...Article Reviewed : Eliane Bacha and Sandra Walker. (2012). The Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Followers’ Perceptions of Fairness, 116, 667-680. The article “The relationship between transformational leadership and follower’s perceptions of fairness” by Eliane Bacha and Sandra Walker is to study the relationship between transformational leadership and fairness on the distributive, procedural and interactional level. The research problem being addressed is whether the transformational leader impact the fairness of follower’s perception and reduce the gap among employees. It’s clearly stated in Abstract of the article that previously no study that focused on the direct relationship between transformational leadership and fairness. The researcher starts by saying Leadership research has typically not focused effectiveness paid little attention to the extent to which leader fairness affected leaders ability to mobilize and motivate followers. What can make the fairness’s perception among followers are the element of distributive, procedural and interactional of leader. Trustworthiness, ethical and integrity can be effective influence towards transformational leaders. That’s why a transformational leader who possesses values and ethical standards is perceived to be fair by his employees since he will be fair with them on the remuneration level, will allow them to participate in the decision making process, will treat all his employees...
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...address the following four types of leadership styles: Transformational, charismatic, transactional, and instrumental. Transformational and charismatic are similar in many ways, these leadership styles are more people oriented. Transactional and instrumental are similar in many ways, these leadership styles are more task oriented. Transformational and charismatic leaders must be careful to keep their focus people oriented or they may be subject to fall in to narcissism. Transactional and instrumental leaders must not be so task focus that they become autocratic and lose their followers. Transactional Leadership is defined as leadership that occurs when one person takes the initiative in making contact with others for the purpose of an exchange of valued things (Burns, Wern 1995) However, further research into this type of leadership according to Bass (1981) transactional leadership is based on the hypothesis that followers are motivated through a system of rewards and punishment.' While transactional leadership is based on a quid pro quo (something for something) relationship, transformational leadership is need based. Kark & Shamir (n.d., p.69) found that transactional leaders address the self –interest concerns of followers by exchanging rewards or recognitions for cooperation and compliance behaviors consistent with task requirements. In the current economy, it is easy to state that both transformation and transactional leadership are widely used in organizations, however...
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...Comparing and Contrasting Leadership Models Rebecca Boning University of Phoenix Comparing and Contrasting Leadership Models The phenomenon of leadership has been studied extensively over many years by a diverse group of researcher for the purpose of understanding how and why some people have power and influence over others and how this impacts society and history. Additionally, understanding how leaders impact organizational success, follower success, and even their own success has been a much sought after and controversial concept. While there are varying leadership models and theories, four leadership models include: transformational leadership model, transactional leadership model, charismatic leadership model, and situational theory of leadership. Four Leadership Models Transformational Leadership According to Avolio and Yammarino (2002), leader-follower interaction can be based on either transactional or transforming. Transactional leader-follower relationship is contingent upon the “exchange of valued items, whether political, economic, or emotional” (Avolio & Yammarino, 2002, p. 7). By contrast, transformational leader-follower relationship is “where the motivation, morality, and ethical aspirations of the leader and followers are raised” (Avolio & Yammarino, 202, p. 7). Transformational leaders, according to Avolio and Yammarino (2002), “act as agents of change by transforming followers’ attitudes, beliefs, and motives from a lower to a higher...
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...Introduction There are many people believe leader just is a people who set goals and achieve the goals with their follower. In fact, it is because they have leadership. Whether he or she is a leader or employee has leadership who can be a leader. Since leadership is a process and it include influence (Northouse 2012). Different approaches define different style of leadership. There is no any perfect leader in the world. The so-called gains will lose, every approach of leadership have their pro and con. Actually, every approach of leadership may have some same point in it. Observation carefully, you will know each leadership has their special thing and it influence themselves and their follower directly or indirectly. Definition of three theories Trait approach In the leadership research history, trait approach is the oldest approach and is a first leadership approach attempts to study. Until 1940, people believe leader’s ability is born, so they can be a leader, instead of train by acquired. Therefore, many researches focus on internal. Stogdill (1974) list 10 traits that leader should have. For the reason that you want to find a leader, it just to find the people whose trait can fit your job require. However, it hard to define trait and there must have more than 10 traits can act in concert with leader. In addition, it is hard to train or develop a people who do not have those trait that they to be a people who having those trait. Different people hold...
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...Leadership Theory Taxonomy Walden University March 20, 2016 Abstract This report focuses on four distinct leadership theories and how they affect leaders and those they lead. The leadership theories are; servant, transformational, authentic and XY. Leadership Theory Taxonomy Leadership theory taxonomy is the process of analysing different leadership theories with the aim of having a deep rooted understanding of the principles in the different theories and how these principles can be applied to practical leadership situation in the present day. This report will focus exclusively on four distinct leadership theories which are the X and Y theory, servant, transformational and authentic. Leadership in a simple way is seen as the act or process of leading a person or a group of people to achieve a certain goal Avolio, Walumbwa and Weber (2009), this definitely seems simple but most scholar believe the leadership is more than just leading people. The truth is that there are lots of ways that leadership has been defined over the years. The mere fact that you are a leader does not mean that people are being lead in the right way. Chen and Silverthorne (2005) explains that effective leadership combines some factors, there must be goal, while trying to achieve the goal, both the leaders and followers must grow in character and wisdom...
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...DESCRIPTION po st ,o Path–goal theory is about how leaders motivate followers to accomplish designated goals. Drawing heavily from research on what motivates followers, path–goal theory first appeared in the leadership literature in the early 1970s in the works of Evans (1970), House (1971), House and Dessler (1974), and House and Mitchell (1974). The stated goal of this leadership theory is to enhance follower performance and follower satisfaction by focusing on follower motivation. D o no tc op y, In contrast to the situational approach, which suggests that a leader must adapt to the development level of followers (see Chapter 5), path–goal theory emphasizes the relationship between the leader’s style and the characteristics of the followers and the organizational setting. For the leader, the imperative is to use a leadership style that best meets followers’ motivational needs. This is done by choosing behaviors that complement or supplement what is missing in the work setting. Leaders try to enhance followers’ goal attainment by providing information or rewards in the work environment (Indvik, 1986); leaders provide followers with the elements they think followers need to reach their goals. According to House and Mitchell (1974), leadership generates motivation when it increases the number and kinds of payoffs that followers receive from their work. Leadership also motivates when it makes the path to the goal clear and easy to travel...
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...Norwegian School of Leadership and Theology Life Essay Course Name: VEL1010E Value-based Leadership in Organizations Name of Student: Prakash Lamichhane Title of Essay: Leadership Theory and Practice Number of Words: 1728 Date:26/09/14 Leadership is seen in every organizational structure. There is no universal definition of leadership. Many have defined the term in various ways. Leadership in simple terms means leading people towards goal but it is a understanding in a nutshell. What is leadership? Leadership is not merely having a vision (Maxwell,2001), also is a process and having influences in a group towards common goals (Northhouse,2013). Leadership is a influence upon relation within followers and leaders to seek changes which takes to common goal (Rost 1993). Weathersby (1999, p.5) suggests: “Leadership focuses on the creation of a common vision. It means motivating people to contribute to the vision and encouraging them to align their self-interest with that of the organization. It means persuading, not commanding”. Hence leadership can be a process, an influence which works in a group with vision to achieve relevant goals. Purpose of the essay: This paper is written to compare and contrast situational, transformational and servant leadership theory and practices and the area of their strength and weakness. There are several leadership models or approaches that have emerged with the passage of time. Transactional, situational, transformational and servant among...
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...Leadership Theories and Models Situational Leadership When discussing situational leadership the best action of the leader varies and relies upon a range of situations. Situational leadership doesn’t just fall into one learning style. There are many factors that affect situational decisions two are motivation and capability of the followers which is determined by the particular situation. Many believe that the perception of the leader and the follower will have an effect on what they do instead of the reality of the situation. Yukl (1989) combines a few other approaches and identifies six variables. These six variables are subordinate effort which is the motivation and actual effort expended, subordinate ability and role clarity which followers knowing what to do and how to do it, organization of the work: which means the structure of the work and utilization of resources, cooperation and cohesiveness of the group in working together, resources and support which is the availability of tools, materials, people, etc., and external coordination which is the need to collaborate with other groups. According to Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard leaders should adapt their style to follower development style according to how ready and willing the follower is to perform required tasks. There are four leadership behaviors that match the leadership readiness levels. The four leadership behaviors are S1: Telling Follower: R1: unable and unwilling or insecure. When the follower is unable...
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...on his leadership style. A person with a high leading ability will be valuable to the corporation. Most of corporations prefer employees who have a high level of leading ability. It is very crucial to choose leaderships because the corporations’ cultures, productivity, effectiveness and loyalty of employees are all rely on the leader and his leadership. There are two leadership theories that are transactional leadership and transformational leadership. Most of researches have discussed the definitions, factors, and frameworks of these theories, however, as for the contrasting evaluation of transformational leadership, it has been neglected. Therefore, this paper will briefly explain both transactional leadership and transformational leadership, and then report the negative side of transformational leadership. Moreover, how transformational leadership applies to the hospitality industry will be discussed as well. 1. Transactional leadership and transformational leadership From Northhouse (2015), transactional leadership is a traditional leadership style that concerns about the exchanges between leaders and followers. Bass (1985) states that transactional leadership primarily focuses on the exchange process and those exchanges have an impact on followers’ performance (as cited in Rothfelder, Ottenbacher &Harrington, 2013). It means that there is a transaction between the leaders and followers. It is premised by the compliance of followers, however, once followers have no...
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...WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPAL DISTINCTION BETWEEN TRANSACTIONAL AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP. Every Leader has a style that is adopted based on prevailing situation and their end focus in mind. However, it is pertinent to give some basic highlights on the various differences that are inherent in their various approach. For leadership concept to be complete and fully adopted there must always be a corresponding Followership. Burns define Leadership as, “ leaders inducing followers to act for certain goals that represent the values and the motivations-the wants and needs, the aspirations and expectations-of both leaders and followers.” Leadership is all about influencing the followers to achieve a desired goal. Over the years there have been ‘generation’ theories which are Trait theory, Behavioural Theory, Contingency theories and Transformational. The 1st question that comes to mind is what Transactional Leadership is. Transactional Leader: approaches followers with an eye to exchanging one thing for another … Burns pursues a cost benefit, economic exchange to met subordinates current material and psychic needs in return for “contracted” services rendered by the subordinate …. Bass Transactional Leadership is a style of leadership that uses the bases of conditions between a leader and follower. In essence, it is a form of conditional relationship in every facet of life, superiors’ sets target to the subordinates and expects the subordinate to perform and be rewarded. In an...
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...Transformational Leadership * New leadership * Attention = Charismatic and affective elements * Change and transforms people * Connected with emotions, values, ethics, standards, and long-term goals * Incorporates charismatic and visionary leadership * Role of leadership and followership Transformations vs. Transactional Leadership Transactional = exchanges between leaders and their followers (e.g. Politician says no new taxes win votes by that) Transformational = Process whereby a person engages with others and creates a connection that raises the level of motivation and morality in both the leader and the followers Try to help followers to reach their fullest potential (e.g. Manager changes company’s corporate values to reflect a more humane standard of fairness and justice Manager and Followers stronger and higher set of moral values) Pseudo transformational Transformation in a negative way (e.g. Adolf Hitler) self-consumed, exploitive and power oriented with wrapped moral values Charisma = being dominant, having a strong desire to influence others, being self confident, and own moral values (According to house). Also Strong role models (followers should adopt). Also they communicate high expectations for followers –> also in meeting these expectations. Last but not least, followers have task-relevant motives that may include affiliation, power or esteem. One big change by Shamir,House and Arthur (1993): Charismatic leaders...
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...TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP LDR550Z-Leadership and Team Development-Fall 2011 Abstract This research paper addresses various aspects of transformational and transactional leadership styles. It mainly presents a comparative overview of these leadership styles. Further, it talks about an example of each transformational and transactional leadership in real-world. This leads to mentioning various applications that each leadership style finds in today’s business. Analysis of strengths and weaknesses or potential growth areas of both leadership styles is mentioned to help in better understanding of the subject. At last, the paper concludes with some discusses if knowing one’s leadership style and leadership style of your leader is important or not. Introduction In today’s volatile economy, the business is rapidly changing and getting more competitive with each passing day. Therefore, in order to survive in this market, the organizations need to continuously come out with innovative solutions. In these situations, transformational leaders play a vital role by encouraging creativity from their followers and maximizing their performance and productivity. On the other hand, transactional leaders are needed to maintain the stability and achieve goals on a regular basis. In order to analyze or compare these two styles of leadership, a brief introduction to both the styles is needed. Transformational Leader According to Bernard Bass, “Transformational leadership is a form of...
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...Charismatic & Transformational Leadership Chapter 9 Charismatic and Transformational leadership (TL for short) originated in an interest in learning more about how leaders get followers to make self-sacrifices and put the needs of their organization above their own material self-interests. This chapter describes the major theories of charismatic and TL, provides an evaluation of these theories, and then offers guidelines for TL. TWO EARLY THEORIES Charisma. Charisma is a Greek word that means ""divinely inspired gift". A sociologist, Max Weber, used the term to describe a form of influence based not on tradition or formal authority, but rather on follower perceptions that the leader has exceptional qualities. According to Weber, perceptions of a leader as charismatic usually occur when there is a social crisis. A leader who is seen during such a crisis as providing a "radical" vision, with a convincing and achievable solution to the crisis, is seen as charismatic. A key aspect of this leadership influence is getting followers to believe in, and passionately embrace, the vision. Newer versions of this theory have developed. They are called "neocharismatic" theories. Transforming Leadership. This theory originated from a political scientist, James McGregor Burns. As originally conceived, TL engages the moral values of followers, raises their consciousness about ethical issues, and mobilizes their energy and resources to change institutions. Burns contrasted this TL...
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...Transformational Leadership on Follower Development and Performance: A Field Experiment Author(s): Taly Dvir, Dov Eden, Bruce J. Avolio, Boas Shamir Source: The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 45, No. 4 (Aug., 2002), pp. 735-744 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069307 . Accessed: 13/10/2011 04:47 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Academy of Management Journal. http://www.jstor.org c Academy of Management Journal 2002, Vol. 45, No. 4, 735-744. IMPACT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON FOLLOWER DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE: A FIELD EXPERIMENT TALY DVIR DOV EDEN Tel Aviv University BRUCE J. AVOLIO University of Nebraska BOAS SHAMIR Hebrew University In a longitudinal, randomized field experiment, we tested the impact of transformational leadership, enhanced by training, on follower development and performance. Experimental group leaders received transformational leadership training...
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...What is leadership? Leadership is having the ability to give guidance to those that will follow to complete the mission. Leadership is both rational and emotional. It involves both sides of human experience. It includes actions and influences based on reason and logic as well those based on inspiration and passion. Leadership is a social process shared among all members of a group. Leadership development comes through experience. We all learn from our different experiences. Whether positive or negative, they are our tools for growth and development. What is management? Management is a position of authority. Management says what need to get done and supplies the material to get it done. Management tends to be the more educated than the experienced. Managers can be trained to hold a position. Management is a position of leadership. Can leadership and management be the same? Leadership and management are not the same. Anyone can be a manager and not have any followers. Being able to manage is knowing the aspects of a mission. A leader knows the aspects, has the knowledge and the skills to accomplish the mission. But leadership and management work hand in hand with each other. The management sets the stage and the leadership makes it happen. Leadership is a human relationship process. No scientific method can be used for testing leadership. Leadership is based on human factors and no two humans are the same. Managers are not only interested in status quo, but also production, expansion...
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