...Obesity and Cancer According to the National Institute of Health, nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight or obese (2007). Research suggests that obesity may be the most preventable risk factor of cancer for non-smokers, and many studies are testing for the effects that obesity has in all cancers and at specific cancer sites. It is known that obesity plays a significant role in cancer; however, the knowledge of the relationship to all cancers and the overall health effect of excess weight in terms of total mortality from cancer is limited (Calle, Redriguez, Walker-Thurmond, & Thun, 2003). In this paper I will examine the research available on obesity and its relationship to breast cancer (in post-menopausal women), endometrial, colon, esophagus, kidney, and pancreatic cancers, and briefly mention a few other cancers currently being studied for a possible link to obesity. The rise of obesity in the last 25 years has been most prominent in the United States. It is not, however, limited to the United States; for instance, similar trends are being seen in other developing countries. As it becomes easier to access tasty but unhealthy food options and as physical activity declines, caloric intake is now exceeding caloric expenditure. Genetic factors have been shown to predispose an individual to become obese, but environmental factors are the ultimate cause for the rise of obesity within populations. It is the metabolic consequences of obesity that are...
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...------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Classification By Region/Location * Duodenum (called duodenal ulcer) * Oesophagus (called esophageal ulcer) * Stomach (called gastric ulcer) * Meckel's diverticulum (called Meckel's diverticulum ulcer; is very tender with palpation) Modified Johnson Classification of peptic ulcers: * Type I: Ulcer along the body of the stomach, most often along the lesser curve at incisura angularis along the locus minoris resistantiae. * Type II: Ulcer in the body in combination with duodenal ulcers. Associated with acid oversecretion. * Type III: In the pyloric channel within 3 cm of pylorus. Associated with acid oversecretion. * Type IV: Proximal gastroesophageal ulcer * Type V: Can occur throughout the stomach. Associated with chronic NSAID use (such as aspirin). -------------------------------------------------...
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...Supply and Demand Pharmaceutical companies are generating billions of dollars in revenues on prescription drugs that have patent protection. Once a drug loses its patent protection, other manufacturers are allowed to make a generic form of the drug. Having a generic form of a brand name drug available should increase the supply in the market for consumers by driving cost down. This paper will discuss the effect of generic drugs and evaluate their effect on the supply and demand for drugs that no longer have patent protection. An example of a prescription drug that recently lost its patent is Lipitor. It is a cholesterol-lowering drug. It has been a top selling drug for several years, totaling over seven billion dollars in sales in the US and a combined total of over ten billion dollars worldwide in 2010. Lipitor’s patent expired on November 30, 2011 making the drug available to be manufactured as a generic drug, therefore increasing affordability to consumers. Until May 2012, Ranbaxy had the sole rights for creating Lipitor’s generic form after the patent expired; after that, it was made available to other drug companies. Pfizer continued to market Lipitor after its patent expired and had spent over eighty seven million dollars in marketing, to generate three hundred eighty three million dollars in the first quarter of 2012. Market power shifted from Pfizer to other drug manufacturers with the expiration of the patent (Hughes, 2012). When a brand name prescription...
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...that is considering having genetic screening? Week 2: Question 1= Choose an FDA-approved prescription medication and discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the medication, including any differences that would be expected based on the patient's age, a condition of pregnancy, or lactation. Address any adverse effects the medication may have based on age, pregnancy, or lactation. Question 2= Active acquired immunity can be achieved through the use of childhood immunizations. Many parents voice concerns regarding the safety of vaccinations. What is your opinion on the current use of vaccinations? How would you educate parents regarding the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations? Defend your answers with evidence-based research. Week 3: Question 1= Share a case study of an electrolyte imbalance from your practice or from the...
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...NURSES: PARTNERS IN ASTHMA CARE NIH P UBLICATION N O . 95-3308 OCTOBER 1995 N ATIONAL I NSTITUTES OF H EALTH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute i T ABLE OF C ONTENTS PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NURSES’ ASTHMA EDUCATION WORKING GROUP . . . . . . 1. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ASTHMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. PRACTICAL GUIDE TO ASTHMA MANAGEMENT . . . . . . GOALS OF ASTHMA MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ASTHMA MANAGEMENT . . . FOUR COMPONENTS OF ASTHMA MANAGEMENT . . . . Asthma Management Component 1: Objective Measures of Lung Function . . . . . . . . . . . . Spirometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peak Flow Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actions/Implications for Nurses: Objective Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asthma Management Component 2: Environmental Control Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allergens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Irritants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actions/Implications for Nurses: Environmental Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asthma Management Component 3: Pharmacologic Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two Major Groups of Asthma Medications: Anti-inflammatory and Bronchodilator . . . . . . . . Step-Care for Chronic Asthma...
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...To me, compulsive overeating is a disease where a person has no control over their food intake. It's a constant eating, a wanting for a more and more. You can't get enough, sort of like a junkie looking for the next high. That is my relationship with food. And I have no control. People that suffer from Compulsive Overeating have what can be labeled not only as an eating disorder, but also as an addiction and even more so as an illness. There are many reasons why people become addicted to food, many using eating as a way to cope with problems or stress in their lives. Eating can also help them conceal their emotions, to fill the emptiness that they feel inside. Food is used as a narcotic to not deal with their feelings or emotions. The tendency for people with this eating disorder is overweight because of the abnormal eating habits. People that do not suffer from the epidemic can and won’t empathize with the victims because of the common stereotypes, stereotype such as greed, gluttony or lack of disciple. Simple suggestions to a sufferer such as “Just slow down or go on a diet” are equally insulting as telling a person suffering from Anorexia to “eat something”. Not only are the words hurtful, but this disorder will negatively bleed into the body and causes health risks. A sufferer with this Compulsive Overeating disorder is prone to high blood-pressure and cholesterol, can develop kidney disease or kidney failure, arthritis, deterioration of the bones, strokes, heart attacks,...
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...Different types of disorders Project in Elective Definition: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare condition in which a baby is born without the ability to properly break down an amino acid called phenylalanine. Described as an inborn error of amino acid metabolism, phenylketonuria (PKU) was the first genetic disorder found to be due to a specific enzyme deficiency, resulting in a patient's inability to metabolise a specific amino acid appropriately. Classical PKU is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). Over 70 different mutations on the PAH gene found on Chromosome 12 have been found to cause the almost complete absence of PAH as seen in PKU patients. PKU patients deficient in PAH are unable to metabolise the amino acid phenylalanine leading to an accumulation of phenylalanine and it's metabolites within the body. PKU is an example of an autosomal recessive disorder. Causes Phenylketonuria (PKU) is inherited, which means it is passed down through families. Both parents must pass on the defective gene in order for a baby to have the condition. This is called an autosomal recessive trait. Babies with PKU are missing an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is needed to break down an essential amino acid called phenylalanine. The substance is found in foods that contain protein. Without the enzyme, levels of phenylalanine and two closely-related substances build up in the body. These substances are harmful to the...
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...ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS DISCLOSED _________________________ A Case Study Presented to The Clinical Instructors AUP College of Nursing Adventist University of the Philippines __________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course NMCN 244, Care of Mother, Child, Family and Population at Risk ___________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction Significance of the Study II. Patient DataBase A. Demographic Data B. Nursing History 1. Developmental Tasks 2. Health History 3. Medical Diagnosis & Chief Complaints III. The Disease Entity A. Review of Normal Physiology B. Theoretical Background C. Statistical Report D. Risk/Aggravating Factors E. Pathophysiology Narrative w/ Documentation F. Pathophysiology Diagram G. Prognosis of Disease IV. Assessment A. Gordon’s or Head to Toe Assessment B. Book Picture vs Patient’s Manifestations V. The Management A. Diagnostic Test Result and Significant B. Therapeutic/Medical Interventions 1. Surgeries/Treatment 2. Drugs C. Nursing Initiated Interventions 1. Nursing Care Plan 2. Discharge Plan VI. General Evaluation of the Study A. Summary B. Recommendation VII. Bibliography I. Introduction Acute glomerulonephritis is a disease that affects glomerular capillaries. Etiologic factors are many and varied; they include immunologic reactions, vascular injury, metabolic...
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...Chapter 1 Nursing Images throughout History 1) The angle of mercy 2) The handmaiden 3) The battle-ax 4) The naughty nurse 5) The military image A. Nurses on the battlefield * Hospitalers – specialized soldiers who at the end of battle returned to the outposts to care for the sick and injured * Army nursing service – organize nurses and hospitals and coordinate supplies for the soldiers during the Civil War * Clara Barton a. Provided care in tents set up close to the fighting b. Did not discriminate c. Establishment of the American Red Cross * Harriet Tubman – helped slaves escape to freedom on the underground railroad * Walt Whitman – a poet * Louisa May Alcott – an author * Dorothea Dix – union’s superintendent of female nurses during the Civil War B. Nurses fighting diseases * Florence Nightingale d. Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and origins of disease e. Air, light, nutrition, and adequate ventilation and space assist the patient to recuperate * Lillian Wald & Mary Brewster f. Founded the Henry Street Settlement in NY to improve the health and social conditions of poor immigrants g. Improve health and prevent illness by promoting safe drinking water, adequate sewage facilities, and proper sanitation Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) ...
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...NCLEX-RN® DETAILED TEST PLAN 2010 NCLEX-RN Detailed Test Plan ® Effective | April 2010 Item Writer/Item Reviewer/Nurse Educator Version Mission Statement The National Council of State Boards of Nursing, composed of member boards, provides leadership to advance regulatory excellence for public protection. Purpose and Functions The purpose of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN ) is to provide an organization through which boards of nursing act and counsel together on matters of common interest and concern affecting the public health, safety and welfare, including the development of licensing examinations in nursing. ® The major functions of NCSBN include developing the NCLEX-RN and NCLEX-PN examinations, performing policy analysis and promoting uniformity in relationship to the regulation of nursing practice, disseminating data related to NCSBN’s purpose and serving as a forum for information exchange for NCSBN members. ® ® Copyright© 2010 National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) All rights reserved. NCSBN , NCLEX , NCLEX-RN and NCLEX-PN are registered trademarks of NCSBN and this document may not be used, reproduced or disseminated to any third party without written permission from NCSBN. ® ® ® ® Permission is granted to boards of nursing to use or reproduce all or parts of this document for licensure related purposes only. Nonprofit education programs have permission to use or reproduce all or parts of this document...
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...Practice Examination One Part One You will have two hours and 30 minutes to complete Part One. 1. The nurse is instructing an unlicensed assistant on how to collect a urine specimen from an indwelling catheter. Which of the following statements indicates that the assistant understands the instructions? A. "I will empty the catheter drainage bag, have the client drink some water, and an hour later collect the urine that drains into the bag. " B. "I will get a sterile syringe and remove urine from the catheter through the collection port to place in the specimen container. " C. "I should collect urine from the catheter drainage bag at the end of the shift and place it in the specimen container. " D. "I will disconnect the drainage tube from the catheter and let urine run from the catheter into the specimen container. " 2. Linda is a 19-year-old primipara who delivered a viable male neonate 2 hours ago. She has decided to breast-feed. Her 22-year-old husband supports her decision. She tells the nurse, "My mother breast-fed all of her children, but I'm going to need lots of help with breastfeeding. I'm worried that I won't be able to do this. " Which of the following should the nurse include when assessing the client? A. Determine the client's level of motivation to breast-feed. B. Perform a complete physical examination to determine her need for help. C. Assess her body-to-fat ratio and nutritional status before beginning...
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...All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents VOLUME ONE About the Editor and Contributors, vii Introduction, ix CHAPTER 1 The Building Blocks of the Human Body, 1 Julie McDowell CHAPTER 2 The Circulatory System, 23 Leslie Mertz CHAPTER 3 The Digestive System, 85...
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...00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page i NCLEX-PN ® SECOND EDITION Wilda Rinehart Diann Sloan Clara Hurd 00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page ii NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately...
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