...benefits to Boeing of outsourcing so much work on the 787 to foreign suppliers? - risks associated with technological gamble – 70% to foreign nations - in return for a share of the work, partners would contribute toward the 8b in development costs for the 787 - tap into the expertise of the most efficient producers, thereby driving down the costs - Boeing believed that outsourcing to other countries would help it gather sales in those countries - believed that by outsourcing the design of so many components, it will cut the time to develop the aircraft from six to four years (b) What are the potential risks? - 17 partners from 10 countries were selected to produce parts for the aircraft - the rear fuselage was to be made in SC, the middle fuselage sections and the horizontal tailpieces were to be made in Italy, three Japanese were to produce the plane’s wings, the nose was to be made in Canada - these were bulky pieces – shipped to Washington state for final assembly - cracks in a globally dispersed supply chain - mid 2007 – might be a few months late – 12 mths for first delivery - additional in 2b developmental costs - possibility of millions in penalty costs for the late delivery - several key partners were not able to meet boeing’s schedules - were the partners – technology ready to produce - component parts did not meet the required quality standards - language barrier – instructions in local language - partners...
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...systems; two, three, four, or even five main rotor blades; skids, wheels; one or two engines. Yet, despite all the differences to the structure and therefore the aerodynamic properties of the helicopter, the one thing that remains constant in every aircraft are the flight controls and how they control pitch, roll, and yaw. All helicopters have three basic sets of controls. The cyclic controls the pitch of the rotor system as a whole, and therefore affects the pitch and roll of the fuselage. The collective changes the pitch of the blades, which changes the angle of attack and therefore lifts to change, which in turn causes the aircraft to pitch up or down. Additionally, adjusting the collective also has causes a change in torque of the main rotor and so the fuselage yaws left or right. And finally, to offset the torque of the main rotor the pedals change the pitch angle of the tail rotor which provides control in the yaw axis. The cyclic can affect changes in the roll and yaw of the fuselage by changing the lift vector of the rotor system. Aviator inputs to collective and cyclic pitch controls are transmitted to the rotor blades through a complex system. This system consists of levers, mixing units, input servos, stationary and rotating swashplates, and pitch-change arms. In its simplest form, movement of collective pitch control causes stationary and rotating swashplates mounted centrally on the rotor shaft to rise and descend. The movement of cyclic...
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...common; they are run by major components and aerodynamics that make flying possible. The major components of an airplane and their functions are what make an aircraft fly into the air. An aircraft has five major components: fuselage, wings, landing gears, empennage, and power plants. The many complex parts of an aircraft and schematics are all responsible for making the aircraft design. In an effort to understand the design, it is imperative to break down the most common basic components to reflect how they work together to make an aircraft fly into the air. The fuselage is the part of an aircraft that is designed to carry cargo, equipment, people etc. Each major component is attached to the fuselage. The most common shape of a fuselage is a cylinder like tube that was designed to decrease drag and produce a little lift. The fuselage material is made of steel/aluminum. The different shapes are welded together to create the strength and bond it needs to hold together. The shaped pieces are called trusses ("Aircraft structure -," 2006). The fuselage also contains a cockpit which is the control room of the aircraft. All action and commands happen in that section of the plane. The wings of an aircraft are attached to each side of the fuselage. They were designed to produce lift so the aircraft is able to fly and support the aircraft in flight. There are many different types of wings designs that are made...
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...first tutorial and I thought I would share some of the knowledge I have gained on modelling aircraft in 3D. I’ve decided to do this tutorial with the free Blender software (2.45) so that anybody can have a go at it at without having to outlay lots of cash. The purpose of this tutorial is not to teach you how to use Blender (although I will give plenty of tips) but to show you how I go about modelling aircraft. The techniques I show should readily transfer to any 3D software that you use. For this tutorial we will use the Nieuport 11 as an example as a lot of the shapes are relatively easy compared to WWII aircraft or modern jets although the techniques shown are equally applicable to those types. We will cover how to model a wheel, cowling, fuselage, tail plane, fin, top wing and engine crankcase. I will also show how to uvmap those items so you can texture your aircraft. I will also give some tips on how to model the rest of the aircraft if you wish to finish it off. This is the first time I have ever used Blender so there may be better ways of doing things. Getting Started Step 1 Download Blender 2.45 & install. Optional Download Python 2.5 for your operating system & install. Note: Python allows full functionality of the software but you should still be able to do this tutorial without Python. Step 2 Download these 3 PDF files which teach you the basics of the interface, keyboard shortcuts and have some tutorials that are well worth going through before you start modelling aircraft...
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...Institute of Engineering and Technology Philippine State College of Aeronautics Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City DRAW 122 Mechanical Drawing & Blueprint Reading Name: Mike Melvin L. Tiano 2nd Semester S.Y. 2014-2015 Professor: Mr. Richard E. Olipas Institute of Engineering and Technology Philippine State College of Aeronautics Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Name: Chester Allan Mill D. Fetalino 2nd Semester S.Y. 2014-2015 Institute of Engineering and Technology Philippine State College of Aeronautics Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Table of Content Plate NO. | Title | Grade | 1 | 3 views | 1.25 | 2 | A/C Specification | 1.00 | 3 | Engine Description | 1.00 | 4 | Weight Estimation | 1.00 | 5 | Wing tips | 1.00 | 6 | Aft tail variations | 1.00 | 7 | Other tail configuration | 1.00 | 8 | Propulsion system options | 1.00 | 9 | Inlet locations-buried engines | 1.00 | 10 | Inlet locations-podded engines | 1.00 | 11 | Propeller location matrix | 1.00 | 12 | Landing gear arrangement | 1.00 | 13 | Gear/shock arrangement | 1.00 | 14 | A home for the gear | 1.00 | 15 | Flap types | 1.00 | 16 | Leading edge devices | 1.00 | 17 | Average cockpit dimensions needed to provide adequate room for the pilot | 1.00 | 18 | Suggested dimension for windows, doors, and spacing for passengers | 1.00 | 19 | Normal tandem seating arrangement | 1.00 | 20 | Average dimensions for seating when the leg...
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...Andes flight disaster Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, also known as the Andes flight disaster and, in South America, as the Miracle of the Andes (El Milagro de los Andes) was a chartered flight carrying 45 people, including a rugby union team, their friends, family and associates, that crashed in the Andes on 13 October 1972. More than a quarter of the passengers died in the crash and several others quickly succumbed to cold and injury. Of the 27 who were alive a few days after the accident, another eight were killed by an avalanche that swept over their shelter in the wreckage. The last 16 survivors were rescued on 23 December 1972, more than two months after the crash. The survivors had little food and no source of heat in the harsh conditions at over 3,600 metres (11,800 ft) altitude. Faced with starvation and radio news reports that the search for them had been abandoned, the survivors fed on the dead passengers who had been preserved in the snow. Rescuers did not learn of the survivors until 72 days after the crash when passengers Nando Parrado and Roberto Canessa, after a 10-day trek across the Andes, found Chilean arriero Sergio Catalán, who gave them food and then alerted the authorities to the existence of the other survivors. The crash On 13 October 1972, a chartered Uruguayan Air Force twin turboprop Fairchild FH-227D was flying over the Andes carrying the Old Christians Club rugby union team from Montevideo, Uruguay, to play a match in Santiago, Chile. The trip...
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...T-Splines. Introduction Schuyler ‘Sky’ Greenawalt is a designer and the owner of School Street Design Company, which specializes in custom and prototype tooling and production of composite structures for the homebuilt and experimental aircraft community. One of his recent projects was a conceptual model for a Formula 1 Reno Racer, a small competitive aircraft designed to compete in the Formula 1 class of air races at speeds of over 200 mph. Aircraft design poses unusual challenges for surface modelers, since the wings and tails need to be very accurate representations of airfoils, but the rest of the surfaces—fuselages and other secondary structures—need to be very smooth and fair. The blends between the two can be particularly difficult to edit and modify. The reason for the difficulty in modeling these surfaces is not the complexity of the design. Airfoil and fuselage profiles and shapes are well understood. Rather, the challenge comes from the inherent difficulty in creating complex shapes using traditional NURBS surfacing; specifically surfaces with varying level of detail, high accuracy requirements and complex blend transitions. Almost every surface and solid modeling application on the market today is based on a technology called non-uniform rational BSplines (NURBS). Not until the availability of T-Splines in the last several years has there been a viable alternative technology for the designer to use. Sky was an early adopter of T-Splines and with this most recent project...
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...ABSTRACT This paper will attempt to discuss the basic aerodynamic principles of flight. It will be based on Module 3, Learning Objective 1: ‘For a typical aircraft, describe the functions of the structure and the flight controls. Apply aerodynamic principles to explain how flight controls control pitch, roll, and yaw’. It will also outline the basic control surfaces of an aircraft and the primary and secondary effects of each of them. In addition, it will also explore Bernoulli’s Principle and the forces acting on an aircraft in flight. Table of Contents Introduction5 Main Components of An Airplane 6 * Fuselage * Wings * Empennage The Wing and the Aerofoil7 Aerodynamics of Flight (Bernoulli’s Principle) 8 The Forces in Flight 9 * Lift * Thrust * Drag * Weight The 3 Axes of Rotations 10 * Longitudinal Axis * Lateral Axis * Vertical Axis Main Control Surfaces11 * Ailerons * Elevators * Rudders Secondary Effects of Control Surfaces12 Conclusion14 List of Figures Figure 1: The Magic of Flight 3 Figure 2: Main Components of an Airplane 4 Figure 3: The Wing And Aerofoil 5 Figure 4: Aerofoil Nomenclature 6 Figure 5: Bernoulli’s Principle 7 Figure 6: Forces on An Airplane in Flight 8 Figure 7: The 3 Axes of Rotation 9 Figure 8: 6 Degrees of Freedom 10 Figure 9: Control Surface: Ailerons 11 Figure 10: Control Surface: Elevators 11 Figure 11: Control Surface: Rudders 11 Introduction Figure...
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...Miniature Aerial Vehicle – Airframe characterization R. Shivkumar, Hemendra Arya & K. Sudhakar Department of Aerospace Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai – 400076 e-mail: arya@aero.iitb.ac.in Abstract: Airframe design is an important step in the development of mini aerial vehicles. Airframe design means the shape and size of the aircraft. Issues related to mini aerial vehicle design are discussed in the paper. In this paper a case study of design of a 0.6 m fixed wing aerial vehicle is presented. This case study also brings out the requirement of various tools to conduct such an exercise. Introduction: Significant interest is being shown by academic institutions in research activities related to Remotely Piloted Vehicles (RPV’s) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV’s). Flying platforms and their design with suitable payloads reinforce classroom education while exposing students to a host of flight related problems and issues of systems integration. There has been a long felt need to bring students, especially in the field of engineering, closer to the complexities and risks in dealing with actual systems. The Department of Aerospace Engineering, IIT Bombay has decided to make headway in this direction by developing remotely piloted aerial vehicles as experimental platforms[1]. The various disciplines required for such a design activity are aerodynamics, performance, structures, stability, control and propulsion. Each of these designs are different compared...
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...INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND The objective of the thesis is to predict and optimize the mechanical properties of Aircraft fuselage aluminium (AA5083). Firstly, data-driven modelling techniques such as Artificial Neural – Fuzzy networks and regressive analysis are used and by making the effective use of experimental data, FIS membership function parameters are trained. At the core, mathematical model that functionally relates tool rotational speed and forward movement per revolution to that of Yield strength, Ultimate strength and Weld quality are obtained. Also, simulations are performed, and the actual values are compared with the predicted values. Finally, multi-objective optimization of mechanical properties fuselage aluminium was undertaken using Genetic Algorithm to improve the performance of the tools industrially. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Objectives of the dissertation include Understanding the basic principles of operation of Friction Stir Welding (FSW). Gaining experience in modelling and regressive analysis. Gaining expertise in MATLAB programming. Identifying the best strategy to achieve the yield strength, Ultimate Tensile strength and Weld quality of Friction Stir Welding. Performing optimization of mechanical properties of FSW using Genetic Algorithm. I To draw conclusions on prediction of mechanical properties of FSW optimization of aircraft fuselage aluminium. ACHIEVEMENTS The basic principles of friction welding of the welding operations are well studied...
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...I0059 Laboratory Exercise Loading and Unloading Movie Clips Objectives: At the end of the exercise, the students should be able to: load and unload Movie Clips, and create instances of movie clips on the stage. Materials: Computer with Windows XP Service Pack 2 or higher installed with Adobe Flash Professional CS5.5 Procedures: 1. Open Adobe Flash CS4 application. 2. Create a Flash File ActionScript 3.0. 3. Click Insert > New Symbol and set the following: a. Name: jetX b. Type: Movie Clip 4. On the first layer draw a rectangle using the Rectangle tool ( a. Stroke Color: #000000 b. Fill Color: #CCCCCC c. Width: 106px d. Height: 15px 5. Add a new layer by clicking the Add Layer button (). 6. Click on the Line tool ( a diagonal line. ) with the following properties: ) and press the key while dragging the pointer over the stage to draw 7. Select the line and click on the Free Transform tool ( ) and change the angle of the line. 8. Click the Select tool ( ) and click on the line. 9. Right-click on the line and select Copy > Paste in Place. 10. With the new line selected, click Modify > Transform > Flip Vertical to flip the line. 11. Use the Select tool ( ) to position the line so as to form the tip of the triangle. 12. Draw a vertical line to close the gap and to create a triangle. 13. Click Layer 2 and click Modify > Combine > Union. 14. Click the Paint Bucket tool ( ) and set the Fill color to #CCCCCC. 15. Position...
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...the firm evolve into a major player in the regional aircraft market,such support has also been available to Embraer’s competitors. Embraer’s success musttherefore be attributed to other competitive advantages.Given its limited resources, especially during the reduction in direct government support,Embraer’s strategy has been to focus its R&D funds on key technologies that it caneffectively produce in house. It has outsourced the production of components that other companies can manufacture more efficiently.Embraer has focused its R&D on the development, systems engineering and integrationof the more than 28,000 parts and components that make up an aircraft. The company has alsoretained the development and production of the plane’s fuselage, arguably the mosttechnically complex part of an airplane. To aid Embraer’s in-house technologicaldevelopment, the company invited international leaders in the field of aeronautics to become minority shareholders.To offset the risk of developing and producing some of the most costly andtechnologically challenging components, Embraer has also formed...
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...______ hours of flight training consisting of: 5 more hours of instrument training 10 hours night (5 dual 2 hours cross country, 5 Solo, 10 takeoffs and landings) No Flight Test or Written Test VFR Over-The- Top (VFR OTT) Must hold a Private Pilot Licence Training: Minimum of 15 hours dual instrument time Multi-Engine Rating Training: No minimum hours required Flight Test Required Instrument Rating Group 1: _______; Group 2 ___________ Written and flight test required Training: 40 hours instrument time required (1 dual cross country 100 nm) Minimum 50 hour cross-country PIC AIRFRAMES AND PARTS OF AN AIRPLANE Basic Definitions Airframe: Structure of an aircraft without engines, power plants or instruments Fuselage: the body of the aircraft to which other components are attached, used to accommodate crew, passengers and cargo Wing: Device employed to develop lift on an airplane Ailerons: Surfaces hinged...
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...Service Sure, outsourcing converts fixed costs into variable costs, as sound theory suggest. The question is: how much is too much? Did Boeing get it right with the Dreamliner? [pic] In Boeing’s cavernous plant here, temporary scaffolding rises alongside several of the first 787 Dreamliners ever to be built. Workers climb steel steps to slip everything from wiring to hydraulic systems into some of the planes. In other bays, crews operate giant tools that help shape parts of wings being built for older-model 747s, 767s and 777s. Staccato blasts ring out from air-powered rivet guns. Cranes hoist finished wings and fuselage sections onto the assembly floor. The scene is one of disciplined industry on a gigantic scale. But the fact remains that the scaffolding for the Dreamliners should never have been needed. The wings and major sections of the fuselage were supposed to arrive fully fitted from outside suppliers and simply be snapped together. But the suppliers were at first too overwhelmed to install all the systems. Boeing says that they have since come up to speed, and that it should be able to wheel away the scaffolding soon. The reverberating effects of Boeing’s outsourcing missteps have taken a huge toll. The Dreamliner — the first passenger plane to be made mainly with light plastic composites — is now more than two years late and still awaits its first flight tests. [pic] Boeing acknowledges that the problems have sorely tested the patience of suppliers and...
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...Airbus Everything about this airplane is enormous, the numbers of truly main Baugleen, its overalling is 73 meters, that´s about the slowest of the greats things in a jet, the jaim to the fuselage were tipically have 5 hundred and 60 feet to have the potential to carry up to 8 hundred passengers, the tail at 21 meters of the ground is as high as a seven story building, the 8 hundred and 45 square meter of and wind area is big enough to park 70 cars. The 8380 can fly staggering 15000 kilometers without gree fueling and in order to do that, it needs to carry 3 hundred and 10000 liters of fuel, making the plains take of weith of 5 hundred and sixty tons. Incredibly thought, the 8380 will actually be more fuel efficient than others similizise jumbo jets, air bus claim that the plane will buy 3 liters of fuel per passenger for one hundred kilometers, making it as economical to run as a family car. The building of the 8380 is a remarkable example of a transnational cooperation, the finally assembled is in Tolous in France, but this is only the end of an impressible complicated process, the construction of each aircraft is the result of collaboration between France, Germany, Britain and Spain. The wings for example are built in England as wells, the main section of the fuselage are constructed in Humburg- Germany; Parts of the nose and tail are in fact made in Spain and only assembled in Germany. Everything is then shiped to France to be put together. The 8380 jet...
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