...A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice Organized anarchies are organizations characterized by problematic preferences, unclear technology, and fluid participation. These are organizations-or decision situations-characterized by three general properties. 1) Problematic preferences: In the organization it is difficult to impute a set of preferences to the decision situation that satisfies the standard consistency requirements for a theory of choice. The organization operates on the basis of a variety of inconsistent and ill-defined references. It discovers preferences through action more than it acts on the basis of preferences. 2) Unclear Technology: Although the organization manages to survive and even produce, its own processes are not understood by its members. It operates on the basis of simple trial-and-error procedures, the residue of learning from the accidents of past experience, and pragmatic inventions of necessity. 3) Fluid Participation: Participants vary in the amount of time and effort they devote to different domains; involvement varies from one time to another. As a result, the boundaries of the organization are uncertain and changing; the audiences and decision makers for any particular kind of choice change capriciously. They are particularly conspicuous in public, educational, and illegitimate organizations. To build on current behavioural theories of organizations in order to accommodate the concept of organized anarchy, two major...
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...Distributed Garbage Collection A study and comparison of Mark-Sweep and Reference Counting Tanmay Mogra Y7471 Shashwat Mishra Y7416 Table of Contents History and Motivation 1 ------------------------------------------------ Work Completed Mark and Sweep ------------------------------------------------2 Basic Algorithm ------------------------------------------------2 Strengths and Weaknesses ------------------------------------------------2 Varations of Mark and Sweep -------------------------------------------------2 Reference Counting Basic Algorithm Strengths and Weaknesses 3 3 Mark and Sweep vs. Reference Counting Design/Implementation A Simulation of Reference Counting using JAVA's ----------------------------------------------Remote Method Invocation API Conclusion References -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 7 5 -----------------------------------------------4 Variations of Ref. Counting --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 3 History and Motivation The problem statement requires one to study and compare the efficiency of two garbage collection algorithms, Mark and Sweep and Reference Counting, in the context of distributed object systems. It also involves the implementation of one of the two algorithms. Modern systems come with limited memory...
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...evoked can be related or compared to three decision-making models. Those three decision-makings models are the behavioral decision, garbage can model and the political model theories. According to the behavioral decision theory, decision makers deal with chaos and uncertainty but ultimately make their decisions on what they know. This means that based on their knowledge, beliefs, and values, decision makers incorporate these values to make appropriate decisions. The other theory described in the article is the garbage can model. This model states that a decision maker makes a decision based upon whatever problems, options and solutions are available at some point in time. This can be described as a “garbage can” because a collection of choices are mixed and then chosen to match a problem to a solution. Per the article, “The choice situation becomes a “garbage can” in which problems and solutions are dumped” (Nutt, 606). According to the political model, decision makers base decisions on personal decisions rather than organizational issues. An irrational decision is rational to them because it achieves their ultimate goal. “ This prompts decision makers to seek information that bolsters their position by maintaining images of self, attitudes and the like. Decision makers create the impression that they have arrived at an unbiased inference by making their interpretation of trends and events seem equitable to all concerned” (Nutt, 606). In conclusion, the decision-making models do relate...
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...In this post article, we're going to discuss the benefits of a garbage disposal. Every day after having your meals, you'll need to get rid of your food scraps. There are 3 options you can do to carry out this task. Firstly, you can send your food waste to landfill. Secondly, you can do your own composting. And lastly you can use a garbage disposal that is installed underneath your kitchen sink. Going for the landfill is not a good choice. You want to create a green environment, wouldn't you? Composting might also be a problem for you. Most of us do have a busy lifestyle. But using a garbage disposal is the best solution. Why? It’s simple, fast and easy to use. And do you know what the best part about this little machine is? It doesn’t...
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...CEO Alan Mulally’s Approach to Decision Making. By Ally M Mukasa Executive Summary Ford Motor Company is a public company founded on June 16 th 1903 by Henry Ford. It is headquartered at Dearborn, Michigan in the United States of America. Its products are mainly automobiles but it also offers automotive finance, vehicle leasing and vehicle servicing. Ford has three divisions which include; Ford, Lincoln and Motocraft. Ford has subsidiaries all over the world. Mr Alan R. Mulally is its president and Chief Executive Officer. Prior to his appointment as CEO, Mr Mulally worked at Boeing. His journey from aerospace to automaker industry was a new challenge but an opportunity for him to prove to the sceptics that an aerospace person can run an automaker. Among the challenges he faced were; the economy in recession, soaring prices of gas, a calcified corporate culture, a general lack of transparency in decision making, fractious divisions, the penchant cycling of executives into new jobs every few years, the problem of pre-meetings that was antiethical to decision-making, and hiding problems. Mulally had to make decisions to address the challenges mentioned. His decision making style is much of directive with low tolerance for ambiguity than behavioural or people-centred. He did not involve Ford staffers below top echelon in decision-making. He downsized the company, closed down underperforming factories, stopped the cycling of executives into new jobs every year,...
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...Garbage collection Garbage collection is a process of releasing the memory used by the objects, which are no longer referenced. This is done in different ways and different manners in various platforms and languages. We will see how garbage collection is being done in .NET. The .Net Framework provides a new mechanism for releasing unreferenced objects from the memory (that is we no longer needed that objects in the program) ,this process is called Garbage Collection (GC). When a program creates an Object, the Object takes up the memory. Later when the program has no more references to that Object, the Object's memory becomes unreachable, but it is not immediately freed. The Garbage Collection checks to see if there are any Objects in the heap that are no longer being used by the application. If such Objects exist, then the memory used by these Objects can be reclaimed. So these unreferenced Objects should be removed from memory , then the other new Objects you create can find a place in the Heap. The reclaimed Objects have to be Finalized later. Finalization allows a resource to clean up after itself when it is being collected. This releasing of unreferenced Objects is happening automatically in .Net languages by the Garbage Collector (GC). The programming languages like C++, programmers are responsible for allocating memory for Objects they created in the application and reclaiming the memory when that Object is no longer needed for the program. In .Net languages there is...
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...Introduction Our paper will examine the different approaches bureaucracies can take within the decision-making process, specifically, those of the garbage can model and bounded rationality. In doing so, we will explore the various strengths and weaknesses of these two contesting approaches to reveal the level of impact they offer to the decision-making process. We will begin with an in-depth look at both the garbage can model and the theory of bounded rationality. In the process, we will place an increased emphasis on researcher Herbert Simon, the researcher credited with founding the bounded rationality, as well as the unique psychological perspective that led him there. By highlighting the shortcomings of these two theories, we will reveal...
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...TerraCycle: Outsmarting waste 1. Upon what basis did Szaky make decisions throughout the development of the venture? Tom Szaky is an entrepreneur, known for starting TerraCycle, a company that makes consumer products out of waste. Although the environment and the venture itself changed a lot throughout the development, Szaky always remained true to himself. He believed that a waste management business could make a profit and promote environmental protection at the same time. However, gut instincts and being in the right place at the right time was also an important issue for the former success - commencing with the idea for the startup business when he visited his friends and discovered the fertilizer which they had developed. Shortage of money was an essential subject in the first years of the business and therefore many decisions were based on capital procurement. Later on as the business was running better, a lot of decisions were not based on financial matters but to snap a chance to advance growth. 2. What are the critical moments that TerraCycle faced, and how did they define the firm? The corporate history of TerraCycle includes a plethora of critical moments and challenges. Starting with the disappointing place at the business plan competition, wherefore the entire foundation of the company was made for. As they found a possibility to implement their idea by using worm gins from an investor, they had to scramble up some money. The testiest struggle was raising capital...
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...DFG program GRK 209-------- ABSTRACT For the application of Java in realtime and safety critical domains, an analysis of the worst-case execution times of primitive Java operations is necessary. All primitive operations must either execute in constant time or have a reasonable upper bound for their execution time. The difficulties that arise for a Java virtual machine and a Java compiler in this context will be presented here. This includes the implementation of Java’s class and interface model, class initialization, monitors and automatic memory management. A new Java virtual machine and compiler that solves these difficulties has been implemented and its performance has been analysed. Although incremental garbage collection techniques can help to reduce the likelihood for a blocking garbage collection pause, they can not guarantee it. It can still occur that the collector does not make sufficient progress and does not catch up with the application. Consequently, the system can fail or require long blocking pauses to recycle memory or defragment the heap. A deterministic implementation of Java must provide means to determine worst-case execution times for Java’s primitive operations. The dynamic structure of Java, with inheritance, virtual method calls and multiple-inheritance for interfaces, poses several difficulties for the implementation. The time required for calls or type checks must be limited and statically determinable. Further difficulties are caused by the...
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...NEWCASTLE BUSINESS SCHOOL & LEARNING DEVELOPMENT GSBS6001 ASSIGNMENT 2: Individual Case Study Analysis Analytical argument and recommendations ANALYTICAL ARGUMENT Below are descriptions outlining the features of 3 paragraphs. Read each one. Description 1 * ------------------------------------------------- There is no topic sentence, so the main idea of the paragraph is unknown * ------------------------------------------------- The writer summarises the key point of each source * ------------------------------------------------- The writer’s point of view is unknown * ------------------------------------------------- There is no indication of how the theories are similar or different Description 2 * ------------------------------------------------- The Topic Sentence expresses the writer’s argument (or point of view) * ------------------------------------------------- Ideas-prominent referencing indicates an analytical quality in the writing by expressing how content/ideas are related (e.g. 3rd sentence) * ------------------------------------------------- Critical evaluation is stronger and supported by additional evidence Description 3 * ------------------------------------------------- The topic sentence indicates the overall focus of the paragraph * ------------------------------------------------- The writer shows links between the 3 theorists by using connective words *...
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...Model–view–controller (MVC) is a software architectural pattern for implementing user interfaces. It divides a given software application into three interconnected parts, so as to separate internal representations of information from the ways that information is presented to or accepted from the user. The Model View ViewModel (MVVM) is an architectural pattern used in software engineering that originated from Microsoft as a specialization of the Presentation Model design pattern introduced by Martin Fowler.[1] Largely based on the model–view–controller pattern (MVC), MVVM is a specific implementation targeted at UI development platforms which support the event-driven programming in Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) and Silverlight on the .NET platforms using XAML and .NET languages. Technically different, but similar, Presentation Model design patterns are available in HTML5 through AngularJS,[2][3] KnockoutJS, Ext JS,[4] Vue.js,[5] and for Java the ZK framework (Model-View-Binder). What is garbage collection? Garbage collection is a CLR feature which automatically manages memory. Programmers forget to release the objects while coding ..... Laziness (Remember in VB6 where one of the good practices is to set object to nothing). CLR automatically releases objects when they are no longer in use and refernced. CLR runs on non-deterministic to see the unused objects and cleans them. One side effect of this non-deterministic feature is that we cannot assume an object is destroyed...
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...Decision Making Based on Mission and Vision of an Organization Donna Wahlmeier MHA 601 Professor: Martha Plant September 5, 2011 Decision Making Based on Mission and Vision of an Organization The following case study will be examined to find the best possible solution to the problem that will be in the best interest of the Community Medical Center. During this examination we will use the mission statement that will best fit the organizational. The president needs to make a decision that will benefit all involved and follow the mission statement that the organization stands by. The mission statement for Community Medical Center states: The mission of Community Medical Center is to improve the health of our community by providing high quality, caring, culturally appropriate primary health care that addresses the needs of people .In order to accomplish this mission in a way that is consistent with the values of the organization, programs and policies must be established. Medical Center is committed to maintaining and improving the health of all County residents. The Medical Center will provide comprehensive, high quality medical treatment, health promotion, and health maintenance through an integrated system of hospitals, clinics, and health services staffed by individuals who are responsive to the diverse cultural needs of our community. The Medical Center, as a training institution, is committed to maintaining an environment that is supportive of a wide range...
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...of money and the capitalistic structures that render its consistency to overpower our care for the planet that birthed our very existence. The rampancy of consumerism creates the everyday conglomeration of garbage being trucked to the landfills of the cities and municipalities around the globe. This constant production of the materials used by us for a short term that eventually ends up there is detrimental to each entity that has been in existence to this planet. Humanity has bestowed upon itself, through the generations, a staggering amount of reckless abandonment. The accumulation of trash we have produced from our open-ended degree of consumer culture is staggering. Can the multifarious displays art presents itself in help with this maniacal mismanagement to the primary resources we have on our earth? To make art with the effort of using the trash, garbage, waste, disposals, or whatever phrase you entitle for it, brings a new...
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...hospital economically and result in the loss of human resources and job layoffs. When approached, the nurse refused relocation and threatened legal repercussions for the violation of several federal laws. In addition, the media expected a news release within 24 hours after the information leaked by a staff member. The result of negative media coverage would potentially damage the hospitals reputation for quality healthcare and affect the decision of many community members to use the hospital. This paper will discuss three decision-making models the president can use to communicate his or her decisions internally to employees and board members, as well as, to the external environment of the media and public using qualitative, quantitative, and triangulation methods. Decision Making and Communication In this situation, multiple decisions need to be made which are complex in nature and time sensitive. The Willful Choice decision-making model articulates that “decisions are made by rational, intentional, and willful choice.” (Johnson, 2009, p. 215). In this case, the problem is centered on the nurse who is thought to have HIV/AIDS. He is refusing job relocation at no loss of pay or benefits and has discussed the issue with a lawyer who feels many federal laws would be violated if the hospital insists on relocating the nurse. A willful...
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...and decision-making go hand-in-hand. This is because, as our text points out, power determines who gets to decide. As there are countless strategies and structures in the power and command structure throughout organizations, so goes the multitude of decision-making models offered to those in the power to make decisions. While alike the private sector, decisions before public sector decision-makers require them to make the most appropriate decision in front of them, they uniquely have a higher demand for accountability and efficiency. The decisions to be made in the public sector generally are more complex, dynamic, and prone to interruption than their private sector counterparts. In an attempt to follow a standardized and consistent process in making decisions, public organizations follow formulated processes of making decisions. In this composition, I will offer a number of the models that can be found in utilization today when having to make a decision for a public entity. The principal backbone of making a decision is rational. When making a decision that would not question your “competence, ethics or sanity”, as the book points out, would be to use simple rational. The classic rational decision making model is focused on that the decision being made is the best one being made. Strictly rational decision making involves components including; the decision maker knows all the relevant goals, decision makers clearly know the values used in assessing those goals, decision makers...
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