...1. At what point on the input cycle does the PIV occur? 2. For a half-wave rectifier, there is current through the load for approximately what percentage of the input cycle? 3. What is the average of a half-wave rectified voltage with a peak value of 10 V? 4. What is the peak value of the output voltage of a half-wave rectifier with a peak sine wave input of 25 V? 5. What PIV rating must a diode have to be used in a rectifier with a peak output voltage of 50V? ANSWERS:- 1. PIV across the diode occurs at the peak of the input when the diode is reversed biased. 2. There is current through the load for approximately half (50%) of the input cycle. 3. The average value is 10 V/∏ = 3 .18 V 4. The peak output voltage is 25 V - 0.7 V = 24.3 V. 5. The PIV must be at least 50 V SECTION 2-2 REVIEW 1. How does a full-wave voltage differ from a half-wave voltage? 2. What is the average value of a full-wave rectified voltage with a peak value of 60V? 3. Which type of full-wave rectifier has the greater output voltage for the same input voltage and transformer turns ratio? 4. For a peak output voltage of 45 V, in which type of rectifier would you use diodes with a PIV rating of 50 V? 5. What PIV rating is required for diodes used in the type of rectifier that was not selected in Question 4? ANSWERS:- 1. A full-wave voltage occurs on each half of the input cycle and has a frequency of twice the input frequency. A half-wave voltage occurs once each input cycle and has a...
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...1. At what point on the input cycle does the PIV occur? 2. For a half-wave rectifier, there is current through the load for approximately what percentage of the input cycle? 3. What is the average of a half-wave rectified voltage with a peak value of 10 V? 4. What is the peak value of the output voltage of a half-wave rectifier with a peak sine wave input of 25 V? 5. What PIV rating must a diode have to be used in a rectifier with a peak output voltage of 50V? ANSWERS:- 1. PIV across the diode occurs at the peak of the input when the diode is reversed biased. 2. There is current through the load for approximately half (50%) of the input cycle. 3. The average value is 10 V/∏ = 3 .18 V 4. The peak output voltage is 25 V - 0.7 V = 24.3 V. 5. The PIV must be at least 50 V SECTION 2-2 REVIEW 1. How does a full-wave voltage differ from a half-wave voltage? 2. What is the average value of a full-wave rectified voltage with a peak value of 60V? 3. Which type of full-wave rectifier has the greater output voltage for the same input voltage and transformer turns ratio? 4. For a peak output voltage of 45 V, in which type of rectifier would you use diodes with a PIV rating of 50 V? 5. What PIV rating is required for diodes used in the type of rectifier that was not selected in Question 4? ANSWERS:- 1. A full-wave voltage occurs on each half of the input cycle and has a frequency of twice the input frequency. A half-wave voltage occurs once each input cycle...
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...RFID Based Railway Reservation System. SUBMITTED BY: RANA DEBNATH. REGISTRATION NO: 11504051 ROLL: RD1507A21, SECTION: D1507 SUBMITTED TO: Dr. ANITA KUMARI. RFID Based Railway Reservation System. ABSTRACT : In the New era of technology all system has to be updated, Indian Railway is the 2nd largest Rail Network in India it is the backbone of public and goods transport in India. Bulk of long distance traffic is carried by the Indian Railway. RFID system at many transport system so we think to implement biometrics in our research and then decided to use fingerprint module also for the add-on for user flexibility using GSM module for Communication purpose of sending and receiving message. In our Project Research we are trying to minimize railway Reservation Fraud and give more facility to traveler and improve society. Also simplify the Reservation System in that we will take fingerprint of the person who goes for reservation/ticket booking and help a lot humanitarian by this innovative technology. Standalone module which contains Finger Print Module verify the person's identity. Using GSM before the journey message will be send to the user with information. At time of journey Ticket checker will verify fingerprint with previously stored data using standalone module as a part of verification. By this more number of paper will be saved by that can help Railway in increasing their income by saving cost of paper. No need to carry identity proof. Due to this...
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...Chapter1 ------------------------------------------------- Introduction RFID is an acronym for Radio Frequency Identification. In general terms, RFID is a means of identifying a person or object using a radio frequency transmission. In other words RFID is an electronic method of exchanging data over radio frequency waves. The technology can be used to identify, track, sort or detect a wide variety of objects. In this project RFID is used for the Tracking purpose for stolen things. An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few predefined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Security over the years has been a source of concern to organizations and companies. This has caused quite a significant amount of capital being budgeted for improvements on security systems, simply because it has been discovered that the access control system mechanism is an important part of an organization. One of the important security systems in building, vehicle security is door access control. The door access control is a physical security that assures the security of a building or vehicle...
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...Programming and Interfacing xii The Basic Stamp 2 xiii About This Book xiv C HAPTER 1 Getting Started with the BASIC Stamp 21 The Problem 1 What You Need to Know 1 What is a BASIC Stamp 2? 2 How Do I Wire it Up? 2 How Do I Get to the Software? 5 A First Example Program 5 A Second Example Program 6 ii A Pragmatic Introduction to the Art of Electrical Engineering C HAPTER 2 Lights and Switches 8 The Problem 8 What You Need to Know 8 What is Voltage? 9 What is Current? 10 What is an LED? 12 How Do I Interface a Switch? 16 What is a Seven Segment Display? 18 Where Do We Go Next? 20 C HAPTER 3 Maybe 21 The Problem 21 What You Need to Know 22 What is a Voltage Divider? 22 How Do I Solve More Complex Resistive Circuits? 24 Are There Any Tricks That Can Make This Easier? 27 What is an Independent Source and What is Superposition? 30 What is a Digital to Analog Convertor? 32 What’s Next? 33 C HAPTER 4 Guess the Number 34 The Problem 34 What You Need to Know 34 What are the limitations on our DAC? 35 What is an Amplifier? 39 How do you build an Analog to Digital Convertor? 44 What’s Next? 47 A Pragmatic Introduction to the Art of Electrical Engineering iii C HAPTER 5 Timing is Everything 48 The Problem 48 What You Need to Know 49 What is a Serial Interface? 49 What is a Capacitor? 53 How Do...
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...spread into energy bands in a crystal. This band structure allows us to distinguish between an insulator, a semiconductor, and a metal. 1-1 CHARGED PARTICLES The charge, or quantity, of negative electricity and the mass of the electron have been found to be 1.60 X 10- 19 C (coulomb) and 9.11 X 10- 31 kg, respectively. The values of many important physical constants are given in Appendix A, and a list of conversion factors and prefixes is given in Appendix B. Some idea of the number of electrons per second that represents current of the usual order of magnitude is readily possible. F'or example, since the charge per electron is 1.60 X 10- 19 C, the number of electrons per coulomb is the reciprocal of this nutnber, or approximately, 6 X 10 18 Further, since a current of 1 A (ampere) is the flow of 1 Cis, then a current of only 1 pA (1 picoampere, or 10- 12 A) represents the motion of approximately 6 million electrons per second. Yet a current of 1 pA is so small that considerable difficulty is experienced in attempting to measure it. The charge of a positive ion is an integral multiple of the charge of the electron, although it is of opposite sign. For the case of singly ionized particles, the charge is equal to that of the electron. For the case of doubly ionized particles, the ionic charge is twice that of the electron. The mass of an atom is expressed as a number that is based on the choice of the atomic weight of oxygen equal to 16. The mass of a hypothetical atom of...
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...*Physics Prelims (1-7).qxd 12/11/08 1:00 PM Page 1 SCIENCE VISUAL RESOURCES PHYSICS An Illustrated Guide to Science The Diagram Group *Physics Prelims (1-7).qxd 12/11/08 1:00 PM Page 2 Physics: An Illustrated Guide to Science Copyright © 2006 The Diagram Group Author: Derek McMonagle BSc PhD CSci CChem FRSC Editors: Catherine Gaunt, Jamie Stokes Design: Anthony Atherton, Richard Hummerstone, Lee Lawrence, Tim Noel-Johnson, Phil Richardson Illustration: Peter Wilkinson Picture research: Neil McKenna Indexer: Martin Hargreaves All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 For Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, please contact the Publisher ISBN 0-8160-6167-X Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at 212/967-8800 or 800/322-8755. You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com Printed in China CP Diagram 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 This book is printed on acid-free paper. *Physics Prelims (1-7).qxd 12/11/08 1:00 PM Page...
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...Programmable Logic Controllers: Programming Methods and Applications by John R. Hackworth and Frederick D. Hackworth, Jr. Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Ladder Diagram Fundamentals Chapter 2 - The Programmable Logic Controller Chapter 3 - Fundamental PLC Programming Chapter 4 - Advanced Programming Techniques Chapter 5 - Mnemonic Programming Code Chapter 6 - Wiring Techniques Chapter 7 - Analog I/O Chapter 8 - Discrete Position Sensors Chapter 9 - Encoders, Transducers, and Advanced Sensors Chapter 10 - Closed Loop and PID Control Chapter 11 - Motor Controls Chapter 12 - System Integrity and Safety Preface Most textbooks related to programmable controllers start with the basics of ladder logic, Boolean algebra, contacts, coils and all the other aspects of learning to program PLCs. However, once they get more deeply into the subject, they generally narrow the field of view to one particular manufacturer's unit (usually one of the more popular brands and models), and concentrate on programming that device with it's capabilities and peculiarities. This is worthwhile if the desire is to learn to program that unit. However, after finishing the PLC course, the student will most likely be employed in a position designing, programming, and maintaining systems using PLCs of another brand or model, or even more likely, many machines with many different brands and models of PLC. It seems to the authors that it would be more advantageous to approach the...
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...any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. International Standard Book Number: 0-672-21035-5 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 73-90295 Interpretation of the printing code: the rightmost double-digit number of the first column is the year of the book's printing; the rightmost double-digit number of the second column, the number of the book's printing. For example, a printing code of 92-23 shows that the twenty-third printing of the book occurred in 1992. Printed in the United States of America. Preface I don't like to revise books. Correct, yes. Revise, no. So I won't. A book becomes history the instant it appears in print. To tamper with history messes with what others and I were thinking at the time and distorts the way things were, forcing new contexts. With the TTL Cookbook, it is now January 1982, and this book is eight years old. It is also one of the best selling technical paperback classics of all time. And looking around, both nothing has changed and everything has changed. ITL is still the largest and most popular general purpose logic family, although it now shares the spotlight with an only somewhat...
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...Chapter 01 1.1 Introduction: A storage device may be used to store energy from renewable energy source in DC form which can be converted to AC power by using power inverter. Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) technique may be used to control output rms voltage of the inverter. As the load is variable, the power consumed by the load (PL) may be smaller than the power generated from the renewable energy source (PR). Therefore a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Controller may be used to supply the additional power (PR – PL) from the renewable energy source to the grid. On the other hand if the power consumed by the load (PL) is greater than the power generated from the renewable energy source (PR) therefore the same FACTS controller may be used to absorb the additional power (PR – PL) from the grid to the load. In this case the FACTS controller must allow bi-directional power flow. If all the active houses are connected to the grid in the same way (proposed way), the active houses that generate more power than the load can be supplied to the active houses that generate less power than the load. Therefore a suitable FACTS controller should be designed in such a way that it can control the power flow in both directions. The idea is illustrated in the following figure. 1.2 Objectives: • Study on different FACTS controllers • Study on different renewable energy sources • Study on different...
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...NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SILCHAR Bachelor of Technology Programmes amï´>r¶ JH$s g§ñWmZ, m¡Úmo{ à VO o pñ Vw dZ m dY r V ‘ ñ Syllabi and Regulations for Undergraduate PROGRAMME OF STUDY (wef 2012 entry batch) Ma {gb Course Structure for B.Tech (4years, 8 Semester Course) Civil Engineering ( to be applicable from 2012 entry batch onwards) Course No CH-1101 /PH-1101 EE-1101 MA-1101 CE-1101 HS-1101 CH-1111 /PH-1111 ME-1111 Course Name Semester-1 Chemistry/Physics Basic Electrical Engineering Mathematics-I Engineering Graphics Communication Skills Chemistry/Physics Laboratory Workshop Physical Training-I NCC/NSO/NSS L 3 3 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 13 T 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 3 0 2 3 2 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 6 0 0 8 2 C 8 6 8 5 6 2 3 0 0 38 8 8 8 8 6 2 0 0 40 8 8 6 6 6 2 2 2 40 6 6 8 2 Course No EC-1101 CS-1101 MA-1102 ME-1101 PH-1101/ CH-1101 CS-1111 EE-1111 PH-1111/ CH-1111 Course Name Semester-2 Basic Electronics Introduction to Computing Mathematics-II Engineering Mechanics Physics/Chemistry Computing Laboratory Electrical Science Laboratory Physics/Chemistry Laboratory Physical Training –II NCC/NSO/NSS Semester-4 Structural Analysis-I Hydraulics Environmental Engg-I Structural Design-I Managerial Economics Engg. Geology Laboratory Hydraulics Laboratory Physical Training-IV NCC/NSO/NSS Semester-6 Structural Design-II Structural Analysis-III Foundation Engineering Transportation Engineering-II Hydrology &Flood...
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...Electrical Engineering 101 Third Edition Electrical Engineering 101 Everything You Should Have Learned in School… but Probably Didn’t Third Edition Darren Ashby AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/ permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating...
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...the voltage from a 120 volt wall outlet is about 170 volts. Solution: Power watts ; where is average value of sinusoidal voltage, Average value of a sinusoidally oscillating signal is the peak value divided by Therefore Therefore 1 © ¥£ $ ¡ ! 3 © § ¥£¡ ¦QPIHG00F E¨¦¤¢ ¥£ & $ ¡ ! ¦%('%#" ¨¦¤¢ © § ¥£¡ (0 7 0 T § 02@ CA § @ 3 71 § 3 1 ¦D B29865)42§ § S@ § 0)R © (0)§ C D B(0 A § . 2 ANS:: CHAPTER 1. THE CIRCUIT ABSTRACTION Exercise 1.2 a) The battery on your car has a rating stated in ampere-hours which permits you to estimate the length of time a fully charged battery could deliver any particular current before discharge. Approximately how much energy is stored by a 50 ampere-hour 12 volt battery? b) Assuming 100% efficient energy conversion, how much water stored behind a 30 meter high hydroelectric dam would be required to charge the battery? Solution: a) b) Potential Energy b & a p) (S§ ¢3 ¦B) A & 3 ) V 9(B§ A C u ! s p& y x vus b & a wtc) ( § ) Electrical Energy; assume efficiency , height of water, assuming that...
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...separate books. 3) Neat diagrams must be drawn wherever necessary. 4) Black figures to the right indicate full marks. 5) Use of Logarithmic Tables, Slide Rule, Mollier Charts, Electronic Pocket Calculator and Steam Tables is allowed. 6) Assume suitable data, if necessary. SECTION – I 1. What are different systems on a drilling rig ? Explain any one in detail with suitable diagramme. 18 2. a) Calculate Bottom hole pressure if well depth is 2500 m and mud weight is 1.2 gm/cc. b) Calculate mud weight if mud gradient is 0.87 psi/ft. ′ c) Calculate volume bbl/meter for drill pipe O.D. = 5′ inch and I.D. = 4.276 inch. 2 2 2 10 8 8 16 d) Draw circulation system on a drilling rig. 3. a) Discuss IADC classification of a bit in details. b) Discuss different factors affecting rate of penetration in details. 4. Write short note on : i) Coring ii) Fishing tools iii) BOP iv) Directional well P.T.O. [3963] – 103 -2- *3963103* SECTION – II 5. a) Discuss different types of casings and function of the casings in brief. b) Discuss different types of well completion techniques. 6. a) Discuss primary cementation process with suitable sketch. b) Discuss different perforation methods in brief. 7. a) What are different types of packer ? Discuss any one in brief. b) Draw well head assembly for A, B and C section. 8. Write short note on : i) Drill stem test ii) SSSV iii) X – Mas tree iv) Squeeze cementation. ––––––––––––––––– 8 10 10 6 8 8 16 B/I/11/120 *3963108* [3963] –...
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...STATIONS 13 COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS 14 CHAPTER 1.2 POWER SUPPLY AND POWER SYSTEMS 14 SCOPE, DEFINITIONS 14 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 14 CATEGORIES OF POWER CONSUMING DEVICES AND RELIABILITY OF POWER SUPPLY 15 VOLTAGE LEVELS AND CONTROLS, REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION 16 CHAPTER 1.3 SELECTION OF CONDUCTORS: HEATING, CURRENT DENSITY AND CORONA DISCHARGE CONDITIONS 16 SCOPE 16 SELECTION OF CROSS-SECTION OF CONDUCTORS: HEATING 17 MAXUIMUM CONTINUOUS CURRENTS FOR WIRES, CORDS AND CABLES IN RUBBER OR PLASTIC INSULATION 18 MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS CURRENTS FOR CABLES IN IMPREGNATED PAPER INSULATION 22 MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS CURRENTS FOR BARE WIRES AND BUSES 29 SELECTING CROSS-SECTION OF CONDUCTOR PER THE ECONOMIC CURRENT DENSITY 33 CONDUCTOR CORONA AND RADIO FREQUENCY TESTS 36 CHAPTER 1.4 SELECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND CONDUCTORS FOR SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITIONS 36 SCOPE 36 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 36 IDENTIFICATION OF SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS FOR SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT AND CONDUCTORS...
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