...DRAFT Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Australia: Policy Issues for the Resource Sector Peter Drysdale Crawford School of Economics and Government The Australian National University and Christopher Findlay School of Economics University of Adelaide Abstract The last nine months has seen Chinese foreign direct investment in the Australian resource sector become an issue of policy interest. There are two big questions that the prospects of a significant rise in foreign direct investment (FDI) from China into the Australian resources sector have raised. Is the surge of FDI into Australian mining and energy consistent with achieving the traditional gains from foreign investment? And are there any particular problems associated with investment from foreign state-owned enterprises or state managed sovereign wealth funds? These are among the questions addressed in this paper. The paper argues that there are no issues that cannot be dealt with under the umbrella of the established test of ‗national interest‘ in managing the growth of Chinese FDI into the Australian minerals sector. It argues that a confusion has been introduced into policy over the questions of state-ownership and supplier-buyer relations in respect of Chinese investments and that clarifying these issues is likely to be important to Australia‘s capturing the full benefits from the growth of Chinese resources demand and longer term economic and strategic interests in China. Paper for Presentation to Crawford...
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...Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a direct investment into production or business in a country by an individual or company of another country, either by buying a company in the target country or by expanding operations of an existing business in that country. Foreign direct investment is in contrast to portfolio investment which is a passive investment in the securities of another country such as stocks and bonds. Broadly, foreign direct investment includes "mergers and acquisitions, building new facilities, reinvesting profits earned from overseas operations and intra company loans".[1] In a narrow sense, foreign direct investment refers just to building new facilities. The numerical FDI figures based on varied definitions are not easily comparable. FDI is the sum of equity capital, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown the balance of payments. FDI usually involves participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward and outward, resulting in a net FDI inflow (positive or negative) and "stock of foreign direct investment", which is the cumulative number for a given period. Direct investment excludes investment through purchase of shares.[3] FDI is one example ofinternational factor movements Importance and barriers to FDI[edit] The rapid growth of world population since 1950 has occurred mostly in developing countries[citation needed]. This growth has been matched by more rapid increases...
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...Foreign Direct Investment: Impact on Sectoral Growth in Bangladesh Introduction Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a potent weapon of developing the Bangladesh economy and can play an important role in achieving the country’s socio-economic objectives including poverty reduction goals. In a capital-poor country like Bangladesh, FDI can emerge as a significant vehicle to build up physical capital, create employment opportunities, develop productive capacity, enhance skills of local labor through transfer of technology and managerial know-how, and help integrate the domestic economy with the global economy. This policy note provides an assessment of the current situation of FDI in Bangladesh and examines its impact on the country’s balance of payments. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is capital provided by a foreign direct investor, either directly or through other related enterprises, where the foreign investor is directly involved in the management of the enterprise. Until the1980s, most developing countries viewed FDI with great weariness. In recent years, however FDI restrictions have been significantly reduced. Most countries offer incentives to attract FDI, such as tax concessions, tax holidays, accelerated depreciation on plants and machinery, export subsidies and import entitlements etc. As a developing country, Bangladesh needs FDI for its ongoing development process. Since independence, Bangladesh is trying to be a suitable location for FDI. Special zones have...
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...Investors and Policy Makers Submitted To: S. M. Zahidur Rahman Associate Professor Submitted By: Tasnuba Nowrin ID-090316 Fatema Khatun ID- 090349 KHULNA UNIVERSITY Business Administration Discipline BBA Program 4th Year, 1st Term Course Title: Financial Management and Institution Course No: FIN-4203 September 10, 2012 Summary on previous article Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is considered as a crucial component for economic development of a developing country. Countries that are lagging behind to attract FDI are now formulating and implementing new policies for attracting more investment. The determinants which play as a driving force for attracting FDI are geographical location, cheap labour cost, and government attitude towards liberalization of the existing laws of the host country, skilled manpower, incentives for investors, and exemption of taxes etc. According to Bangladesh Board of Investment Handbook (2007) Bangladesh offers an attractive investment climate compared to other South Asian Economies. But among the emerging economies India and China are the desired choice for investment (Baskaran and Muchie, 2008). FDI is considered as an important tool for economic development in a developing country. If the investing country is wealthier than the host country then capital will flow to the host country (Zhao, 2003). It contributes to growth of GDP; create employment generation, technology transfer, human resource development, etc. It is also perceived that...
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...Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) February 2012 Bangladesh Economic Update Volume 3, No. 2, February 2012 Acknowledgement: Bangladesh Economic Update is an output of the Economic Policy Unit of the Unnayan Onneshan, a multidisciplinary research centre based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The report is prepared by a team, under the guidance of Rashed Al Mahmud Titumir and Palash Kanti Das. The team comprises Nibedita Roy and A. Z. M. Saleh. © Copyright: Unnayan Onneshan-The Innovators The content of this publication may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes with proper citation (please send output to the address mentioned below). Any other form of reproduction, storage in a retrieval system or transmission by any means for commercial purposes, requires permission from the Unnayan Onneshan-The Innovators. For orders and request please contact: Unnayan Onneshan - The Innovators 16/2, Indira Road, Farmgate Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh Tell: + (880-2) 8158274, 9110636 Fax: + (880-2) 8159135 E-mail: info@unnayan.org Web: www.unnayan.org Bangladesh Economic Update, February 2012 2|P a g e Bangladesh Economic Update Vol. 3, No. 2, February 2012 Economic Policy Unit Unnayan Onneshan 1. INTRODUCTION The current issue of the Bangladesh Economic Update focuses on the magnitude, dynamics, sectoral distribution, and countrywise sources of FDI inflow in the country. The flow of foreign direct investment is of utmost importance in the current backdrop of overall slump in investment in the...
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...globalisation causes impacts in economic, political and social in the 21st century. Globalisation had rise tremendously since the advance of technology, science, and transport. Industries are moving to different country every second just from the help of these advanced technologies. Countries had lowered their barriers for international trade and welcoming foreign investment and trade. Corporation now have the flexibility of operate across borders and thus increase foreign investment in other country. Foreign investment will increase economic growth in many developing countries. A research done by African Economic Research Consortium for Nigeria proves that foreign direct investment positively affects their economic growth and needs to be encouraged (African economic research consortium 2007). China is the top ranked destination for foreign investors since year 2002 (Kearney 2010). They had 21 percent of tax revenue came from the foreign invested enterprises, 28 percent of industrial output produce by foreign investment enterprises and more than half of their exports which is 57 percent were created by foreign investment enterprises (Zhang 2007). However, there is some disadvantage of lowering barrier for trading trade. Since people are not bound to...
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...price. An organised retail has the potential to drive efficiencies in this chain and increase price realisation for farmers by 10-30 per cent through sourcing directly or closer to the farm. You could soon have cheaper air tickets as well. The government has decided to allow 49 per cent FDI in Airlines. FDI will spur more investments, lead to expansion and mergers and acquisitions as well as open up jobs. However, experts say the sector needs more reforms to be attractive enough for foreign investment. The government on Friday relaxed the FDI limit in direct-to-home (DTH), Cable Networks and teleports to 74 per cent from 49 per cent earlier. The would mean you would have a a wider range of entertainment channels to enjoy. the cabinet has proposed raising the FDI cap from 26 per cent to 49 per cent for the insurance sector. This could help in improving the quality of insurance agents and reduce mis-selling of products. The move would also aid in a better evaluation of claims and help reduce the rejection of policies. pensioners too have reason to cheer with the cabinet proposing FDI in pension. The cabinet cleared a bill to allow up to 49% foreign investment in the pension industry. This would mean pension products would be made available in the private sector as well. The opposition however has slammed the FDI move in insurance and pension....
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...Answer: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been an important part of the economic transition, business liberalization and macro-economic growth story in Bangladesh over the last decade. Since the last decade, there has been a considerable change in global flows of trade and finance including a surge in FDI. Despite being a recent phenomenon, several underlying factors have contributed to increasing the FDI inflow in Bangladesh, such as trade and exchange liberalization, current account convertibility, emphasis on private sector led development, liberalization of the investment regime, opening up of infrastructure and services to the private sector-both domestic and foreign, and above all the interest of foreign investors in energy and telecommunication sector. It is argued that more open trade policies are associated with the presence of foreign firms and economy-wide technological and productivity gains in developing countries like Bangladesh. There also exists evidence of a strong positive correlation between increasing share of FDI in GDP and diversification to high-technology exports in countries that have open trade regimes. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has played a key role in the modernization of the Bangladesh economy for the last 15 years. Bangladesh received FDI of $1.13 billion last year compared to $910 million in 2010. This increase of about 25% is higher than the average 23% worldwide growth of FDI. According to the 2012 World Investment Report (WIR) of...
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...Trends in Foreign Direct Investment Inflows This article briefly examines recent trends in foreign direct investment in Australia, both in the context of the longer-term perspective and relative to the experience of other countries. It also discusses the role of foreign direct investment within Australia’s overall investment requirements, and outlines characteristics of foreign direct investment in relation to sector and type of asset acquired. Overall Investment Trends Business investment growth has strengthened since the early 1990s recession, with the result that in constant price terms investment as a share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reached a record level in 1996-97. Surveyed business intentions and continuing favourable economic fundamentals point to ongoing strong growth in the period ahead. As a result, capital stock growth in recent years has recovered to above average rates, and is forecast to continue to strengthen. Coupled with improvements in the efficiency with which the capital stock is used, this strong growth in the capital stock provides the foundation for sustained strong growth in activity and employment. Australia accesses foreign saving through either borrowing (debt) or greater foreign ownership of Australian activities (equity). Foreign direct investment (FDI) is one form of the latter. For official measurement purposes, FDI is regarded as an equity interest of 10 per cent or more in an enterprise. A direct comparison of trends in FDI and capital...
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...Executive summary. The greenfield FDI is a form of direct investment where a parent company starts a new business in a foreign country by setting up new operational facilities. In addition to building new facilities, most parent companies also create new long-term jobs in the foreign country by hiring new employees. In order to decide which country is better for ‘greenfield’ foreign direct investment via sole ownership, the advantages and disadvantages of the countries should be considered. For example, China is a developing country, and during the past 30 years, China’s rapid economic development shows that China has a strong power in developing economic. In recent decades, China stays on one of the leading positions in direct investment and therefore a lot of investments to this country are considered to be profitable for any company or investor. The reasons are simple: the growth of the economy and a large number of different projects. Foreign direct investment in China, due to stable growth potential of the economy and a huge production resources, aimed at both the external and the internal market.The innovative ability is a great attraction for investment managers around the world. In contrast, a lot of foreign investors had chosen China for investment and this resulted in a very big competition. Nevertheless, USA is a successfully developed country. And its economy is the top one in the world. As the most important country in the first world countries, the USA...
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............................... 19 Page 1 of 36 © 2012 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Economics for Everyone: Going Global–FDI Fables–FDI in Multibrand Retail Economics for Everyone: Going Global–FDI Fables–FDI in Multibrand Retail India Infoline News Service 5,801 words 2 May 2012 Indiainfoline News Service INFOIN English Copyright © 2012. Indiainfoline Ltd. FDI- Foreign Direct Investment Context: NEWS FDI in multi-brand retail to go ahead,TNN (TIMES OF INDIA) Govt says committed to multi-brand retail FDI FE BUREAU Aviation FDI: Cautious, Centre set to take allies on board, BUSINESS STANDARD India has been ranked at the third place in global foreign direct investments in 2009 and will continue to remain among the top five attractive destinations for international investors during 2010-11, according to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in a report on world investment prospects titled, 'World Investment Prospects Survey 2009-2011' released in July 2009. A report released in February 2010 by Leeds University Business School, commissioned by UK Trade & Investment (UKTI), ranks India among the top three countries where British companies can do better...
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...In the Foreign Direct Investment by Cemex talks about that Cemex is rising to global status. Cemex is the world’s third largest cement company in the world and Mexico’s largest multinational company. In Mexico, Cemex is known for its efficient manufacturing and excellent customer service. Cemex began its international expansion in an effort to reduce its reliance on the Mexican market, to capitalize on demand in developing countries and its knowledge of developing company’s needs, and finally, to increase its value by acquiring inefficient companies and transferring its skills to those companies. Cemex plans to continue its foreign expansion, and believes that China and India will be important markets in the future. Discussion of the case can revolve around the following questions: Which theoretical explanation, or explanations, of FDI best explains Cemex’s FDI? Cemex is a cement company it is consentingly exporting. It is difficult to export because of the weight of the product. Cemex can expand into new markets, but they would either need to get a license of a local company or make an investment in the market directly. Cemex’s success is due in part to its top notch customer service, and relationship with distributors, but these advantages could be difficult to allocate, the company will probably choose to invest directly. What is the value that Cemex brings to the host economy? Can you see any potential drawbacks of inward investment by Cemex in an economy? Cemex has...
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...Foreign Direct Investments: Volkswagen’s Entry Strategy in China’s Car Market 21/1/2013 Content Page Table of Contents Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Literature review 2 Volkswagen rational for China – Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm. 4 Conclusion 6 References 7 Abstract China is one of the most attractive destinations for Foreign Direct Investments in the world. It is first destination for Inward FDI among developing countries (WTO, 2012). China has developed second world’s largest car market after U.S.A. and has been the largest car producer in the world since 2008. German company Volkswagen (hereafter VW) is the world’s second largest motor vehicle manufacturer after Toyota Motor (CNN, 2012) and the biggest manufacturer in Europe. VW is one of the earliest investors and the biggest foreign car maker in China with 15% of market shares. This report, by applying relevant theories, such as Dunning’s eclectic paradigm or Hymer’s internationalization theory, will explain why VW Company decided to invest in China through joint venture rather than acquisition or Greenfield investment. Introduction Chinese car industry, as well as many other branches, is very young, although dynamic and fast growing. In 1978 Chinese government introduced policy of open doors which allowed foreign companies to invest and operate in China. Since then car sector has developed rapidly from an infant to a mature industry. Moreover, Chinese government provides various...
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...FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN By Toxeitov Nurlan THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2004 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN By Toxeitov Nurlan THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2004 Professor Tony Michell 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................(iii) LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................(v) INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................(vi) CHAPTER I. INVESTMENT AND THEIR PLACE IN ECONOMIC SYSTEM §1 §2 Definition of investments and their classification ................................................4 Foreign direct investments as the catalyst of economic growth (on an example of the various countries) ..............................................................7 §3 The international investment activity and her institutes .....................................16 CHAPTER II. INVESTMENT CLIMATE IN KAZAKHSTAN §1 §2 §3 §4 Appeal of economy of Kazakhstan to foreign investors .....................................22 Fixed capital investment in Kazakhstan by region ...................
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...Current state of Indian Economy August 2010 Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry New Delhi Highlights – August 2010 July 2010 overall industrial growth numbers continued on the path of buoyancy. The high growth in the overall industrial output was solely on account of the heavyweight manufacturing sector. The other two sectors also remained in the positive zone in July and during the period from April – July 2010. However, the growth in output was lower than the growth seen in the corresponding period of previous year (FY10). Going by the use-based classification we see a huge rise in the production of capital goods which rose by 63 percent in July 2010 as compared to the rise of 1.7 percent in the same month of previous year. The growth in the consumer goods output swelled only on account the durables segment. The industry segments that registered a sizable increase in output were food products, cotton textiles, jute products, paper products , rubber and plastic products, petroleum , coal and tar, metal products and among the capital goods were the machinery and equipment , transport equipment and parts. The growth momentum of the six core infrastructure industries was maintained with the increase in petroleum products ( crude petroleum and petroleum refinery). Production in coal and power remained positive, however, the growth numbers were not higher than the previous year. The two segments that were found in the negative territory were cement and finished...
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