...Great Depression. Due to this, banks in the United States pulled their loans out of Germany in order to have enough money to save their own banks. People in both Germany and the United States literally died of starvation, being unable to afford food, due to the worth of money dropping significantly and rapidly in both countries. As this affected Germany and its downfall in the 1920s, it also affected one specific Austrian citizen with German pride and nationalism: Adolf Hitler. If it was not for the Treaty of Versailles, the Great Depression, or even the effects of these two tragedies, Hitler rise to power would have been unsuccessful in his campaign for government, and he would have not been able to persuade the German society to vote for him and his strive for a utopian Germany. Social and political factors were not only negative factors for the country of Germany, but also imperative in the rise of the Nazi regime. The leader and dictator of it all, Adolf Hitler, was born on April 20, 1889 to father Alois Hitler and mother Klara Hitler in Austria. Adolf struggled in his childhood and his father was emotionally unstable, and disapproved of Adolf’s love for art. In 1900, Hitler’s younger brother Edmund died, which put Adolf into a tough position. Although this did allow for his parents to concentrate more on Adolf, the relationships between his mother and father seemed to get worse after his brother’s death. From a young age, Adolf showed a great passion for German nationalism...
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...was in-fact the British that were the main conspirators of any covert political actions that led to both the destabilization of Iraq which indirectly also led to the rise of National sentiments that had at their heart an anti British Agenda. To this day this question remains of Importance, as the question of German involvement and the seeding of propaganda for the Hitler Reich and for Nationalism would have had an implicit role in creating the Farhud massacre of 1941 of the Jewish population in Iraq. If there exists such a correlation the descendants of the Jewish victims would have the right to compensation and would officially be considered victims of the Jewish Holocaust. While the question of the Farhud is important, it has to be remembered that with the beginning of the war in all German children, women, and Men had been expelled. This means that the only way that the Farhud can be explained in terms of German agitations is if they had been profound and prolific enough to be the cause for anti- Jewish sentiment....
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...to cover in this report is how the three Movements differ when it comes to the laws governing the consumption of food. First I am going to give a bit of background information on each of the three major Movements. The Reform Movement The Reform Movement of Judaism is the least strict when it comes to following the Mitzvot found in the Torah. The Reform Movement began in Germany in the early 1800’s in response to the perceived rigidity of the Orthodox Movement and due to Germany’s increasingly liberal political climate (ReligionFacts.com). The Reform Movement is designed to allow people to be able to celebrate their Jewish roots and heritages in a much less constricting way than with traditional or Orthodox Judaism. This quote, from the Union of Reform Judaism (URJ) is an effective way to describe the approach of the Reform Movement: “Reform Jews accept the Torah as the foundation of Jewish life containing God’s ongoing revelation to our people and the record of our people’s ongoing relationship with God. We see the Torah as God inspired, a living document that enables us to confront the timeless and timely challenges of our everyday lives.”(URJ.org) This quote, at least to me, demonstrates that Reform Jews typically will use the teachings of the Torah as more of a supplementary guide to every day life as opposed to a strict set of rules that governs every facet of a Reform Jew’s life. The Reform Movement is on the complete other end of the spectrum of strictness in...
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...World War II Research The First World War started the decline of European power all over the world. At the end of the war, social equality, and joint defenses seemed to conquest however this optimism did not survive. The weakness of new democracy and the Great Depression pushed the continent back into war. Germany's Weimar Republic, born on November 9, 1918, in Berlin could not please the conquered people of Germany following World War I. German’s were fuming about the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, which provided that Germany restore lands to other countries, admit accountability for starting the war, and return war criminals to the Allies. Large cash payments for the damages made were to be paid to the Allies. The Treaty of Versailles sternly limited Germany’s military. The Republic signed the treaty on June 28, 1919 from that day forward the German people viewed the Weimar Republic as a two-timing government for having signed a contract of terms they believed to be unreasonable and degrading. The United States stock market crash in 1929 was the final straw that set the world into a depression. A depression is a severe economic turndown marked by sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slow down to a crawl (Kishlansky, 2008). The predicament of the United States rippled all the way through world markets. The U.S. Congress passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act in 1930 which shaped an unfathomable toll against agricultural and manufactured imports...
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...Eichmann's work experience, but it had a significant bearing on his career in the SS. Eichmann was adept at learning practical skills on the job, under the tutelage of seniors he respected. While he continued to live at home, he ranged over Upper Austria selling oil products, locating sites for petrol stations, and setting them up. He also arranged kerosene deliveries. On Saturday he conscientiously completed his paperwork and reported to his superiors. Eichmann did well and was transferred to the Salzburg district. But by 1933 he had tired of the job and, anyway, was laid off. He had learned a lot, though: how to identify prime sites at communication junctions, how to timetable and organise deliveries, how to sell a product and persuade people to do your bidding. During his trial he pretended to be apolitical, but Eichmann came from a strongly German nationalist family. Like many Germans his father lost his wealth during the post-war economic crisis and had the embittering experience of starting all over again. He enrolled his son in the Wandervogel youth movement which, while ostensibly apolitical, was strongly imbued with völkisch ideas about the Heimat (homeland). Later, Eichmann joined the Linz branch of the Heimschutz, a right wing paramilitary association of army veterans. In April 1932, he joined the Nazi party. At the instigation of the local gauleiter, who knew his family, he attended a Nazi rally and was approached...
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...what was then West Germany. When her father received a post at a church in East Germany, the family relocated across the border. Merkel would spend much of her childhood travelling freely between the two separated nations, as a result. School Life & Early Political Inclinations After an education in Templin, Merkel went on to study physics from 1973 to 1978, then studied Chemistry at the Academy of Sciences in Berlin-Ladreshof from 1978-1980. In addition to receiving a doctorate for a thesis on quantum chemistry, she became fluent in Russian and published several chemistry papers. Most East German youth took part in the Free German Youth movement, a socialist-based youth movement that sought to indoctrinate children to East Germany’s political system. She would also represent the FDJ in her secondary years as a member of the group’s district board. Political Life With the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Merkel stepped into a full-time role in politics, becoming the deputy spokesperson for the Lothar de Maiziere pre-unification government. Post-reunification, she herself was elected to the Bundestag as a representative of her East German district, Stralsund-Nordvorpommern-Rugen, which she would represent until her ascendancy to the Chancellorship. From that point, she served in ministerial positions, including Minister for Women and Youth and Minister for the Environment and Nuclear Safety. During this time, she was taken into the mentorship of Chancellor Helmut...
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...and outcome of the war. Further on, historians tend to focus on the major leaders during the world: Churchill, Hitler, Roosevelt and De Gaulle. Nevertheless, some historians have paid close attention to those around these great leaders and discussed their influence over them and their respective government policies. Before the beginning of World War II, Adolf Hitler guided the Nazi party into power in Germany during the 1930’s. Hitler did not led Germany into war on its own, but with the help of a few close associates one of them being Joseph Goebbels. As one of the main directors of the Nazi Propaganda in Germany and other parts of Europe, Joseph Goebbels led Germany’s internal affairs during the war especially during the completion of most of Hitler’s objectives during his leadership. It is difficult to imagine Germany’s actions during the war without looking a Goebbels. He definitely changed the outcome of World War II by implementing public enlightenment policies to drive Germans against the Jews and other minorities as well as to encourage the German population to fight the Allies. Goebbels involvement in the war as Hitler’s most intimate allies made him one of the most important figures during the war, especially when discussing domestic policy. He succeeded in convincing Germans to continue to support the German Armed Forces thus...
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...In his book, he divided different races and ranked them by his opinion of superiority. Calling his idea of the perfect race “Aryan,” he claimed a person must be from German descent, and have blonde hair and blue eyes; additionally, he mentioned that Jews were poisoning Germany and needed to be removed from the country in order for the Aryan race to prosper. Although rumors had speculated that members Hitler’s family were Jewish, his hatred has no proven explanation and is only formed from his personal views. There were approximately 9.5 million Jewish people living in Europe before the holocaust, Joseph Sher’s family being one of them. Born in the Polish town of Krzepice, Poland, he and his relatives knew their lives would be filled with adversity due to the fact that they were Jewish. Sher tells what his childhood was like by...
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...dictator of Nazi Germany, and was a central figure of World War II in Europe and the Holocaust. Hitler was a decorated veteran of World War I. He joined the precursor of the NSDAP, the German Workers' Party, in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he dictated his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, anti-Semitism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy. Hitler's Nazi Party became the largest elected party in the German Reichstag, leading to his appointment as chancellor in 1933. Following fresh elections won by his coalition, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act, which began the process of transforming the Weimar Republic into Nazi Germany, a one-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of National Socialism. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain and France. His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression, the effective abandonment of restrictions imposed on Germany...
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...(and on a larger scale, Germany’s) unwillingness to cooperate with the reexamination efforts which garners attention and focus towards the secret of concealment they are holding. Because this hinders Sonja’s goal in seeking the truth (and consequently justice), she sues the town again to change the statute back to thirty years until public display. Despite a successful verdict in her favor, it is only when she brings TV reporters as witnesses that the archivist declares “thank god! The Zumtobel documents have reappeared” (Verhoeven). Outside of court challenges, Sonja faces additional obstacles that obstruct her from the truth including death threats, physical violence, and ostracisation from her community. However, the community abruptly changes their attitude in her favor and honor her efforts which Sonja challenges as a means to “silence [her] because [they’re] still afraid of what [she] might find out” (Verhoeven). Verhoeven’s nostalgia for honesty is represented in Sonja’s own journey in Pfilzing whose own efforts to reexamine his country’s participation in the war were hindered by the government and citizens. Though his films were important contributions to the New German Cinema movement and to German cinema, many of them saw delays in distribution or outright banning (Revolvy 1). The difficulty Verhoeven had in distributing his films often beyond West Germany reinforces the challenges many artists had to go through in trying to reexamine Germany’s wartime narrative. Nonetheless...
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...Professor Johnson April 24, 2013 Jewish Life during World War 2 Anti-Semitism – the hatred of Jews has traumatized Jews around the world for a long time. Most of this occurred during the holocaust, which started in around 1939, will be remembered throughout the world, not just among Jews but all people that inhabit the earth. The holocaust was severe tragedy that caused distress among all the people involved on the wrong side of it. It is known as the as the mass genocide of around six million Jews during World War 2. There was extermination by the German Nazi’s who followed their leader Adolf Hitler. On September 1, 1939 was the turning point the people because the most horrifying event was yet to happen. On this day Hitler began his reign and terror with his Autocratic leadership over the people of Germany. Adolf Hitler was on a mission to make the Nazi party the strongest power and have all people follow his reign. Hitler thought the Aryan race was the most intelligent and perfect race and sought out to exterminate all who were not. Hitler believed that the superiority of the Aryan race was being in danger of the Jewish race. Hitler also thought that the Jewish race, who was a small part of the population, were slowly taking over the country. While Germany was starting to take a turn for the worst Jewish owned companies started to take big hits as they were collapsing under financial pressure and declining profits. As part of Germany’s Reign Jewish owners were forced to sell out...
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...Adolf Hitler was born on 20th April, 1889, in the small Austrian town of Braunau near the German border. Both Hitler's parents had come from poor peasant families. His father Alois Hitler, the illegitimate son of a housemaid, was an intelligent and ambitious man and later became a senior customs official. Klara Hitler was Alois' third wife. Alois was twenty-three years older than Klara and already had two children from his previous marriages. Klara and Alois had five children but only Adolf and a younger sister, Paula, survived to become adults. Alois, who was fifty-one when Adolf was born, was extremely keen for his son to do well in life. Alois did have another son by an earlier marriage but he had been a big disappointment to him and eventually ended up in prison for theft. Alois was a strict father and savagely beat his son if he did not do as he was told. Hitler did extremely well at primary school and it appeared he had a bright academic future in front of him. He was also popular with other pupils and was much admired for his leadership qualities. He was also a deeply religious child and for a while considered the possibility of becoming a monk. Competition was much tougher in the larger secondary school and his reaction to not being top of the class was to stop trying. His father was furious as he had high hopes that Hitler would follow his example and join the Austrian civil service when he left school. However, Hitler was a stubborn child and attempts by his parents...
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...Exam #2 1. Bettina von Arnim was a prominent female figure in Germany during the Romanticism Era. Von Arnim was best known for her writings that had a connection to social issues in society, involving women and oppression. Von Arnim was friends with Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe for a period of time. Von Arnim, who was known for many novels and essays, wrote on topics involving social and political reform, which appealed to many groups of oppressed people, such as women and Jews. Although she had a husband and seven children, Bettina von Arnim was vocal in rejecting the exclusivity of traditional gender roles in 19th century Germany, through her literary works. Von Arnim’s most famous work is called Goethe’s Correspondence with a Child, a fiction based on her relationship with Goethe. The story depicts her as a child, who sits on Goethe’s character’s lap, and how her gender affects the relationship they had. One of her other works, Gritta, was an alternative view of the typical “male saves female archetype”. In the novel, the female plays the role of the hero. In her later life, after her husband died, she began to publish more and more works, including some by her husband. Her husband’s death was a significant event in von Arnim’s life. When von Arnim became a widow, she published a large amount of works such as autobiographies and fiction based on social equality and gender equality. Von Arnim was a benefactor of the ideas of...
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...Emil Nolde Amidst a period of unification and the eventual collapse of Germany’s national identity, an alliance of artists emerged. Defying traditional academy art training, the German Expressionist artists and their movement was a stance on the renewal of German Art. It was initiated with the focus on primitive cultures, glorifying their lack of Westernization by the means of ethnography. Emil Nolde’s fascination with the ideals of a primitive civilization employed the very essence of German expressionism; the emotion, the energy and the spiritual freedom he embodied in his art became immoral and controversial amongst the modernists and conservatives in Germany. Emil Hansen was born in 1867 into a family of farmers, he changed his last name to Nolde in 1902 out of respect to the Danish-German region of his birthplace. Breaking with family traditions of farming Emil decided to pursue art. Early on, his favor toward nontraditional European art was apparent in his pencil sketches of Egyptian and Assyrian sculptures he drew in 1880. He also began painting landscapes of the German countryside and scenes of the ocean, and local...
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...hence one [that] was strangely lightweight, and lightly discarded.” (Haffner, p. 4) What sort of person was Adolf Hitler? Here is one clue. In 1939 Hitler ordered the complete destruction of the Austrian village of Döllersheim. The tiny village, birthplace of his ancestors, was converted into an artillery range for the army and blasted beyond recognition by guns and mortars. Why did the leader of the Greater German Reich order the obliteration of his father's birthplace and destroy the site of his grandmother's grave? Perhaps Hitler was obsessed with the possibility that he was one quarter Jewish; or just as likely, Hitler did not want to reveal too much about the tangled web of inbreeding in his family history. In 1930, he brought his nineteenyearold nephew Patrick, whom he had never met before to Munich where he told him never to grant interviews to the press: “You idiots”. He shouted, “you’re going to do me in. People must not know who I am. They must not know where I come from and who my family is. Not even in my book did I allow...
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