...attempts to increase the utilization of fly ash to partially replace the use of Portland cement in concrete are gathering momentum. Most of this by-product material is currently dumped in landfills, creating a threat to the environment. Instead, the source of materials such as fly ash, that are rich in Silicon (Si) and Aluminium (Al), are activated by alkaline liquids to produce the binder. Keywords: geopolymer; fly-ash, rice-husk ash Introduction: Geopolymer is used as the binder, instead of cement paste, to produce concrete. The geopolymer paste binds the loose coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and other unreacted materials together to form the geopolymer concrete. The manufacture of geopolymer concrete is carried out using...
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...Abstract The aim of the Project is to find out the geo-engineering properties of fly ash, which can act as a stabilizer to many soils in geo-engineering field. The project describes the use of local fly ash in construction industry in a way to minimize the industrial waste. Their been serious shortage of natural material, which are used in Highway or Earth dam construction. Due to soil excavation, deforestation occurs which affects the bio-diversity. Industrial waste such as fly-ash, slag etc can be effectively used in soil stabilization. Several geo engineering Labrotory experiments were performed on fly ash to determine its properties, which may be used in road construction, earth dam construction, soil stabilization etc. If these materials can be used in highway or dam construction, it will be a great effort in minimizing the industrial pollution. Fly ash was collected from captive power plant from the dump pad of Rourkela steel plant. These are stored in air tight container after being oven-dried. Experiments such as determination of compaction properties, CBR analysis, Un-confined compressive strength test, permeability etc are done in order to determine the geo-engineering properties of fly ash, which can taken account in the construction field. A brief comparison is made between fly ash and other soil properties which are used as sub-grade, base in Highway construction. Introduction Electricity is the key for development of any country. Coal is a major source of...
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...Center (CONTEC), 3 School of Information, Computer, and Communication Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120 Thailand. Received 25 December 2009; Accepted 3 August 2010 Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of concrete mix proportion and fly ash on half-cell potential (HCP) and corrosion current density (icorr) of steel in concrete exposed to different environments. Reinforced concrete specimens with different fly ash replacement percentages and water to binder ratios (w/b) were studied in this paper. The specimens were subjected to two highly corrosive environments which are chloride and carbon dioxide. HCP and icorr were used to monitor the corrosion process. Results of this study demonstrate that both HCP and icorr indicated the same tendency, especially for corroded specimens after being exposed to chloride. This means that HCP can be used to inspect corrosion of steel due to chloride. In case of carbonation, concrete specimens with fly ash showed more negative potential values than concrete without fly ash. However, chloride exposure test exhibited that specimen with higher fly ash replacement corroded earlier. Moreover, HCP measurement presented different values between concrete exposed to chloride and carbon dioxide. There was an effect of carbonation to increase HCP during the initiation stage. A proper evaluation...
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...pid=S1516-14392008000200008&script=sci_arttext Process parameter optimization for fly ash brick by Taguchi method Prabir Kumar Chaulia*; Reeta Das Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur–713209, India ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to optimize the mix proportions of the fly ash brick by Taguchi method of parameter design. The experiments have been designed using an L9 orthogonal array with four factors and three levels each. Small quantity of cement has been mixed as binding materials. Both cement and the fly ash used are indicated as binding material and water binder ratio has been considered as one of the control factors. So the effects of water/binder ratio, fly ash, coarse sand, and stone dust on the performance characteristic are analyzed using signal–to–noise ratios and mean response data. According to the results, water/binder ratio and stone dust play the significant role on the compressive strength of the brick. Furthermore, the estimated optimum values of the process parameters are corresponding to water/binder ratio of 0.4, fly ash of 39%, coarse sand of 24%, and stone dust of 30%. The mean value of optimal strength is predicted as 166.22 kg.cm–2 with a tolerance of ± 10.97 kg.cm–2. Confirmatory experimental result obtained for the optimum conditions is 160.17 kg.cm–2. Keywords: optimization, compressive strength, fly ash brick, Taguchi method 1. Introduction Economic and environmental...
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...Market Landscape and Policy Analysis Fly Ash U)liza)on in China October 2010 1. China fly ash utilization overview 2. Drivers of fly ash utilization and relevant policy development trends 3. Big 5 independent power producers China fly ash u5liza5on overview: a long history of fly ash u5liza5on 1950s China begins u5lizing fly ash, mainly in the construc5on sector as concrete admixture, and par5cularly in the construc5on of hydropower sta5ons China begins u5lizing fly ash as walling material, including blocks, wallboard, baked bricks, and ceramsite The government starts rolling out a series of incen5ve policies for fly ash u5liza5on in various sectors such as building materials, construc5on, backfill, agriculture, etc. The State Development and Planning Commission1 releases the “China Fly Ash U5liza5on Technology Policy and Implementa5on Roadmap” “Administra5ve Measures of Fly Ash U5liza5on” is released by State Economic and Trade Commission2, Ministry of Electric Power Industry3...
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...W13543 FLY ASH BRICK PROJECT: FEASIBILITY STUDY USING CVP ANALYSIS S. K. Mitra and Shubhra Hajela wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality. This publication may not be transmitted, photocopied, digitized or otherwise reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of the copyright holder. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Business School, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada, N6G 0N1; (t) 519.661.3208; (e) cases@ivey.ca; www.iveycases.com. Copyright © 2013, Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation Version: 2013-12-19 In April 2013, Rajiv Sharma had a business plan. For quite some time, he had been doing some market research exploring the potential of his “dream project” — establishing a fly ash brick manufacturing unit — and had seen huge potential for profit in the project. His long-time friend Alok Gupta was also interested but had a few doubts regarding the feasibility of the project. Sharma, on the other hand, was sure of his plan. Years of work in the construction industry had shown him the potential of using large volumes of fly ash bricks in construction...
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...Case Report I, 2014 Fly ash brick project: feasibility study using CVP analysis Executive Summary “Fly Ash Brick” project describes a case of two business people, Rajiv Sharma and Alok Gupta intending to start a business and deciding on whether it will be financially profitable and feasible to tap into this opportunity. Opportunity arose because India utilizes huge amount of coal in order to extract energy and in the process a lot of waste is produced, in this case - fly ash. Huge amount of this substance is dumped into soil, which in turn causes significant demand for land. Moreover, Indian government strongly supports initiative linked with efficient usage of wasted materials, as currently used construction material (clay) damages soil fertility. Taking into consideration initial set up costs, we as a team, gave recommendations concerning about cost revise structure in case of higher production volume and made some conclusions regarding current financial estimations. In order to manage proper analysis we should begin with expenses structure and their classification for the Indian company. Basically, for successful operation, initial investment table gives us a comprehensive picture: Exhibit 2: Estimated Investment in Indian Rupees Building Modification | 1,400,000 | Water supply arrangements | 100,000 | Machinery | 2,000,000 | Trucks | 3,000,000 | Payload machine | 1,500,000 | Total | 8,000,000 | As it can be seen, the company manages a large amount of funds...
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... and Mr. Avnish Nagar (Quality control Manager) in J.P SPORTS CITY School of Engineering, Gautam Buddha University for his able guidance and useful suggestions, which helped me in completing the project work, in time. Finally, yet importantly, we would like to express my heartfelt thanks to our beloved parents for their blessings, friends/classmates for their help and wishes for the successful completion of this project. INDEX TOPIC PAGE NO. ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………….6 2.1 Definition of HPC…………………………………………………..9 CHAPTER 2 2. Objective………………………………………………………………..9 CHAPTER 3 3. Scope of Study………………………………………………………….10 CHAPTER 4 4. Literature review………………………………………………………..11 CHAPTER 5 5. Salient features of HPC………………………………………………....12 CHAPTER 6 6....
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...SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS OBJECTIVE: 1.The main objective of this study is to investigate the use of various supplementary materials for preparing concrete. 2.To compare...
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...2007 Vol.2 No. 6 Utility bonanza from dust F ly ash is one of the numerous substances that cause air, water and soil pollution, disrupt ecological cycles and set off environmental hazards. environmental dangers. Both in disposal, as well as in utilization, utmost care has to be taken, to safeguard the interest of human life, wild life, and environment. FLY ASH FLY The combustion of powdered coal in thermal power plants produces fly ash. The high temperature of burning coal turns the clay minerals present in the coal powder into fused fine particles mainly comprising aluminium silicate. Fly ash produced thus possesses both ceramic and pozzolanic properties. When pulverised coal is burnt to generate heat, the residue contains 80 per cent fly ash and 20 per cent bottom ash. The ash is carried away by flue gas collected at economiser, air pre-heater and ESP hoppers. Clinker type ash collected in the water-impounded hopper below the boilers is called bottom ash. The World Bank has cautioned India that by 2015, disposal of coal ash would require 1000 square kilometres or one square metre of land per person. Since coal currently accounts for 70 per cent of power production in the country, the Bank has highlighted the need for new and innovative methods for reducing impacts on the environment. The process of coal combustion results in fly ash. The problem with fly ash lies in the fact that not only does its disposal require large...
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...Aluminum matrix * Continuous fibers: boron, silicon carbide, alumina, graphite * Discontinuous fibers: alumina, alumina-silica * Whiskers: silicon carbide * Particulates: silicon carbide, boron carbide STIR CASTING METHOD OF FABRICATION OF MMCs * Liquid state fabrication of Metal Matrix Composites involves incorporation of dispersed phase * into a molten matrix metal, followed by its Solidification. * In order to provide high level of mechanical properties of the composite, good interfacial * bonding (wetting) between the dispersed phase and the liquid matrix should be obtained. * Wetting improvement may be achieved by coating the dispersed phase particles (fibers). Proper * coating not only reduces interfacial energy, but also prevents chemical interaction between the * dispersed phase and the matrix. * The simplest and the most cost effective method of liquid state fabrication is Stir Casting. * 26 * Stir Casting * Stir Casting is a liquid state method of composite materials fabrication, in which a dispersed * phase (ceramic particles, short fibers) is mixed with a molten matrix metal by means of * mechanical stirring. * The liquid composite material is then cast by conventional casting methods and may also be * processed by conventional Metal forming technologies. * Stir Casting is characterized by the following features: * Content of dispersed phase is limited (usually not more than...
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...CONCRETE ADMIXTURES F a a o D E O g n ee in .c rs m o Paper Presented By MAHENDERAN (Final B.Tech civil) Mahi_andaman@yahoo.com L.SIREESHA (Final B.Tech civil) sirichandan@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: Admixtures are ingredients other than water, aggregates, hydraulic cement, and fibers that are added to the concrete batch immediately before or during mixing, in nominal quantities. A proper use of admixtures offers certain beneficial effects to concrete, including improved quality, acceleration or retardation of setting time, enhanced frost and sulphate resistance, control of strength development, improved workability, and enhanced finishability. Admixtures vary widely in chemical composition, and many perform more than one function. Two basic types of admixtures are available: chemical and mineral. All admixtures to be used in concrete construction should meet specifications; tests should be made to evaluate how the admixture will affect the properties of the concrete to be made with the specified job materials, under the anticipated ambient conditions, and by the anticipated construction procedures. Materials used as admixtures included milk and lard by the Romans; eggs during the middle ages in Europe; polished glutinous rice paste, lacquer, tung oil, blackstrap F a a molasses, and extracts from elm soaked in water and boiled bananas by the Chinese; and in Mesoamerica and Peru, cactus juice and latex from rubber plants. The Mayans...
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...Fly Ash For Cement Concrete Resource For High Strength and Durability of Structures at Lower Cost Ash Utilization Division NTPC Limited A-11, NFL Premises Sector–24, Noida–201301 OUR VISION A world class integrated power major, powering India's growth, with increasing global presence OUR CORE VALUES Business Ethics Customer Focus Organizational & Professional Pride Mutual respect and Trust Innovation & Speed Total Quality for Excellence ,uVhihlh fyfeVsM ¼Hkkjr ljdkj dk m|e½ NTPC Limited Vh- ’kadjfyaxe v/;{k ,ao izcU/k funs’kd T. SANKARALINGAM Chairman & Managing Director (A Govt. of India Enterprise) (Formerly National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.) dsUnzh; dk;kZy;@ Corporate Centre MESSAGE I am happy to know that Ash Utilization Division is publishing a book named “Fly Ash for Cement Concrete”. Among several informative and useful insights contained in the book is the fact that mixing of ash gives higher strength and durability to concrete. NTPC has been imparting thrust to ash utilization strategies, preparedness and implementation. The Company has developed necessary infrastructure facilities in all its coal based stations to make good quality ash available to users. Technology demonstration and awareness programmes are also being carried out. There is greater awareness of ash usage among the industrial users as well as the end users. I am glad that ash utilization by NTPC during the year 2006-07 was 53% against MoU target of 42%. Off...
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...A. A. Raheem and O. K. Sulaiman / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.713-721 Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement in the Production of Sandcrete Hollow Blocks A. A. Raheem and O. K. Sulaiman Civil Engineering Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Abstract This study investigates the use of Saw Dust Ash (SDA) as partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in sandcrete blocks. Some units of sandcrete hollow blocks were produced by partially replacing the cement content with 5% to 25% by weight of SDA, using vibrating block moulding machine. Sandcrete blocks without SDA serve as the control. The blocks produced were tested to determine their density, compressive strength and water absorption rate. The results indicated that compressive strength of sandcrete hollow blocks at 28 days are 2.16N/mm2, 1.94N/mm2, 1.64N/mm2, 1.59N/mm2,1.39N/mm2, and 1.25N/mm2 for Control, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% SDA contents respectively. At 56 days, the compressive strength of blocks with 5% and 10% SDA replacement are 2.33N/mm2 and 2.04N/mm2 respectively, both of which surpassed the required standard of 2.00N/mm2 specified by the National Building Code (2006) for non-load bearing walls. It was concluded that only sandcrete blocks with up to 10% SDA replacement can be used for non-load bearing walls. cement will definitely reduce the cost...
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...ESTIMATING THE COST OF COAL-FIRED GENERATION AN APPLICATION OF VISTATM April Anderson Fuels Consulting Project Manager Ken Nowling Project Manager Black & Veatch 11401 Lamar Avenue Overland Park, KS 66207 anderson-higgsaa@bv.com Coal characteristics affect nearly every operational facet of a power plant, including forced outage rate, maintenance costs, auxiliary power requirements, net plant heat rate, emissions, and the ability to meet full load. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the relative economics associated with significant changes in coal quality due to coal cleaning or coal blending. Recognizing the need to predict the total fuel-related cost of coal-fired generation, EPRI commissioned the development of the Coal Quality Impact Model (CQIMTM) a computer program to predict these performance and cost impacts of burning alternate coals at existing power generating facilities. First released in 1989, CQIM represented nearly a decade of effort by Black & Veatch (B&V) and EPRI. CQIM quickly became the industry standard for fuel-related performance and economic analyses. It has been obtained by over 100 EPRI member utilities and has been purchased by non-EPRI U.S. utilities, international utilities, and coal producers. The current version, VistaTM, was released as a commercial product in 2000. Vista represents continual technical improvements over CQIM which expand its applicability to power plants around the world. This paper will describe Vista and provide an example...
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