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Fraud atas Kajian Hukum
Kecurangan atau fraud adalah suatu konsep hukum dengan terminology dimana harus ditentukan oleh seorang ahli hukum. Namun, fraud dikategorikan sebagai tindak kejahatan/kriminologi di Negara Indonesia. Hal tersebut banyak kita lihat dalam undang-undang tindak pidana korupsi yang dimana unsur-unsur tersebut tergolong dalam pasal 2,3 dan 13 UU 31 tahun 2009 yo UU No. 3/71 yo UU no 24/Prp/60. Unsur-unsur yang ada dalam pasal 2 adalah
1. perbuatan melawan hukum
2. memperkaya diri sendiri/orang lain/suatu korporasi yang merugikan perekonomian Negara
3. perbuatan hukum tersebut dilakukan secara formil dan material (perlu dibuktikan)
Sedangkan unsur yang terdapat dalam pasal 3 adalah
1. perbuatan melawan hukum
2. menggunakan kesempatan/sarana yang ada padanya
Sedangkan pada pasal 13 adalah
1. perbuatan melawan hukum
2. setiap orang yang member hadiah/janji kepada pegawai negeri dengan mengingat kekuasaan yang melekat pada kedudukannya
3. pemberi hadiah/janji dianggap melekat pada jabatan tersebut

Kriminologi adalah suatu pengetahuan empiris yang mempelajari dan mendalami secara ilmiah tentang kejahatan (fraud) dan orang yang melakukan kejahatan (penjahat), seperti:
1. gejala kejahatan, penjahat, dan mereka yang ada sangkut pautnya dengan kejahatan
2. sebab-sebab dari kejahatan
3. reaksi masyarakat terhadap kejahatan
Kriminologi dalam kajiannya bergantung pada ilmu-ilmu seperti antropologi, sosiologi, psikologi, ekonomi, kedokteran, statistic. Dengan demikian maka sifat kriminologi adalah interdisipliner. Mengingat akan hal ini, maka kriminologi di artikan sebagai disiplin yang factual dan bukan normatif meskipun mempunyai hubungan istimewa dengan hukum pidana.

Enschede membedakan ilmu hukum pidana yang normatif dengan faktual antara lain
1. hukum pidana dan hukum acara pidana
2. kriminologi, kriminalistik, psikiatri, dan psikologi forensik, sosiologi hukum pidana
Hukum pidana memuat dua hal yaitu syarat-syarat untuk memungkinkan penjatuhan pidana dan pidana. Jika dirincikan antara lain adalah a. perubuatan yang dilarang b. tentang orang yang melanggar larangan itu c. tentang pidana yang diancam kepada pelanggar fungsi hukum pidana dibedakan antara lain a. fungsi primer = wajar atau tidak menimbulkan masalah b. fungsi sekunder = pengaturan tentang kontrol social sebagaimana dilaksanakan secara spontan (dibuat oleh Negara dengan alat perlengkapannya) tujuan dari hukum pidana, antara lain: a. melindungi masyarakat dan orang terhadap tindak kejahatan dan penjahat b. menjamin hak-hak dan kepentingan yang sah dari warga masyarakat
Dalam pembaharuan hukum terdapat 3 aspek seperti
1. kriminalisasi = proses penetapan perbuatan yang semula bukan tindak pidana menjadi tindak pidana
2. dekriminalisasi = proses penghapusan sifat tidak pidana menjadi bukan tindak pidana
3. depenalisasi = proses penghapusan ancaman pidana terhadap perbuatan yang semula tindak pidana (dimungkinkan adanya penuntutan secara lain)
Hukum pidana harus mempunyai fungsi yang subsidier yang artinya bahwa dalam usaha melindungi masyarakat hendaknya digunakan upaya-upaya lain dulu dan apabila kurang memadai, barulah hukum pidana digunakan.

Hubungan Konjungtur ekonomi dan kriminalitas
Bahwa apabila kondisi suatu perekonomian buruk maka dapat dipastikan bahwa adanya kriminalitas akan tetapi tak bisa dipungkiri bahwa dalam kondisi perekonomian yang baik juga terdapat kejahatan sehingga perlu adanya penelitian, selanjutnya diperoleh jawaban apakah perlu hukum pidana di inzetten. Misalnya apabila terjadi banyak penyelundupan maka perlu dipikirkan adanya spekulasi kriminalisasi dan perubahan dari peraturan bea cukai, dsb.
Masalah White-Collar Crime
Adalah semua bentuk pelanggaran yang dilakukan dalam bidang profesi yang berusaha semata-mata memperoleh keuntungan dengan menghiraukan kerugian yang diderita oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini dapat dijadian revisi atas hukum yang ada seperti peraturan pemberantasan tindak korupsi.
Pembobolan bank
Termasuk tindakan White-collar crime dimana kepercayaan nasabah di manfaatkan oleh oknum staf bank itu sendiri yang biasanya ditujukan pada nasabah prioritas, kelas utama atau private banking.
Mengutip pesan pejabat disebuah bank di Indonesia, Trust Nobody!

Pertanyaan
1. Jelaskan unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam pasal 2 UU 31 tahun 2009 yo UU No. 3/71 yo UU no 24/Prp/60 terkait korupsi
2. Jelaskan unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam pasal 3 UU 31 tahun 2009 yo UU No. 3/71 yo UU no 24/Prp/60 terkait korupsi
3. Jelaskan unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam pasal 13 UU 31 tahun 2009 yo UU No. 3/71 yo UU no 24/Prp/60 terkait korupsi
4. bagaimanakah hubungan antara hukum pidana dengan korupsi? Jelaskan
5. apakah white collar crime seperti pembobolan bank dapat dijerat dengan hukum pidana? Jelaskan dari sisi perspektif elemen hukum pidana
Jawaban
1. Unsur-unsur yang ada dalam pasal 2 adalah * perbuatan melawan hukum * memperkaya diri sendiri/orang lain/suatu korporasi yang merugikan perekonomian Negara * perbuatan hukum tersebut dilakukan secara formil dan material (perlu dibuktikan) artinya adalah tindakan yang melanggar hukum yang dengan tujuan untuk memperkaya baik itu secara pribadi, golongan maupun umum dan adanya bukti yang tegas atau menjerat secara pribadi, golongan maupun umum seperti penggelapan pajak
2. unsur yang terdapat dalam pasal 3 adalah * perbuatan melawan hukum * menggunakan kesempatan/sarana yang ada padanya
Artinya adalah tindakan yang melanggar hukum dengan memanfaatkan kedudukannya seperti perjalanan dinas dimanfaatkan untuk jalan-jalan dan keperluan belanja selama perjalanan ditanggung oleh Negara.
3, Unsur pada pasal 13 adalah * perbuatan melawan hukum * setiap orang yang memberi hadiah/janji kepada pegawai negeri dengan mengingat kekuasaan yang melekat pada kedudukannya * pemberi hadiah/janji dianggap melekat pada jabatan tersebut
Artinya adalah tindakan yang melanggar hukum yang sifatnya berupa pemberian hadiah/janji kepada pegawai negeri yang memiliki kedudukan yang melekat. Seperti kasus suap kepada menteri Negara agar perusahaannya tidak di pailit
4. sifatnya melekat karena korupsi dikatakan sebagai tindakan kejahatan dan tindakan kejahatan diatur pasalnya dalam undang-undang hukum pidana seperti yang terdapat pada pasal 13 UU 31 tahun 2009 yo UU No. 3/71 yo UU no 24/Prp/60 terkait dengan korupsi berupa pemberian hadiah/janji
5. dapat dijerat karena white collar crime merupakan kejahatan dengan menggunakan kedudukannya pada suatu organisasi baik itu di d dalam pemerintahan ataupun diluar pemerintahan dan seperti yang terdapat pada pasal 3 UU 31 tahun 2009 yo UU No. 3/71 yo UU no 24/Prp/60 terkait korupsi berupa pemanfaatan sarana yang ada padanya.
White collar merupakan tindak kejahatan yang memanfaatkan ilmu sosiologi, ekonomi serta psikologi dan elemen-elemen tersebut dipelajari dalam kriminologi dimana kriminologi diatur dalam hukum pidana

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