...parties involved. Negotiations take place between all types of parties; organizational and global. They are structured to resolve the situation in an orderly manner with steps and strategies. In 2003, a global situation occurred that required negotiation between countries. North Korea announced they were withdrawing from the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT). Upon making this announcement, they also stated they do not intend on producing nuclear weapons. This information was revealed from the official North Korean News Agency, NKNA. When this was announced, it raised red flags around the world. Even though North Korea declared the withdrawal immediate, according to Article X, countries must give a three month notice before withdrawal. North Korea made the decision to withdraw from the NPT is based on Bush’s 2003 State of the Union Address, when he declared North Korea to be part of the ‘axis of evil’ along with Iran and Iraq (Global Issues, 2006). Since the United States were preparing to invade Iraq, they felt they needed to create a credible deterrent in case they were next. The non-proliferation treaty was developed to convince countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Japan, South Africa, South Korea, and North Korea to be non-nuclear countries. The treaty was enforced in 1970 and provided the framework needed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. A decade before in 1993, North Korea threatened to withdraw from the NPT. There were...
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...LEJA 309 | Global Nuclear Security Programs and Recommendations | Connor A Rutherford | INTRODUCTION Global nuclear security programs, some would consider this a Cold War issue. After looking at many of the recent events that have continued to plague our world; the Russian armies at Ukraine’s borders, North Korea’s testing of nuclear weapons; these and many other different types of events describing nuclear powers trying to extend the nuclear weapons programs available to them at the moment. With this being considered the thoughts that this issue of a global security program affecting nuclear weapons should never be considered a Cold War issue. In fact it never really was a just a Cold War issue even after that conflict ended. Even with some of the agreements countries made with different security councils, there has always been the thought of clandestine programs that keep their nuclear programs running. This leads many agencies to give advice on the different ways that global security could be achieved. The Center for Strategic and International Studies does offer such advice in a report in which it incorporates different authors. This reports includes different major issues in global security specifically dealing with nuclear issues and in the report there are many different recommendations as to how to bring about a sense of security that world might be able to feel. GUIDING THE ALLIANCE: U.S. NUCLEAR ASSURANCE AND EXTENDED DETTERENCE IN NATO In this part of the...
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...The Iranian Nuclear Dilemma Jonathan Metcalfe International Relations Research Paper Nathan Jones University of San Diego 5 December 2011 Since 2006 Iran has been making a serious push to gain nuclear weapons. Iran has been disregarding President Obama’s requests to cease the nuclear weapons program that is becoming a larger threat to international security. A realist would see the Iranian nuclear struggle as a push to challenge the power of the United States. Countries that have nuclear weapons legally through the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty are major world powers in regards to economic, military, and global influence. Realism suggests that if Iran were to obtain nuclear weapons that they could create hegemonic stability in the Middle East. Throughout history the Middle East has been a very unstable area. In recent years there has been effort to overthrow the dictatorial governments in the area, which created political unrest. Iran’s push to obtain nuclear technology could possibly bring peace to that area. Iran’s nuclear program has been developing since the 1960’s and was recently revived in 2006. Iran plans to have the nuclear technology ready by 2015. Iran could become a global superpower in years to come. Venezuela, Russia, the AQ Kahn network, and several other countries contribute to the Iranian development of nuclear weapons. These countries have aligned, and exchange information about WMD’s. Although aligning with...
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...The ethical issues in disarmament and nuclear weapon war Definitions of Terms: Ethical issues: This can be defined as a problem or conflicts that requires an individual or an organization to choose between alternatives that must be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical). An ethical issue is said to bring system of morality and principles into conflicts. Disarmament: This is the process whereby there is a reduction or withdrawal of military forces and weapons. It is also the act of limiting or abolishing weapons. Disarmament is sometimes taken to mean total elimination of weapons of mass extermination, such as nuclear arms. Nuclear weapon: This are bomb or missile which run on nuclear energy to cause...
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...POSITION PAPER: COMMERCIAL NUCLEAR POWER Authors Thomas B. Cochran Christopher E. Paine Geoffrey Fettus Robert S. Norris Matthew G. McKinzie Natural Resources Defense Council issue paper: october 2005 Natural Resources Defense Council issue paper Commercial Nuclear Power ABOUT NRDC NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council) is a national, nonprofit organization of scientists, lawyers and environmental specialists dedicated to protecting public health and the environment. Founded in 1970, NRDC has more than 1 million members and e-activists nationwide, served from offices in New York, Washington, Los Angeles and San Francisco. For more information, visit www.nrdc.org. Copyright 2005 by the Natural Resources Defense Council. Natural Resources Defense Council issue paper Commercial Nuclear Power EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Because of the sheer magnitude and urgency of the global climate challenge, the United States must consider all forms of energy—as long as they do not otherwise undermine international and environmental security. Unfortunately, the nuclear power industry in its present state suffers from too many security, safety, and environmental exposure problems and excessive costs to qualify as a leading means to combat global warming pollution. Large-scale nuclear plants remain uneconomic to build. And while the nuclear fuel cycle emits little global warming pollution, nuclear power still poses globally significant risks that need to be further reduced, including:...
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...The Head of State or Government of he movement of the Non-Aligned countries met in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, from 24-25 February 2003 to address the crucial global issues affecting their people with the view of agreeing to a set of actions in the promotion of peace, security, justice, equality, democracy and development conducive for a multilateral system of relations based on principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of state. The right of people to self determination and non-intervention in maters which are essentially within the jurisdiction of states in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and International Law. According to the United Nations Department of Disarmament Affairs (UNDA), the Heads of State or Government emphasized that the international situation continues to be marked by rapid and dramatic evolution, presenting numerous opportunities and challenges to the international community and the Non-Aligned Movement. However, recent events have again demonstrated that a peaceful, just and secure world continues to elude human kind. Accordingly simmering disputes, violent conflicts aggression and foreign occupation, interference in the domestic affairs of states , policies of hegemony and domination, unilateral and conceive measures, ethnic strife religious intolerances, xenophobia, new forms of racism narrowly conceived nationalism pose major and dangerous obstacles to harmonious coexistence among states and people and have...
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...crises of governance at Institutional level. Suggest remedies to mitigate this situation. (2007) GLOBALIZATION * Discuss politics of World Trade Organization and Globalization. (2000) * Globalization, as being shaped by the World Trade Organization in a world of un-equal nation-slates, has un-manageable implications. Discuss. (2003) 911 CONSEQUENCES * “A single catastrophic event –‘Nine Eleven’ – has turned the entire world topsy-turvy”. Discuss. (2002) * Give a long-term scenario of Afghanistan and Iraq beyond the perspective of' Nine Eleven'. (2003) TERRORISM * The phenomenon of terrorism has occupied center stage in today’s world. Highlight the difference between terrorism and a freedom struggle. Discuss the issue of terrorism in the back drop of what is happening in Iraq, Chechnya, Kashmir...
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...The Hague International Model United Nations 2013 | 27 of January–1 of February 2013! th st Forum: Issue: General Assembly First Committee (GA1) The impact of disarmament on development Student Officer: Namit Mehta Position: Deputy Chair Introduction Disarmament and development have a complex yet definite relationship, wherein the implementation of one is favourable for the progress of the other. Disarmament, when not threatening the security of the concerned nation, results in a decrease in military expenditure, reduced global tensions, increased safety and in turn, greater international cooperation and stability. Development, by means of achieving social and economic progress and reducing poverty, increases the wellbeing and stability of nations, hence reducing the need for armaments. Hence, this combination of stability and security provides the basis for the relationship between disarmament and development. This relationship has long since been determined; yet, there are many obstacles, political and non-political, which have deterred the progress of these processes. The reason disarmament has a positive effect on development is the ill effects of armaments or weapons. Weapons can have detrimental effects on development of a country. They can lead to destruction of land, unemployment, increased health care costs, crime, costs of damage, environmental degradation, resource depletion, reduced efficiency of people, increased poverty and class distinctions in...
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...On August 6, 1945, the United States used a massive, atomic weapon against Hiroshima, Japan. This atomic bomb, the equivalent of 20,000 tons of TNT, flattened the city, killing tens of thousands of civilians. While Japan was still trying to comprehend this devastation three days later, the United States struck again, this time, on Nagasaki.[1] The atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan were conducted by the United States during the final stages of World War II in 1945. These two events represent the only use of nuclear weapons in war to date. [2] Following a firebombing campaign that destroyed many Japanese cities, the Allies prepared for a costly invasion of Japan. The war in Europe ended when Nazi Germany signed its instrument of surrender on 8 May, but the Pacific War continued. Together with the United Kingdom and the Republic of China, the United States called for a surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945, threatening Japan with "prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum, and the United States deployed two nuclear weapons developed by the Manhattan Project. American airmen dropped Little Boy on the city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, followed by Fat Man over Nagasaki on 9 August.[3] Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000–166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first...
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...RACE FOR NUCLEAR ARMAMENT: THREAT TO WORLD PEACE Introduction Nuclear weapons are, simply, the most indiscriminately inhumane weapons ever invented, and the only ones capable of destroying life on this planet as we know it. There is only one other global policy issue remotely comparable in terms of its impact on planetary survivability and that is climate change: but nuclear bombs can kill us a lot faster than CO2. Harry Truman (1884-1972) was the most influential person in the race for the super bomb. As President Roosevelt’s Vice President, he knew nothing about the development of the atomic bomb. But within months of assuming the office of President of the United States on April 12, 1945, he became the first and only American leader to authorize the use of atomic weapons against an enemy target. Truman’s era only marked the beginning of the race for nuclear weapons. The development of nuclear weapons is still an issue today, decades after Truman left office. Enrico Fermi (1901-1954) succeeded in splitting the uranium atom and the Nobel Committee later awarded him the 1938 prize for physics. At Columbia University in New York, Fermi realized that if neutrons are emitted in the fissioning of uranium then the emitted neutrons might proceed to split other uranium atoms, setting in motion a chain reaction that would release enormous amounts of energy.(1) Fermi had succeeded in taking one of the first steps to making an atomic bomb. A decade later on July 16, 1945, the U.S....
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...24 March 2013 English 105 Abolition of Weapons of Mass Destruction Leading to the instantaneous deaths of over 140,000 people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, nuclear weapons are the most dangerous and unnecessary hazard for not only the United States, but all nations around the world (Cimbala 51). Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) including nuclear weapons, were deemed “totally irrational, totally inhumane, good for nothing but killing, [and] possibly leading to the destruction of life on Earth and civilization” by Ronald Reagan at the formation of the nuclear age (Shultz 2). Nuclear weapons cost the United States enormous amounts of money every year, result in the proliferation of nuclear weapons to other nations, concentrate power undemocratically and risk nuclear accidents; therefore, should be utterly eliminated. United States spending not only includes the manufacture of weapons, but also upkeep of the weapons, compensation for the fallout when testing the weapons, compensation to citizens with radiation exposure, emergency locations for citizens, recovery and waste disposal efforts, and defense spending. According to the Brookings Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Project the United States disbursed an estimated $35.1 billion on all U.S. nuclear weapons and weapon related programs (Schwartz 7). $14 billion is set aside to maintain and house the nearly 20,000 nuclear weapons across the United States (Kimbrell 1). If these weapons were eliminated billions of dollars could...
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...terrorists from acquiring Weapons of Mass Destruction. Various terrorist organizations around the world have used WMD successfully in the past. In 1984 for example, a U.S. organization called the Rajneesh group successfully spread salmonella by placing live bacteria on food in slad bars which saw 751 recorded illnesses. Similarly in 1995 the Japanese cult group Aum Shinrikyo released sarin gas in the Tokyo subway system which amounted to 12 casualties and thousands of injuries, delivering arguably the most serious biological weapon attack in modern Japan. Furthermore, it is also believed that extreme Islamic groups, such as Al-Qaeda, will seek out opportunity to use a WMD. Al Qaeda and known terrorist organizations to have WMDs currently in possession, the explicit intent to utilize such forces of terror no doubt demands the immediate attention of the international community to collectively bring to discussion the various measures to address this issue. The DISEC in this case is a platform for exactly that discussion. Portugal feels that the the importance of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) can never be understated, as the universalization of the NPT and the upholding of all of its provisions are their best chances of achieving lasting peace and dispel the gloomy shadow that nuclear proliferation cast upon their Peoples. This is why Portugal calls on States that have not yet done so to join the NPT as non-nuclear weapon states. Unfortunately, the...
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...Neil Desai Dr. Naim Global Issues 3 December 2011 People debate but a lot of things in the world. One big topic that is being talked around in the world is nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are “an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion.” Questions are being asked around the world like are Nuclear Weapons dangerous are the world or safe? Are they worth having or should we abolish them? Some people are saying that it is not possible to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons unless all states agree to give them. That statement could be very true, but going against that statement could be the better idea going forward. There are plenty of ways where you can have states still having nuclear weapons but can still prevent the spread. “Under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), every country does have a right to nuclear development for peaceful purposes (i.e. nuclear energy).” Nuclear weapons are known to have protected peace. No country would really use the weapons because it could possibly harm the world. Instead, they would use the weapons as protection and for resources. Some countries need the nuclear weapons to survive, and if they give it up it might be worse for them. The countries that have the nuclear weapons should be able to keep them, but only if they sign a treaty saying they won’t attack anyone. To stop the prevention, the countries that don’t shouldn’t be able...
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...deceptions or swindles caused by international negotiations. A negotiator who does not have a clear understanding of the negotiation process in another country could fall prey to unfamiliar negotiation schemes. This could happen nearly to all qualified domestic negotiators. Analyzing two articles in which a negotiation situation has occurred in a global context will give society an understanding of the implications of globalization and technology on negotiations. Obama Led UN Council Backs Broad Nuclear Agenda President Barack Obama had the honor of presiding over Septembers UN Security Council meeting. During this meeting, the UN Security Council cast a unanimous vote to endorse a strategy aimed at stopping the development of weapons made from nuclear power. The UN Security Councils ultimate goal is to eradicate the production of nuclear weapons to bring forth a world with more sanctuary for everyone. “The historic resolution we just adopted enshrines our shared commitment to the goal of a world without nuclear weapons," he told the summit. "And it brings Security Council agreement on a broad framework for action to reduce nuclear dangers as we work toward that goal,” (Hanley, 2009). President Obama believes he will receive political resistance from delegates in Washington regarding his ambition to adopt treaties among other agreements that could possibly...
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...Proposed Presidential Foreign Policy Doctrine Template 2015-2016 The presidents administration’s primary foreign policy goal, that I am bestowing as the, Obama Super Ultra Conservative Selective Policy; (OSUCSP), will focus on four key areas. Considering the current administrations policy is based on preserving ideals from a “liberal internationals approach” (McCormick 213) “The Obama-Biden foreign policy will end the war in Iraq responsibly, finish the fight against the Taliban and al Qaeda in Afghanistan, secure nuclear weapons and loose nuclear materials from terrorists, and renew American diplomacy to support strong alliances and to seek a lasting peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.” (The Obama-Biden Plan) The foreign policy...
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