... FLIP-FLOP & ITS APPLICATIONS This project is about the flip-flop and its applications in digital electronics. A flip-flop is a synchronous version of the latch. The first electronic flip-flop was invented in 1918 by William Eccles and F.W. Jordan. It was initially called the Eccles–Jordan trigger circuit and consisted of two active elements (vacuum tubes).Such circuits and their transistorized versions were common in computers even after the introduction of integrated circuits, though flip-flops made from logic gates are also common now .Today, the term flip-flop has come to mostly denote non-transparent (clocked or edge triggered) devices, while the simpler transparent ones are often referred to as latches. The word latch is mainly used for storage elements, while clocked devices are described as flip-flops. There are a number of types of Flip-flops such as: - Set-Reset Flip-flops, also known as SR Flip-flops - Toggle Flip-Flops - JK Flip Flops - Master–slave pulse-triggered D flip-flop - D Flip Flops - Gated latches and conditional transparency Flip-flops are essentially 1-bit storage devices .i.e. outputs can be set to store either 0 or 1 depending on the inputs. A flip-flop in combination with a Schmitt trigger can be used for the implementation of an arbiter in asynchronous circuits. Flip-flop integrated circuits (ICs) also exist that provide one or more flip-flops. We can use any one of the flip-flop type to build any of the...
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...Flip-Flops & Latches Digital Electronics Flip-Flops & Latches This presentation will • Review sequential logic and the flip-flop. • Introduce the D flip-flop and provide an excitation table and a sample timing analysis. • Introduce the J/K flip-flop and provide an excitation table and a sample timing analysis. • Review flip-flop clock parameters. • Introduce the transparent D-latch. • Discuss flip-flop asynchronous inputs. 2 Sequential Logic & The Flip-Flop Inputs . . Combinational Logic Gates . . Outputs Clock Memory Elements (Flip-Flops) 3 D Flip-Flop: Excitation Table D D Q CLK Q 0 1 Q 1 0 0 1 CLK Q : Rising Edge of Clock 4 D Flip-Flop: Example Timing Q=D=1 Q=D=0 Q=D=0 No Change Q=D=1 Q=D=1 No Change Q=D=0 Q=D=0 No Change Q D CLK 5 J/K Flip-Flop: Excitation Table J J CLK K Q K 0 1 0 1 CLK Q Q0 No Change Clear Set Toggle 0 Q 0 1 1 0 1 Q0 : Rising Edge of Clock Q : Complementof Q 6 J/K Flip-Flop: Example Timing SET TOGGLE TOGGLE CLEAR NO CHANGE SET NO CHANGE Q J K CLK 7 Clock Edges Positive Edge Transition 1 0 1 0 Negative Edge Transition 8 POS & NEG Edge Triggered D Positive Edge Trigger D D Q CLK Q 0 1 Q 1 0 0 1 CLK Q : Rising Edge of Clock Negative Edge Trigger D D Q CLK Q 0 1 Q 1 0 9 0 1 CLK Q : Falling Edge of Clock POS...
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...Flip-Flops and Related Devices Multiple Choice 1 . A "D" flip-flop utilizing a PGT clock is in the CLEAR state. Which of the following input actions will cause it to change states? [Hint] CLK = NGT, D = 0 CLK = PGT, D = 0 CLOCK NGT, D = 1 CLOCK PGT, D = 1 Both a and c 2 . Which statement BEST describes the operation of a negative-edge-triggered D flip-flop? [Hint] The logic level at the D input is transferred to Q on NGT of CLK. The Q output is ALWAYS identical to the CLK input if the D input is HIGH. The Q output is ALWAYS identical to the D input when CLK = PGT. The Q output is ALWAYS identical to the D input. 3 . The circuit that is primarily responsible for certain flip-flops to be designated as edge-triggered is the: [Hint] edge-detection circuit. NOR latch. NAND latch. pulse-steering circuit. 4 . As a general rule for stable flip-flop triggering, the clock pulse rise and fall times must be: [Hint] very long. very short. at a maximum value to enable the input control signals to stabilize. of no consequence as long as the levels are within the determinate range of value. 5 . Determine the output frequency for a frequency division circuit that contains twelve flip-flops with an input clock frequency of 20.48MHz. [Hint] 10.24 kHz 5kHz 30.24kHz 15kHz 6 . An active-HIGH input S-C latch has a 1 on the S input and a 0 on the C input. What state...
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...IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 34, NO. 4, APRIL 1999 Comparative Analysis of Master–Slave Latches and Flip-Flops for High-Performance and Low-Power Systems Vladimir Stojanovic and Vojin G. Oklobdzija, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—In this paper, we propose a set of rules for consistent estimation of the real performance and power features of the flip-flop and master–slave latch structures. A new simulation and optimization approach is presented, targeting both highperformance and power budget issues. The analysis approach reveals the sources of performance and power-consumption bottlenecks in different design styles. Certain misleading parameters have been properly modified and weighted to reflect the real properties of the compared structures. Furthermore, the results of the comparison of representative master–slave latches and flipflops illustrate the advantages of our approach and the suitability of different design styles for high-performance and low-power applications. Fig. 1. The pseudorandom sequence. I. INTRODUCTION I NTERPRETATION of published results comparing various latches and flip-flops has been very difficult because of the use of different simulation methods for their generation and presentation. In this paper, we establish a set of rules with the goal of making the comparisons fair and realistic. Simulation of the latches and flip-flops obtained by using different design styles makes this analysis more difficult in trying to achieve consistent and comparable...
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...Summary Havaianas is a Brazilian brand of rubber flip-flops and has 80% of the Brazilian flip flop market. Havainas distribute approximately 162 million sandals annually, of which 20% goes to more than 80 countries of the five continents. In addition, Havaianas can be found in more than 200 thousands points of sale (only 1,700 in the United States) and exports reach to 30 million pairs. Last year sales reached U$ 800 million worldwide. The investment in the marketing of the brand is 12% of 13$ of the net income and has kept Havaianas in the grow trajectory. After 51 years and many models later, this simple rubber flip flop has conquered the foot of the Hollywood stars, international magazines and main fashion stores around the world. Product • The idea of the product was inspired by the Zori (Japanese sandals made of rice straw or other plant fibers). • The Havaianas are simple flip-flops with a sophisticate look. They are made out of rubber, which is a natural product and national resource. The sandals ensure comfort and a durable product. • Today the brand sells 23 models on 60 colors of flip-flops worldwide. They are all very similar but with small adjustments for the given public. The most successful model is the original Havaiana Top Brazil, which has a small Brazilian flag on the stripe and is responsible for 64% of the global sales. In Brazil, the Havaianas are also known as the nation footwear, it goes from the janitor until...
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...Flip-Flops Basic concepts Flip-Flops A flip-flop is a bi-stable device: a circuit having 2 stable conditions (0 or 1) 3 classes of flip-flops latches: outputs respond immediately while enabled (no timing control) pulse-triggered flip-flops: outputs response to the triggering pulse edge-triggered flip-flops: outputs responses to the control input edge A. Yaicharoen 2 1/51 Conventions The circuit is set means output = 1 The circuit is reset means output = 0 Flip-flops have two output Q and Q′ or (Q and Q) Due to time related characteristic of the flipflop, Q and Q′ (or Q) are usually represented as followed: Qt or Q: present state Qt+1 or Q+: next state A. Yaicharoen 3 1/51 4 Types of Flip-Flops SR flip-flop S 0 0 1 1 R 0 1 0 1 Qt+1 Qt 0 1 Q’t+1 Q’t 1 0 JK flip-flop J 0 0 1 1 K 0 1 0 1 Qt+1 Qt 0 1 Q’t Q’t+1 Q’t 1 0 Qt Prohibited D flip-flop D 0 1 1/51 T flip-flop Q’t+1 1 0 A. Yaicharoen Qt+1 0 1 T 0 1 Qt+1 Qt Q’t Q’t+1 Q’t Qt 4 SR Latch An SR (or set-reset) latch consists of S (set) input: set the circuit R (reset) input: reset the circuit Q and Q’ output: output of the SR latch in normal and complement form S 0 0 1 1 R 0 1 0 1 Qt+1 Qt 0 1 Q’t+1 Q’t 1 0 Prohibited Application example: a switch debouncer 1/51 A. Yaicharoen 5 SR latch 1/51 A. Yaicharoen 6 An application of the SR latch (a) Effects of contact bounce. (b) A switch debouncer...
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...1. Objectives - Design of the synchronous finite state machine (FSM) with D-flip-flops and multiplexers - Verification of the circuit behavior with a CAD tool 2. Problem description Design the synchronous 4-bit counter which outputs follow the predetermined repeated sequence of states. The sequence of states represents the sequence of decimal digits of your ID number with the following exceptions: (1) digits which appear more than ones have to be deleted; (2) digit 9 has to be added at the end of the sequence if your ID has no 9. For example, for ID number 105123456 the second 1 and 5 are deleted and 9 is added at the end resulting in sequence 10523469. In the binary form the sequence is shown in Figure 1. The initial state is not critical. State 9 should be decoded to generate special signal SYNC shown in denominator in Figure 1. In the prelab: the circuit behavior has to be verified in OrCAD. The maximum clock frequency has to be calculated using timing specs of the flip-flops and multiplexers (logical gates) from datasheet. In the experiment: first, the functionality of the counter has to be tested with a pushbutton that controls the clock and a 7-segment LED display connected to the outputs. Finally, the counter sequence should be demonstrated with the logic analyzer synchronized with SYNC signal, 4inputs of the logic analyzer should be grouped into a bus. 3. Approaches Outputs of four D-flip-flops Q3Q2Q1Q0 serve as outputs of the counter. Next states Q*3Q*2Q*1Q*0 are formed...
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...Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BScIT) – Semester 1/ Diploma in Information Technology (DIT) – Semester 1 BT0064 – Digital Logic ------------------------------------------------- Assignment Set – 1 Q1. Convert the following octal numbers to base 10 a. 273 Answer: 187 b. 1021 Answer: 529 Q2. What is a logic gate? Answer: When we deal with logical circuits (as in computers), we not only need to deal with logical functions; we also need some special symbols to denote these functions in a logical diagram. There are three fundamental logical operations, from which all other functions, no matter how complex, can be derived. These functions are named and, or, and not. Each of these has a specific symbol and a clearly-defined behavior, as follows: | | The AND GateThe AND gate implements the AND function. With the gate shown to the left, both inputs must have logic 1 signals applied to them in order for the output to be a logic 1. With either input at logic 0, the output will be held to logic 0.If your browser supports the Javascript functions required for the demonstrations built into this page, you can click the buttons to the left of the AND gate drawing to change their assigned logic values, and the drawing will change to reflect the new input states. Other demonstrations on these pages will work the same way.There is no limit to the number of inputs that may be applied to an AND function, so there is no functional limit to the number...
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...design of 3-bit counter with D flip-flops • Follow same procedure as before, building up the transition table • The difference is in the inputs needed for the flip-flops: the behaviour of a D flip-flop is much simpler: - Qn+1 = D - i.e. Q output after clock transition = D input at transition (which depends on the present states of the flip-flops) - value of Qn (before clock transition) has no direct effect - it is just a simple memory cell (latch) • There are no “don’t care” inputs for a simple counter, which leads to more complicated logic. State transition table for 3-bit counter with D flip-flops The ‘present state’ and ‘next state’ columns are the same as for the JKs present state label 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 C 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 A 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 label 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 next state C 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 B 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 A 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 inputs needed DC 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 DB 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 DA 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Because the D flip-flops are simple memories, the inputs needed are identical to the next state. Simply copy the columns across — that’s all there is to it! K-maps for 3-bit counter with D flip-flops BA DC C 0 1 00 01 11 10 0 1 BA 0 1 1 0 0 1 There are no “don’t care” entries here. DC = A ⋅ C + B ⋅C + A ⋅ B ⋅C = ( A + B )⋅ C + A ⋅ B⋅ C = ( A⋅ B) ⋅C + ( A⋅ B) ⋅C = ( A⋅ B) ⊕ C DB = A⋅ B + A ⋅ B = A⊕ B DB C 0 1 00 01 11 10 0 0 BA 1 1 0 0 1 1 DA C 0 1 00 01 11 10 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 DA = A Compare expressions for JK and D flip-flops J=K A B C D 1 A A·B A·B·C D A...
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...ASSESSED WORKING PROJECT HAVAIANAS & DUKKY(Chick-Fil-A) Marketing and Value 2010 Marketing Action 1: Havaianas Campaign History The history of Havaianas started in the earliest 20's, when Scotsman Robert Fraser arrived in Brazil and began manufacturing flip flops based on the traditional zori sandals, a Japanese product. At that time, sandals were very different. It was only in 1958 that Havaianas that we know today were designed with rubber. That was the birth of the trademark Havaianas (1962) In the 1960s, Havaianas were sold at small, neighbourhood stores for a low price, displayed between house cleaning products and were purchased exclusively by the lower classes. That kind of product exposition and public turned Havaianas known as “chinelos de pobre” (poor man’s flip flops). The style of the product wasn’t elaborated. The model was basic and it was available only in a limited range of colours (4 colours), even though the products were strong, durable, comfortable and cheap. And that was what made Havaianas so popular in Brazil. Indeed, one year after had been launched more than 13,000 pairs were produced every day The success made raise the interest of other companies and imitations of Havaianas began to appear in the 70’s. To respond to this movement, the company launched a campaign called “Havaianas: As Legítimas” (Havaianas: the Legitimate Ones) embodied by a famous Brazilian humorist, Chico Anysio. It was in 1988 that sales started to decline, going...
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...Services: Lincoln Building, level 2 Study Skills Support Unit: more info on uni website FOCUS contacts: Email: Info@focusmacuni.org Website: www.focusmacuni.org Australian Slang Definitions: G’day Mate - HelloRidgy Didge - RealBudgy Smugglers - Swimming suit Fair Dinkum -Are you sure?Sheila - Real Banana Bender - A person from QLDBloke - ManAnkle Biter - ChildArvo - AfternoonAmbo - AmbulanceBack of Bourke - Far awayMate - Friend Bikkie - Biscuit Thongs - Flip Flop shoes (slippers) | Bloody - A way to show strong emotionFair Go - Give me a chance Gobsmacked - Speechless and Surprised Dunny - Toilet Bludger - Lazy person Hooroo -...
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...http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Marketing-And-Value-Havaianas-And/29819 Marketing And Value : Havaianas And Dukky In: Business and Management Marketing And Value : Havaianas And Dukky ASSESSED WORKING PROJECT HAVAIANAS & DUKKY(Chick-Fil-A) Marketing and Value 2010 Marketing Action 1: Havaianas Campaign History The history of Havaianas started in the earliest 20's, when Scotsman Robert Fraser arrived in Brazil and began manufacturing flip flops based on the traditional zori sandals, a Japanese product. At that time, sandals were very different. It was only in 1958 that Havaianas that we know today were designed with rubber. That was the birth of the trademark Havaianas (1962) In the 1960s, Havaianas were sold at small, neighbourhood stores for a low price, displayed between house cleaning products and were purchased exclusively by the lower classes. That kind of product exposition and public turned Havaianas known as “chinelos de pobre” (poor man’s flip flops). The style of the product wasn’t elaborated. The model was basic and it was available only in a limited range of colours (4 colours), even though the products were strong, durable, comfortable and cheap. And that was what made Havaianas so popular in Brazil. Indeed, one year after had been launched more than 13,000 pairs were produced every day The success made raise the interest of other companies and imitations of Havaianas began to appear in the 70’s. To respond to this movement, the...
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...Historical Context 8 Industry Analysis 9 Objectives 12 Budgeting 14 Critical Issues – Challenges and Opportunities 14 Strategy/Tactics/Execution/Integration/IMC Campaign 15 Copy-Message strategy/Creative brief 18 Media Plan 21 Branding 22 Product and packaging recommendations 23 Pricing recommendations 23 Distribution recommendations 23 Public Relations recommendations 24 Sales Force recommendations 24 Differentiation 24 Timeline 25 Expected Outcomes/Results/Evaluation/Future Considerations 25 Appendices 26 Media Plan 26 Budget 27 Timeline 27 Works Cited 28 Introduction The product that is going to be discussed in this IMC Project is the Havaianas Sandals which is a Brazilian originated rubber flip flop that now is sold in the shelves of fancy department stores, such as Saks Fifth Avenue, Bergdorf Goodman, Galleries Lafayette, and Via Spiga, all over the world. The brand started as being a popular footwear for all Brazilians to wear and then in less than four decades of existence, the brand became a fashion icon and today is worn by millionaires and famous people. The change also affected the prices of the product; depending on the model, the price for one pair can reach more than U$ 100.00 (Mundo das Marcas ¶ 1). For this IMC it will be planned a brand campaign that has as main goal to advertise the brand in the United States in order to increase the awareness and then, the exports not only in the country but also throughout the...
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...The world population keeps growing, cities are becoming bigger. Right now we are living in the era of the information age; we are surrounded by thousands of devices, tons of people require more personalized services and devices at lower prices. The only way to catch up with these is through technology. In just a few years, driving a car would become a sport rather than using it as transportation. Companies would be able to provide their customers personalized products, that can really fit their needs at a low cost. These and many other innovations are about to come thank to the M2M communication, big data and the wide range of products that have been creating as a result of these technologies. The new devices offer us an incredible amount of new opportunities and possibilities beyond our imagination. I can imagine a near future being able tell my car by using my voice of where I want to go. By using GPS technology and internet to receive information of the information of the traffic report, analyzing the conditions of possible routes and checking shortcuts, or taking into account the fact that I need to fill the tank; the computer inside the car, after reading and calculating all these variables, it is going to come up with the best solution for you. During this process the system will interact with a lot of sources and it's going to be connected with many sensors and networks. Now we can consider some other factors that can make this technological innovation a little bit more...
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...HAVAIANAS We can find them on the shelves of the most important department stores of the world, like the Galeries Lafayette in Paris, Saks in New York and Harrods in London. They are worn by socialites, famous artists, politicians and at the same time by peasants and poor people living in Brazilian favelas. Without a doubt, they are the most democratic sandals in the world. I am talking about HAVAIANAS, an authentic Brazilian product that once was considered sandals for the poor and now are at the feet of everyone, over 60 countries. Its inspiration is a traditional Japanese thong called Zori that is made with rice straw. This explains why Havainas sole imitates the texture of rice grains. The name Havaianas from Hawaii, because when the brand was created in 1962, famous people used to spend their vacations there. Havaianas at the beginning were not as colourful as we see today. They were all white with only the sides in different colours. They were very cheap at that time, so the company used to sell about 1000 pairs everyday all over Brazil. This success started to be copied, so many imitations started to appear on the market. Havaianas then applied for a patent for its model and launched an advertising campaign with the slogan: “ Havaianas, the originals “. During the 80’s, Havainas used to sell more than 80 million of pairs in Brazil. The sandals were so important to poor people that they were inserted by the government into the list of basic products to live...
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