...The Brain and Behavior BEH/225 Ah’Nonda Bates March 23, 2014 The Brain and Behavior The organ which serves as the center of the nervous system in humans is the brain. The brain is divided into four sections called lobes and each lobe is associated with different functions and behaviors. The four lobes are the frontal lobe, the temporal lobe, the parietal lobe, and the occipital lobe. The frontal lobe and the temporal lobe are the two sections of the brain that are more closely linked to human behavior. Damage afflicted to any one of these lobes can cause a number of problems, such as difficulties with motor skills, speech and vision impairment, and behavioral changes, all depending on the severity and location of the brain injury. The parietal lobe is the middle section of the brain that processes sensory information. Bodily senses that are recognized by the parietal lobe are pain, touch, and pressure. The back section of the brain is known as the occipital lobe. This area is responsible for processing visual information received from the eyes. As for human behavior, personality, and emotions, the sections of the brain responsible are the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe. Located in the front section of the brain is the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe is divided into four sections. This part of the brain is correlated to reasoning, motor skills, expressive language, and cognition. The frontal lobe controls functions that have an effect on behavior, such...
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...The Brain and Behavior BEH 225 February 9, 2014 The temporal lobe is a region of the cerebral cortex that is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain. The temporal lobes are involved in the retention of visual memories, processing sensory input, comprehending language, storing new memories, emotion, and deriving meaning. The frontal lobe is an area in the brain of mammals, located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to (in front of) the parietal lobe and superior and anterior to the temporal lobes. It is separated from the parietal lobe by a space between tissues called the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by a deep fold called the lateral (Sylvain) sulcus. The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the fore-brain. One of the main differences between the frontal lobe and temporal lobe is each section’s position within the brain. The frontal lobe consists of two sub-sections and is located in the front of the brain just behind the forehead, while the temporal lobe is found below the frontal lobe. The remaining brain lobes, the parietal and occipital lobes, are located behind the frontal and temporal lobes. Although both the frontal lobe and temporal...
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...about human brain power that can manipulate numerous functions related to cognition. The human brain is responsible for memory, perception, learning, and emotions that contribute to how information is gathered; in addition, environmental factors can determine how information is recorded and utilized. The brain is a huge operating system of which human cognitive skills and abilities depend on proper brain functioning that regulate particular biological processes. Cerebral Cortex The Cerebral Cortex is a region of the brain predominantly responsible for identifying human language; environmental perception and methods of which the brain will process information retrieved. The cerebral cortex is divided into a right and left hemisphere that contains four lobes; parietal, frontal, occipital and temporal. Within the cerebral cortex each lobe controls a particular bodily function that allows us to see, hear, smell, and touch. The executive functioning happens within the frontal lobe which controls human thinking and the method of which we reason and make judgments. "The frontal lobe is susceptible to injury because of the position inside of the skull. This area of the brain is responsible for motor function, solving problems, socialization, and impulse control to name a few. Fuster (2002) state, " Simamura (1995) suggests that these problems may arise not because attention and planning are located in the frontal lobe but rather because areas of the frontal lobe inhibit activity...
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...Gage Paper The Brain an amazing structure it is designed to multitask on a continual basis. The human brain weighting three pounds, and having the ability to give life as well as learn and move throughout life is amazing. Each part of the brain controls specific actions. Understanding, and recognize where the actions are coming from will give understanding on how the human mind works and understanding how we learn. ( WEBSITE) Cognitive Brain functions Cognitive functions can consist of problem solving, speaking, and learning as well as retaining memory and expressing and feeling emotions. Cognitive functions originate in the part of the brain called cerebrum also known as the cerebral cortex this takes up majority of the brains mass. The cerebral cortex is made up of four lobes which consist of frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and the occipital lobe. Each lobe has a task and serves a cognitive function to the brain. Some task such as speaking and learning require coordinated processing from multiple areas of the cerebrum (Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/about_5386858_normal-brain-functions.html). Frontal lobe This lobe can be found in the front of the brain, and this is the center for emotions and personality. Motor speech and behavior and critical thinking are centered in the frontal lobe. Problem solving, reasoning, planning, memory, language, judgment control of impulses, and social and sexual behavior as well are managed by frontal lobe (Retrieved from...
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...activities are constantly flowing through the brain providing an impact relating to behavior. Researchers base biological theories on flaws relating to heredity, dysfunction of the brain’s neurotransmitters, injuries, trauma, or abnormalities involving the brain affecting behavior (Raine, 2002). Brain development is a biological theory providing information connecting damage of the frontal lobes located in the brain’s cerebrum to criminal behavior. The brain is similar to a computer sending messages to the body and when the messages cannot be delivered it is because of a dysfunction that has occurred in the brain. The frontal lobes and the limbic system are two of the major areas of the brain involving behavior. The frontal lobes are responsible for reasoning, problem solving, and emotions (Allen & Harper, 2010). The limbic system contains electrical circuitry controlling emotions and motivation (Allen & Harper, 2010). The amygdala when stimulated produces behavior related to emotions, memory and fear. When the amygdala is functioning properly it produces the proper behavioral reaction or response to the event that is happening (Allen & Harper, 2010) When damage occurs to the frontal lobes the ability to reason or censor thoughts, and actions will become impaired leading to maladaptive behavior, aggression, or anti-social behavior (Allen, & Harper, 2010). A study by Antonio Damasio provided information relating to injuries of the frontal lobes may...
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...understanding of brain Function Introduction Phineas Gage is known about by many people as the famous patient of neuroscience. He experienced a distressing injury when a rod of iron passes through his head. He escaped from this accident but his personality got changed completely afterward. He was a simple man before an accident, full of energy but after his accident he was “no longer gage “(Harlow, 1868, pp. 339–340). His new kind of behavior didn’t have any relevance to his old personality. He became the man who get involve in bad blasphemous having a difference with his co-workers. He died in 1860. after several years right after the passing away Phineas’ entire body was exhumed, his skull was removed and taken along, with the iron rod, to Harlow, next surviving in Woburn simply outdoors Boston. When his skull was examined it was found that both sides of his prefrontal cortex received severe damage due that iron rod which passes through his head. Discussion The primary single-process answers gain coming from Ferrier’s 1876 experiment based conclusion a pre-frontally found inhibitory-motor mechanism manipulated measures by simply regulatory the particular relationship relating to the brain’s physical and motor parts. 2 years after primary formulating the particular device, Ferrier applied this kind of inability regarding inhibition to explain Phineas’ signs. (Ferrier, 1878). The change in his behavior was because of that major damage to his brain. Our brain is divided into...
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...The brain is the largest and most complex part of the nervous system. It weighs about 3 pounds (1.3 kilograms), and contains about 100 billion neurons. Bateman, J. Fremont. "The Brain and Nervous System." The New Book of Popular Science. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug.2013. Cerebrum, one of the major divisions of the brain. "Cerebrum." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug. 2013. Cerebrum The cerebrum, which comprises about 85% of the weight of the human brain, is involved in the ability to plan, to exercise creativity, and to store information in memory. On its surface is the cerebral cortex, a sheet of gray matter named for its wrinkled appearance (cortex being the Latin word for tree bark). Cerebral Cortex. Varying in thickness from about 0.06 to 0.2 inch (1.5 to 4.5 mm), the cerebral cortex not only receives and processes information regarding taste, touch, sight, sound, and smell but also governs muscle movement, thus allowing humans to analyze their surroundings and to respond to them as well. The cerebral cortex is divided into three areas, with two less structurally developed areas respectively processing emotion and smell, and the more elaborate neocortex processing all other functions. The three-layered archicortex is the emotional portion of the brain and is the simplest of the three. The three- to five-layered paleocortex is the olfactory portion of the brain. The neocortex is a more complex six-layered structure...
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...Brain injuries can be life alternating, and need to be monitored very closely. The most common way injury occurs is on impact, through coup-contrecoup injuries, which are also known as acceleration/deceleration injuries. These are the case when the brain jounces in the skull. Coup means blow, so the brain is injured focally, like after being hit like with a baseball bat where the injury is only located where the direct impact occurred. Contrecoup, meaning “opposite the blow,” is like falling backwards where the head hits the ground, but the brain keeps moving, causing a decompression injury when the frontal lobe hits the front of the head, as well as a diffuse injury. This is known as the vacuum effect, due to the “closed-container” of the...
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...The temporary lobe is part of the brain that is responsible for the memory capacities that Lucy does not possess. The temporal lobe is responsible for receiving information from the ears. I believe it is the temporal lobe that causes Lucy brain damage, because according to the (Frontal Lobe Brain Injury), any serious injury to the body can have a significant any lasting effects. However, the brain injuries bring with them an even more profound set of challenges (Frontal Lobe Brain Injury). This mean, is a person suffer from a brain injury, it can change their physical, cognitive, or behavioral in his or her life. In Lucy brain, it is learning how to adjust to physical, cognitive, or behavioral changes, so that it can return to the highest...
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...railway construction accident. Phineas was in the town of Cavendish in the state of Vermont; he was tampering iron; these are around three feet long. Buy the chance the iron was fired, and it went through his head, after a CT scan which was cutting edge technology in its time, this showed the iron had gone through his cranium, destruction of his left frontal lobe. Even though he had a painful mishap, Phineas Gage made a remarkable improvement; he was alive for 12 years. He moved to San Francisco, and on the date of May 21, 1860 he died of epilepsy difficulties. The brain has been studied for many years by researchers trying to find the role cognitive functions play in the brain. Phineas was given the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury also known as TBI; this gives comprehension of how TBI's shape cognitive functions. It’s unfortunate that Phineas went through his tragic accident, but it did help researchers find the crucial knowledge of the brain and the areas that show proof of cognitive functions and how traumatic brain injury (TBI) happens. A person's cognitive abilities can foresee functional aftermath after a TBI (traumatic brain injury). The degree of concurrent rational abilities influences the significance of the functional renewal. The changes of a person's social, emotional, and behavioral functioning, is the rapid amount of fluctuations a TBI. People with TBI's normally have problems with some direct functions like, memory and information processing speed. Phineas Gage was...
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...BEH/225 THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR ESSAY The Brain and Behavior Essay BEH/225 June 7, 2014 The Brain and Behavior In the four lobes of the brain, temporal lobe is of them. Cerebral cortex the major part of which this lobe is part of. It is on the lower side of both cerebral hemispheres on each side. This lobe has different functions, mainly auditory detection, keeping memory and emotional perception. The hippocampus happens to be an area of the brain that consolidates information from brain. The damage to this lobe is mainly linked to the impairment of an individual experiences. For instance, damage that occurs to the left lobe may cause difficult noting words while damage to the right lobe can cause lack of talk inhibition. One of the well noted behavior due to damage to this lobe is attention type of disorder, victims proving distraction and inability to attention. They give incompatible memory, sometimes it is called forgetting to recall. The way of thinking of victims with this injury happens to be hard, and they may prove some improper issues in their way of responding. This preservation, with inability to change form one way of thinking to another, brings difficulties with calculations, such as carryover subtraction. Aphasia is not all times observed, but this so contrary from Wernicke’s and Broca’s response on it. Victims have well monitored motor speech. Repetition is always intact...
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...The Brain and Behavior In this paper I will be discussing the contrasting roles of the temporal and frontal lobes on behavior. What types of behaviors the temporal and frontal lobes are responsible for, and finally what can possibly happen if there is any damage within these lobes. According to the Merriam Webster online dictionary, the brain is an “organ of the body in the head that controls functions, movements, sensations, and thoughts.” (Merriam Webster, n.d.) The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain; and is divided into two hemispheres and four different lobes. Each lobe controls many major functions, behaviors, emotions, and feelings that we need and use in our everyday lives. Lobes and What They Control There are four different sections in the brain called lobes, these lobes are called, the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe and finally, the temporal lobe. Each of these lobes has different functions that contribute to the many different behaviors of people. The frontal lobe, also called the cerebral cortex is located at the front of the brain right behind the forehead. This lobe is associated with reasoning, higher level cognitive, motor skills, and expressive language. According to K. L. Hartwig, the frontal lobes of the brain “are the seat of emotions and judgments related to sympathy, which is the ability to feel sorrow for someone else's suffering, and empathy, which the ability to understand another's feelings and problems.”...
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...The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. The brain produces our every thought, action, memory, and feeling. It controls our voluntary movements, and it regulates involuntary activities such as breathing and heartbeat. The Brain is a jelly like mass of tissue, weighing in at around 3 pounds, and constitutes about 2 percent of total body weight but uses 20 per cent of the oxygen used by the entire body when at rest. The brain can go without oxygen for only three to five minutes before serious damage results. The brain contains a staggering one hundred billion nerve cells, or neurons. The left hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body while the right hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body. Our brains are made mostly of water 78 percent, fat 10 percent, and protein 8 percent. A living brain is so soft that you could cut it with a butter knife. The brain is not just a mass of tissue; the brain serves as the seat of human consciousness: it stores our memories, enables us to feel emotions, and gives us our personalities. In short words the brain dictates the behaviors that allow us to survive and makes us who we are. The brain consists of three major divisions: (1) the massive paired hemispheres of the cerebrum, which include the Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal Lobes on the left and right hemispheres. (2) The brainstem, consisting of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla...
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...The frontal lobe is responsible for functions including organization, creating, problem-solving skills, planning, and evaluating, therefore damage to this section of the brain may result in behavioral problems. The four functional areas the frontal lobe contains are the primary motor cortex, the premotor area, Broca’s area, and the prefrontal cortex (Perry, 2002). Concern over any behavioral changes are more focused in the prefrontal cortex function which is involved with personality, insight and foresight, as well as the control of cognitive mechanisms (Perry, 2002). An example of that cognitive control is when we are able to overcome our habitually tendencies, such as sitting in our chair behind the desk in our own office, so we can coordinate our behavior to the abstract social rule where if we were to walk into someone else’s office, the chair in front of the desk would be the more appropriate choice (Badre, Hoffman, Cooney, & D’Esposito, 2009). Along with the behavioral changes, the brain injury could possibly affect the ability to work. Since the frontal lobe focuses on executive functions such as problem-solving and so on, it could hinder our ability to perform the job correctly. However, mild cases of traumatic brain injuries are frequent and usually diminish over time with side effects ranging from headaches to post-traumatic amnesia, therefore depending on the severity of the injury will help in determining the possible outcomes of the side effects from any brain...
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...Brain Structures and Functions Worksheet PSY/340 Version 3 1 University of Phoenix Material Brain Structures and Functions Worksheet Provide a brief description for each of the following functions: 1. Basal ganglia The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are a group of nuclei of varied origin in the brains of vertebrates that act as a cohesive functional unit. They are situated at the base of the forebrain and strongly connected 2. with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of Corpus collosum functions, including voluntary motorof nerve fibers that divides the cerebrumroutine behaviors or "habits" The corpus callosum is a thick band control, procedural learning relating to into left and right such as bruxism, eye movements, and cognitive,of the brainfunctions. for communication between both hemispheres. It connects the left and right sides emotional allowing 3. hemispheres. The corpus callosum transfers motor, sensory, and cognitive information between the brain Temporal lobe hemispheres. lobes are one of the four main lobes or regions of the cerebral cortex. Structures of the The temporal limbic system, including the olfactory cortex, amygdala, and the hippocampus are located within the 4. temporal lobes. The temporal lobes play an important role in organizing sensory input, auditory Occipital lobe perception, language and speech production, asperception system. They are not particularly...
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