO3)2 laboratory bottle, CuSO4 laboratory bottle, unknown solution laboratory bottle. Procedure Before conducting any experiment, it is important to wear safety goggles to insure protection for the eyes. With the objective of differentiating the two unknown substances, the ideal method to determine which substance is an acid or base was utilizing litmus paper. After a few drops of the first substance, on one half of the litmus paper, no colour change was observed. It was concluded that the second solution would be the acid or base. To determine whether it was an acid or base, a few drops...
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...Pre-lab discussions The arrangement of the periodic table is according to the periodic law. The periodic law states that arrangements of the elements are in order of increasing atomic number with both their chemical and physical properties showing a periodic pattern. Students through carrying of laboratory experiments discover these properties of elements in the periodic table. Major properties to be examined are first ionization energy, atomic radius, physical and chemical properties. Purpose To understand periodic trends as it relates to atomic radius, first ionization energy, physical and chemical properties of elements. Equipments and Materials 8 test-tubes Aluminum (Al) Magnesium (Mg) Silicon (Si) Bunsen burner...
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...Introduction 2 The Fire Problem 2 Methodology 5 Results and discussion 6 Processes of flame spread 7 Diffusion flame spread 8 Thermal Model 8 Transition to Turbulence 10 References 13 Abstract The fires problem is one of the hazard pose a threat to life and property. Flames behave differently under various conditions which include: the oxygen available, combustible material, orientation of surfaces, etc. this a complex phenomena which is influenced by multiple factors that includes ignition, heat release rate, flame spread and the generation of different products of combustion like carbon IV oxide and carbon II oxide. The research was performed by studying various sources in the library and in the internet and also performing experiments to simulate a real life situation. Introduction The Fire Problem The flammability of a material is a complex event which is influenced by multiple factors that includes ignition, heat release rate, flame spread and the generation of different products of combustion like carbon IV oxide and carbon II oxide. In order to better protect the people and property from risk posed by the unwanted fires, it become necessary to understands all these factors under different conditions. Babrauskas and Vytenis 1992 suggested that heat release rate is the main variable in fire hazard; but Kashiwagi and Ito argued effectively that, the flame spread over the surface of combustible material such a wall and...
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