...Western Governors University GKT1 Applications in US and World History Tammy Railsback Four Themes to be Addressed • Geography and the Development/Diffusion of Human Societies-Cumberland Gap • Individuals and Institutions as Mechanisms of Social/Governmental Change-Clara Barton • Historical Systems of Power, Governance and Authority-The Nazi Party • Science and Technology as the Engine of Economic Growth and Development-Gunpowder Geography and the Development of Human Societies The United States: Cumberland Gap Cumberland Gap is an excellent example of geography and diffusion of human society as until its discovery in 1750 the Appalachian Mountains blocked the way of further settlement into the West. History of Cumberland Gap • Natural passage through the Cumberland Mtns. • Formed by erosion from a stream that once flowed through it. • The path used by animals and Native Americans. • First discovered and explored by Dr. Thomas Walker in 1750 (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2013). Road to the West • In 1775 Daniel Boone and party of woodsman marked the Cumberland Gap as they traveled from Virginia to Kentucky. • Up until 1810 the Cumberland Gap was known as “the way West” and saw a steady stream of settlers pass through it. • Between the 18th and 19th centuries the Cumberland Gap was travelled by over 200,000 people migrating west. • The Cumberland Gap remained a major route for travel & trade during the 20th century (Mahaney, 2014). Individuals as Mechanisms of Social...
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...Task 1: Geography and the Development/Diffusion of Human Societies Part A: Mesopotamia is regarded as the birth place of civilization. “Historians believe that large civilizations began in Mesopotamia between 4,000 and 3,000 B.C.E.” (Wandrei, 2015). The most significant geographical factor that I feel contributed to the development of this society was the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. These rivers are part of a larger area referred to as the “fertile crescent” due to its rich soil. The soil is extremely rich due to the large amount of silt (a mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks) deposits left from the rivers during flooding, making ideal farming areas. Although the area was ideal for farming it was still extremely difficult to do due to this regions climate that usually only produced ten inches or less of rain. So with the drought and still occasional flooding, the Mesopotamian society had to learn how to control these factors to be able to succeed in this region. They had to build an irrigation system to help protect their homes from the floods and move water to their fields during the droughts. With this irrigation system it allowed for them to have a surplus in crop. Also, having access to the rivers allowed for them to trade some of their surplus crops to obtain other needed supplies to help continue building their society. “With irrigation and the necessary drainage, southern Mesopotamia became a land of plenty that could support a considerable population” (Edzard...
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...Examiners’ Report June 2013 GCE Geography 6GE03 01 Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the UK’s largest awarding body. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes for employers. For further information visit our qualifications websites at www.edexcel.com or www.btec.co.uk. Alternatively, you can get in touch with us using the details on our contact us page at www.edexcel.com/contactus. Giving you insight to inform next steps ResultsPlus is Pearson’s free online service giving instant and detailed analysis of your students’ exam results. • See students’ scores for every exam question. • Understand how your students’ performance compares with class and national averages. • Identify potential topics, skills and types of question where students may need to develop their learning further. For more information on ResultsPlus, or to log in, visit www.edexcel.com/resultsplus. Your exams officer will be able to set up your ResultsPlus account in minutes via Edexcel Online. Pearson: helping people progress, everywhere Pearson aspires to be the world’s leading learning company. Our aim is to help everyone progress in their lives through education. We believe in every kind of learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they are in the world. We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years, and by working across 70 countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international...
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...Don’t blame geography for growth patterns There is a well-known economic growth debate whether geography affects growth patterns directly or merely through an indirect channel affecting the choice of economic policy and institutions. The view that geography is at the center of the story in shaping the rhythms of economic development dates back to Montesquieu and has been recently revived by Jared Diamond in his book “Guns, germs and steel: The fates of human societies.” This perspective was applied to explain long term patterns of economic growth by Jeffrey Sachs, who argues that growth is related to geographic variables like climate, disease ecology and distance from the coast (Sachs 2003). On the other hand, economists like Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson, and Engerman and Sokoloff argue against simple geographic hypothesis and illustrate that geography can only affect patterns of growth through the choice of institutions that influence economic performance. Looking at the current situation, one can observe tremendous differences in living standards between developed and developing countries. There is a variety of explanations why economic performances have diverged so extremely. However, the two main candidates to explain the causes of the big divergence are geography and institutions. The geography hypothesis emphasizes nature forces and geography as the main factors determining economic performance. Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (2002), however refute this hypothesis...
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...India The Republic of India is a country located in South Asia and the capital is New Delhi. It is the seventh largest country in the world, slightly more than one third the size of the United States. It is also the second most populated country with over 1.22 billion people. India’s economy is continuing to grow and based on the purchasing power parity, it is the third largest in the world at 4.76 trillion dollars. India is also the second largest in the world when it comes to workforce. India’s three major economic sectors are: agriculture, industry, and services. The original official currency of India is the Indian rupee. The Indian rupee has been falling against the US dollar, as shown in the graph below. The exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the US dollar over the past five years are: 43.319 in 2008, 48.405 in 2009, 45.726 in 2010, 46.671 in 2011, and 53.437 in 2012. (CIA) This means that one US dollar is equivalent to 53.437 rupees, in the year of 2012. This also means that the value of rupee is depreciating. A weaker rupee has its pros and cons. A weaker currency will make imports more expensive, the price of oil and other materials to import from foreign countries will go up. Since one of the big imports of India is crude oil, it only makes the economy worse. Higher oil price means higher transportation price, so therefore producing products will be more expensive and that leads to higher inflation. Rupee depreciation has its bright side for companies that...
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...to Word document ) and whatever the category of execution model ( Pure Waterfall to evolutionary prototype ) requirements are bound to change. The only difference to change is to what extent, and what is the impact on project success or failure. Having said this successful execution of any project relies on how good and effective is your change management mechanism. This is the reason why Monitoring and Controlling Process Group ( Section 3.2.4 of PMP handbook ) is such an important section. Why Requirements Change? There are a number of reasons for change in requirements and these reasons depend on multiple factors like: Industry: Is the project related to Automotive or Aerospace or Jewellery Geography : APAC customers are precise in their requirements compared to US or European Customers ( Based on the project execution experience I have on multiple engagements ) Customers: Customers maturity Implementers: Experience of implanters with the same customer or similar customers or projects Execution Model: Fixed Price project executions model demands requirements to be crystal clear. So efforts taken on such projects to control scope are more compared to Time and Material or other models....
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...HBR.ORG THE GLOBE Have You Restructured for Global Success? It takes more than localizing your customer-facing business to win in emerging markets. by Nirmalya Kumar and Phanish Puranam OCTOBER 2011 reprint R1110J The Globe Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer speaks, in May 2011, as the company opens the headquarters of its AsiaPacific R&D Group in Beijing. Have You Restructured For Global Success? T Photography: Getty Images It takes more than localizing your customer-facing business to win in emerging markets. by Nirmalya Kumar and Phanish Puranam 2 Harvard Business Review October 2011 wo summers ago, Frits van Paasschen, the CEO of Starwood Hotels, was talking to his wife, Laura, about China. With 70 properties in operation there and 80 more being built, the People’s Republic had just become Starwood’s second-largest market, after the United States. Van Paasschen jokingly said, “It’s almost like we should move our headquarters there.” Laura’s response, in a nutshell: Perhaps you should. A year later, van Paasschen did just that—for a month. From June 8 to July 11, 2011, Starwood’s eight-member top management team worked out of Shanghai, doing business 12 hours ahead of, rather than behind, the company’s official White Plains, New York, headquarters. Starwood now plans to shift its base for a month every year to fast-growing markets such as Brazil, Dubai, and India. The end result of these relocations remains unclear: They may prove to be symbolic, they could be learning...
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...Culture is not an easy and simple task to define for this purpose we have a definition which give distinguish between empirical and theoretical definition is to identify the gaps between empirical and theoretical culture which is sometimes not shown clearly in empirical culture beliefs and values ethnics religious and social groups are unchangeable “from one generation to another generation “ and empirical culture give same meaning of belief and culture and it combine these two terms when theoretical culture define belief and values differently some authors developed models in which culture is define as belief about consequences of one’s action but these beliefs are changeable and manipulated from earlier generation to the next generation by...
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...Susanne Freidberg published in Social and Cultural Geography journal in 2003 (Freidberg, 2003). Susanne Friedberg holds PhD from UC Berkely and is a Professor of Geography in Darmouth College, New Hampshire (“Susanne Freidberg,” n.d.). In the article the author argues that the ethical standards have become fetishised. The UK supermarkets compliance with such standards edges on paranoia. It does not mean that the supermarkets care about these standards from moral point of view but that the compliance is driven by fear of bad press and brand reputation loss as well as consumer marketing opportunities. The piece concentrates on what effect this has on the supply chain in Africa with particular focus on Zambia. The author outlines how appearing transparent and offering full disclosure has translated itself into what supermarket stores look like and into the vegetable packaging. Ethical standards have become a tool for supermarkets to stave off bad publicity, another way to market products to consumers and to distinguish themselves from competitors. Mistrust in government has given supermarkets “the opportunity to portray themselves as the new and more effective gatekeepers of the food supply” (Marsden and Wrigley 1996; Marsden, Flynn and Harrison 2000 cited in Freidberg, 2003, p. 32). But more power also comes with more responsibility. The power supermarkets wield combined with the ethical standards, such as ETI or EUREP-GAP, provides a convenient and more structured way to...
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...have various communities facing barriers to access a computer or the Internet, whether for economic, demographic, linguistic, or even generational reasons. By comparing the digital divide within and between different countries, ranging from the economically developed and developing, solutions can be made. The United States is one of the most developed countries and a forerunner in technological advancements for the past century. The digital divide in the US has gotten smaller over the years, but even with the low cost and easy access to technology, there are certain indicators that open the gap, such as income level. The main reason why some groups of people don’t feel the need to use the Internet is because they do not think it was relevant to them, such as senior citizens and people who don’t primarily speak English. Broadband access has become cheaper over the years because of development, making it almost effortless to gain access...
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...sectors. RIL's diverse projects and operations touch lives of people in many ways and create value by helping in overall and holistic development of communities across multiple geographies. Through its various initiatives, the group endeavours to play a relevant role by serving communities and projects that address gaps in basic societal requirements. Reliance’s Philosophy RIL seeks to continue its contribution to the society through its distinct value proposition that meets the needs of millions of people, enhancing their lives through healthcare, improving quality of living by providing education and enabling livelihoods by creating employment opportunities-through the following: a) For the Business- value created for the society through business (including employment generation, market growth, creating opportunities etc.) b) By the Business- value created through CSR initiatives across different operatingfacilitieswithappropriatelinkagestolocalcommunitiesinwhichtheyoperate. c) Beyond Business- value created through interventions for the communities in diverse geographies across India. The key philosophy of all CSR initiatives of RIL is guided by three core commitments of SIS: a) S- SCALE b) I-IMPACT c) S- SUSTAINABILITY Focus Areas of Engagement Rural Transformation Objective: - To work towards bridging the developmental gap between rural 'Bharat' and urban India by improving livelihood, addressing poverty, hunger and malnutrition. Reliance Foundation...
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...research the following) A range of development indicators that South Africa is more developed than its neighbouring countries (Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland and Lesotho) | Mrs. K. Nagiah | | Done by: Caleb Terah Manikam Done by: Caleb Terah Manikam Caleb Terah Manikam11C Reg. no.:10 Geography Caleb Terah Manikam11C Reg. no.:10 Geography Content 1. Introduction 2. Comparison of development indicators in the seven countries 3. Pictures 4. Conclusion 5. Bibliography Introduction: In this investigation I will thoroughly research and determine whether South Africa is more developed than its neighbouring countries Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland and Lesotho with the given information and my own I will set out to determine to demonstrate that particular outcome with comparing them and demonstrating it through pictures. Development: refers to the level of progress/growth made by humans in all aspects of life e.g. economic, social, political, medical, educational, transport etc. Development is closely related to the attainment of human needs. There is a marked difference between developed and developing countries with respect to the level of development. The level of development of a country impacts directly on the quality of life of its inhabitants. The primary objective of economic development is to raise the standard of living of people. Levels of development: there are differences in the...
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...Urban-rural Rising Income Inequality in China As a developing country, China is trying to develop its economy and solving the threat of poverty since the economic reform. As a well-known economist Arthur Lewis said that "development must be inegalitarian because it does not start in every part of the economy at the same time" in 1954 (Lewis, 1954). It is also true for China. The income inequality issue between poor and rich increased faster, which has a negative impact as China tries to become a more stable society. The gap between rich and poor is caused by complex factors. This paper is intended to discover and explain the issue of income inequality through urban-rural gap, and also give some suggestions according to today’s situation. Historical Analysis In pre-reform, China is very poor and has about 90% rural population (Knight et al., 2004). At that time, Gini coefficient measure income distribution is 0.280 (0 means perfect equality, and 1 means extreme inequality) (Naughton, 2007, p.217), which shows that Chinese people has almost equal income across the whole republic. Although it is good to show China is “one of the most equal countries in the world”(Naughton, 2007, p.217), the truth is that everyone is equally poor at the same time. In order to decline poverty and connect the new republic to the world, the Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping institute market reform and said “let some people get rich first”(The economist, 2001). Since then, China has maintained rapid growth...
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...located in the industrial zone of LA with close proximity to the central business district. This location is unusual for a center for homeless people for many reasons, but looking back at history has an explanation. When workers first arrived in LA they arrived by railroad (Skid Row Journal). A hub for seasonal and migrant workers formed near the railroad line creating skid row. In lecture a chart was brought up explaining the relationship between property value and proximity to the peak land value intersection. As you get closer to the peak land value, bid rent increases (Mitchell 2014). Skid row has close proximity to peak land value, but because of the social influences in skid row bid rent is actually lower than projected creating a rent gap. The land that skid row is on has decreased in value...
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...25-3 Industrialization Spreads Industrial Development in the U.S. •America had plentiful resources like Britain •blockade from Great Britain during the War of 1812 forced America to become self-sufficient •Samuel Slater brought the spinning wheel to America from Great Britain ◦Moses Brown opened the first factory in America to house these •Francis Cabot Lowell made all stages in manufacturing cloth mechanized (1813) •thousands of young single women worked as mill girls ◦could make higher wages and have independence ◦worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week Later Expansion of U.S. Industry •America remained primarily agricultural until the end of the Civil War in 1865 •During the last third of the 1800’s, there was a technological boom caused by: ◦wealth of natural resource (oil, col, and iron) ◦inventions like the telephone and light bulb ◦large urban population that consumed the new manufactured goods •railroads helped industry expand places like Chicago and Minneapolis •smaller railroad companies formed to create large powerful ones Rise of Corporations •entrepreneurs sold stocks to raise money to build big businesses •corporation- business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts ◦were able to raise large amounts of money needed to invest in industrial equipment •made big profit by reducing the cost of producing goods ...
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