Acknowledgement
First, the proponents would like to thank our beloved Professor, Mrs. Jasmine Fontanilla in giving us this opportunity to make this feasibility study. We really learned a lot in this study especially when we are having our brainstorms, we enjoyed it so much.
Great thanks to our parents who give their support to us in doing this study. They give us the financial support, accommodation and inspiration in doing this study.
The proponents would also like to acknowledge the respondents that respond to the questionnaires, the JSJ goat farm, Central Luzon State University – small ruminants. And to others that assists us. We appreciate it so much.
Of course, we also want to thank all the people who help us in this study. We want to give our deepest gratitude to them.
To our panel members, Mrs. Jhonnel Panlilio and Mrs. Winnie Fe for giving us advice and additional information about our project, for the corrections and some suggestions to improve this feasibility.
Above all, we would like to thank our Almighty God in guiding us while we are doing this study especially when we are travelling around Central Luzon to get information. This study won’t be possible and successful without the guidance of our Almighty God.

The Proponents

INTRODUCTION

The agricultural sector of Tarlac City contributes approximately 18% to the overall GDP generated by the municipality, constituting a slightly larger proportion of the economy on a local level than for the District as a whole. The agricultural sector is however, a far large employer in the municipality, taking up almost 6% of the overall employment in the Municipality.

However, statistics and studies hide the importance of remittances and non-farm activities for rural households and the potential contribution of agricultural (and particularly livestock) income in providing self-driven livelihoods for the poor. The Agricultural sector thus remains an important industry in the economy of Tarlac City as large tracks of rural areas are mainly held for subsistence livestock farming.

Within the District the overwhelming majority of livestock are pigs (41%), followed by chickens (40%), cattle (10%) and goats (9%). Nearly all of the goats in the District (93%) are communally farmed. Existing livestock farming in Tarlac City also involves goats, cattle, piggery and poultry. As in the District, the farming of animals is one of the key subcategories of agriculture in Tarlac City. The purpose of this project is to establish a small-scale goat farming in Brgy. Mapalacsiao area of Tarlac local municipality.

Goat Farming is the raising and breeding of domestic goat. It is a part of animal husbandry which involves managing and taking care of farm animals for profit, in which the genetic qualities and behavior of the goat’s that is considered to be advantageous to humans are still being developed. The term can refer to the practice of selectively breeding and raising livestock to promote desirable traits in animals. Goats are raised principally for their meat(chevon), or for their milk. Raising goats in the Philippines can be as profitable in local farms. Goat contributes to food production, rural employment and gross national product by converting roughages into meat. Although Filipinos do not generally consider the goat meat as a part of their daily meat diet, there is a growing demand for chevon and scope for export of meat.

The optimum potential if goat as one of the main source of milk and meat has not been fully tapped in the Philippines. The goat is popularity knows as the poor man’s cow because children and old folks who cannot afford cow’s milk prefer drinking goat’s milk. Aside from being cheap; goat’s milk is more digestible compared to cow’s milk.

The goat is a clean animal and its male odor is only present during the breeding season female goat does not smell. Contrary to myth, goats do not eat trash. They do, however, lick the labels of tin cans to taste the glue on the label back Goat rising is undertaken commonly by small farmers or backyard raisers. A farmer raises an average of one to two head goats only a handful of commercial-scale goat farms can be found in the country. As of 2000, goat population is estimated to be 3,125,556 compared to the 1995 population of 2,981 900 that shows an average annual increase 2.57 percent. In the study conducted by the government agency , it was found out that goats are multi-purpose ruminants producing 58.4% milk,35.6%meat, 4.3%hide ,and 17%fiber.according to them, these small ruminants can provide the answer to improve nutritional requirement of the predominantly rural farm families scattered all over the archipelago. Goat inventory shows decreasing trend from 2008 to 2012, from 4.17 million head to 1.75 million head in 2012. The average annual inventory is 4.03 million head. In 2011, goat population in the Philippines was placed at 3.88 million head, with 98.5% in the backyard farms and 1.8% in commercial farms. As of 2012, the industry is still predominantly backyard, although the share of the commercial sector continued to increase with 1.9% share in 2012. “J.A.C.K.” was derived from the names of five persons, namely “Jason and Jefferson for J, Adrian for A, Cyril for C, and Kaycee for K, by such tend to become partners and became the owner of “J.A.C.K. GOAT FARM” where great selections of goat meats (chevon) were there. We came to that branding because we want to name our business following to our names, so we decided to put our initials and combined it. Our aim is for our customers easily remember us as their partners also and create long term relationships to them.

Summary of the Project
Name of the Business: J.A.C.K. Goat Farm
Location
J.A.C.K. farm will be located at Brgy. Mapalacsaio, Tarlac City, it is also where our main office will be located, where in there are also products displayed and pens for the goat confinement, a slaughtering house where the goat will be slaughtered. In this site, the goat will be taken care of for their full growth and body development for high quality meat.

Brief Description of the Project
Goat Farming is the raising and breeding of domestic goat. It is a part of animal husbandry which involves managing and taking care of farm animals for profit, in which the genetic qualities and behavior of the goat’s that is considered to be advantageous to humans are still being developed. The term can refer to the practice of selectively breeding and raising livestock to promote desirable traits in animals. Goats are raised principally for their meat (chevon), or for their milk. Raising goats in the Philippines can be as profitable in local farms. Goat contributes to food production, rural employment and gross national product by converting roughages into meat. Although Filipinos do not generally consider the goat meat as a part of their daily meat diet, there is a growing demand for chevon and scope for export of meat.

Project Summary
Marketing Summary
This feasibility study is conducted in order to find out if it is viable to put up goat farm in Tarlac City.
The farm will be located at Brgy. Mapalacsiao,Tarlac City. This chapter contains the identification of its target market, the analysis of existing competitors, the demand analysis and the farms entry marketing strategy.

Management Summary
J.A.C.K. Goat Farm is a partnership form of business ownership in which partners’ pool money, skills, and other resources, and share profit and loss in accordance with the terms of the partnership agreement. In the absence of such agreement, a partnership is assumed to exit where the participants in an enterprise agree to share the associated risks and rewards proportionately. Complementary skills and additional contacts of each pattern can lead to the achievement of greater financial results together than would be possible apart. Mutual support and motivation are needed for the business to last longer.

Technical Summary J.A.C.K. Goat farm produces its own goat breed; the goats are made artificially using artificial insemination. The newly born kid will put in a pure confinement pen. There will be a separation according to their kinds. It will take 7 to 8 months before they achieve their adult stage and ready for releasing in the market. Machineries and Equipment were enumerated as well as other supplies with their corresponding cost. The project is feasible based on the different aspect that we consider on operating this business.
Financial Summary
The initial investment of JACK Goat Farm is ₱ 2,000,000.
The ₱ 1,5000,000 which came from its owners and remaining ₱ 500,000 are from the bank loans.

MARKETING ASPECT

1. Market Analysis
1.1 Company
J.A.C.K Farm can be classified as a commercial goat and slaughter farm because it offers different type of goats and service wherein we sell well conditioned livestock’s of goat and whole and part of goat meats (chevon) by giving them the great selections to satisfy their needs and wants as our main goal. It can complete with other farms that offer the same product.
As for our supplies, we will be communicating with potential goat suppliers and farmers such as boer and native typically one is to twenty five ration of buck and does accordingly. We will maintain the good health condition of our goats to serve them the great selection of chevon.
This section talks over different forecasting of what will be the situation of our farm and will supply analysis of its future market.
1.2 Target Market
The farm’s target markets are the Restaurants within Tarlac City, Markets, Occasions and Farmers inside and outside Tarlac City.
This section discusses segmentation that the farm will seek to target its potential customers. The researcher market based the survey conducted within Tarlac area, wherein the farm will be located. The researcher also took advantage of the survey to come up with the company’s target market.
As for our demand, we will be communicating with potential goat buyers specifically restaurants, public markets, occasions and farmers. We will maintain the good health condition of our goats to serve them the great selection of chevon.
Market Segmentation
The researcher segmented the customers by characteristics and demography. They are also classified to their characteristics and their willingness and capacity to buy. These include “A” level wherein they have the capability to buy goats frequently. The “B” levels wherein they only buy goats every day but limited and few. The “C” level wherein they buy goats occasionally and limited livestock’s only. Lastly, “D” level wherein they only buy once. J.A.C.K Farm projects that the most of its sales will be coming from Middle “D” level to Upper “A” level.
“A” level
This level composed of the restaurants within Tarlac, wherein they buy goat meat (chevon) most frequently typically every day or twice a day, for them to cater all of their customers and it has a capacity to buy of six thousand to eight thousand pesos.
“B” level
This level composed of the markets within Tarlac, wherein they buy goats every day limited for retailing purposes. These are potential market but they are few and it has a capacity to buy of eight thousand one to ten thousand pesos.
“C” level
This level composed of the occasions typically for birthdays, christening, wedding and other occasions like rituals. They buy goats occasionally but limited livestock’s only and a capacity to buy of approximately ten thousand one to twelve thousand pesos.

“D” level
This level composed of the farmers within Tarlac, wherein they buy goats only for breeding purposes but it has a capacity to buy of twelve thousand one and above.

1.4 Competitive Analysis Competitors | Description | Target market | Pricing | JSJ | Dairy and livestock farm | Backyard farmer and public market | Milk: P35-P70.00 Livestock: P8,000-P13,000 | Local farmers | Livestock farm | Backyard farmer and public market | Livestock: P6,000- P13,000 |

Demand Analysis
Historical Demand
Goat inventory shows decreasing trend from 2008 to 2012, from 4.17 million head to 1.75 million head in 2012 (Figure 1). The average annual inventory is 4.03 million head. In 2011, goat population in the Philippines was placed at 3.88 million head, with 98.5% in the backyard farms and 1.8% in commercial farms. As of 2012, the industry is still predominantly backyard, although the share of the commercial sector continued to increase with 1.9% share in 2012.
Figure1. Goat inventory

Projected Demand
Market Share Analysis
Approximately about 35% of demand is supplied by the current market. On its first year J.A.C.K Goat Farm will be targeting 40% of its target market and 25% of available market.

Projected Sales | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Revenue | | | | | | Sale of fattener | 0 | 952000 | 464000 | 1112000 | 560000 | Sale of culled doe | 15600 | 46800 | 78000 | 54600 | 85800 | TOTAL REVENUE | 15600 | 998800 | 542000 | 1166600 | 645800 | | | | | | | Less: Direct Production Cost | | | | | | Labor | 138000 | 138000 | 138000 | 138000 | 138000 | Concentrate feeds | 11322 | 26644 | 30870.24 | 32947.64 | 33074.68 | Veterinary drugs and supplies | 8804 | 14723.9 | 16617.16 | 17201.46 | 17965.42 | UMMB | 4416 | 4222.3 | 4395.42 | 4575.62 | 4671.62 | Forage and pasteur Maintenance | 2000 | 2082 | 2167.36 | 2256.22 | 2348.72 | TOTAL DIRECT PRODUCTION COST | 164542 | 185672.2 | 192050.2 | 194980.9 | 196060.4 | | | | | | | Less: Overhead Cost | | | | | | Transportation | 400 | 2914.8 | 5526.78 | 6430.24 | 4110.28 | Home maintenance | 6412.5 | 6675.42 | 6949.11 | 7234.02 | 7530.6 | Land rent | 31818.19 | 31818.19 | 31818.19 | 31818.19 | 31818.19 | Utilities | 17500 | 18500 | 19500 | 20500 | 21000 | Depreciation | 147653.3 | 147653.3 | 147653.3 | 147653.3 | 147653.3 | Nursery | 2000 | 1800 | 1600 | 1400 | 1600 | Contingencies (5%) | 10725.47 | 11019.04 | 11213.02 | 11317.67 | 11248.02 | TOTAL OVERHEAD COST | 216509.46 | 220380.75 | 224260.4 | 226353.4 | 224960.4 | | | | | | | OPERATING PROFIT | -365451.5 | 592747 | 125689.4 | 745265.7 | 224779.2 | Less: Interest | 18000 | 15166.62 | 11993.24 | 8439.06 | 4458.37 | Taxable Profit | -383451.5 | 577580.38 | 113696.2 | 736826.6 | 220320.8 | Less: Tax | -76290.4 | 115516.08 | 22739.24 | 147365.3 | 44064.16 | Net Income (Loss) | -307161.6 | 442064.3 | 90956.92 | 589461.3 | 176256.7 |

Survey Result

How often you buy goats?

What is the demand per day?

What breed of goat will you prefer?

What type of goat will you prefer?

How much will you buy a matured goat?

II. Marketing Mix Program
A. PRODUCT The proposed product is goat crossbreed, and hybrid and we are the pioneer here in Tarlac.

Native Goat Boer Goat
Characteristics: Small, stocky and low set.
Color and marking: red, white, black or combination of these colors
Mature weight: 24 kilograms
Average milk Prod’t: 0.5 liter
Lactation period: 187 days
Characteristics: Small, stocky and low set.
Color and marking: red, white, black or combination of these colors
Mature weight: 24 kilograms
Average milk Prod’t: 0.5 liter
Lactation period: 187 days
Characteristics: meat type with short to medium hair, horns are prominent
Color and marking: reddish brown head and neck with white body and legs
Mature weight: 80 kilograms
Average milk Prod’t: 1.25-1.75 liters
Lactation period: 200 days
Characteristics: meat type with short to medium hair, horns are prominent
Color and marking: reddish brown head and neck with white body and legs
Mature weight: 80 kilograms
Average milk Prod’t: 1.25-1.75 liters
Lactation period: 200 days

J.A.C.K. FARM LOGO

Description of Logo We come up with this logo based on the description of the product. Every parts of this logo have a meaning to our farm.
The brand name: J.A.C.K. means the name of the owners namely Jason and Jefferson for J, Adrian for A, Cyril for C, and Kaycee for K, respectively.
The happy Goat: represent as our main product. It has a wink eye to add attraction for the customers. Its body was round simply because we sure to it that our product, is healthy, meaty and well-conditioned. It was placed in the center to become the center of attraction; it was between our brand name and in our business line (FARM) just to emphasize our product and for our customer to easily determine what product we are offering.
The wheat bran: represents their food, it was placed around the goat to surround them food, and their food are easy to produce. The ribbon: represents the quality of our product, and it was indicated there our tag line as our main goal to serve our customers the great selections of goats.

B. PRICE
For slaughter | Weight (kg) | Price (₱/kg) | Total | Revenue from Selling: | Prime cuts (e.g., breast, loin, fore shank, etc.) | 19.5 | 270.00 | 6,265.00 | Head and feet | 4.7 | 220.00 | 1,026.30 | Internal organs | 4.0 | 150.00 | 599.85 | Total revenue | | | 7,891.15 | Less: Direct Costs | Cost of live animal for slaughter | | | 4,500.00 | Cost of slaughtering | | | 300.00 | Total cost | | | 4,800.00 | Value added from slaughtering | | | 3,091.15 |

Crossbreed goat = ₱6,000 – ₱10,000
Hybrid goat = ₱12,000 and above

C. PLACE J.A.C.K. farm will be located ate Brgy. Mapalacsaio, Tarlac City, it is also where our main office will be located, where in there are also products displayed and pens for the goat confinement, a slaughtering house where the goat will be slaughtered. In this site, the goat will be taken care of for their full growth and body development for high quality meat.

D. PROMOTION
J.A.CK goat farm will be using personal visit, social media and posters as an advertising tool to promote our business. Based on survey results 42% of personal visit, 37% of social media, and 21% of posters could reach our customers and clients.

Personal visit Personal visiting will be held twice a month to offer our product in restaurants, backyard farmers, market and target barangays for occasional celebrations. No. of visits x transportation expense + food allowance x 2 per month 2 x 400 + 150 x 2 = ₱ 1,100 per month ₱ 13,200 per annum

Social media Social media is very useful tool to reach our customers because of a wide range of its scope. We will be using Facebook page, Instagram and free website publishing (e.g. wix.com), we come up to this concept to lessen our promotional expenses and easily promote our business in media industry.

Posters Posters will be pleased in our store and in different commercial places. The design of our posters can able to catch the attention because of the information provided as well as its aesthetic. Chosen colors are pleasing to the eye and will surely boost the interest of the customers to buy our product. Five (5) posters will be produce which is good for six months.
No. of pieces x unit price per six months 5 x 150 = ₱ 750 per six month ₱ 1,500 per annum

RISKS, STRENGTHS & IMPACT
The project SWOT analysis details the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the goat-farming project that will be implemented, as well as the potential impact of the project, which needs to be taken into consideration.

Weaknesses and threats
Weaknesses of the proposed goat-farming project include the following:
- Cost of building adequate facilities
- Co-operation amongst existing small-scale goat farmers needed
- Although goats are known to be highly resistant to diseases, other contamination by insects, mites and other parasites which could prove detrimental to the health of the goats
- Theft of goats while out for grazing
- Inadequate supply of reproductive goats
- Lack of sufficient knowledge of goat meat benefits and hence a lack of demand
- Goats can overgraze and damage the environment if not looked after properly
- Lack of fencing and infrastructure
- Lack of funding and limited capital
- Poor management practices
Strengths
The following strengths for the implementing the proposed goat farming project are identified: - Indigenous goats are in abundance in Tarlac City and are ideal for meat production.
- Low level of skill requirements and expertise for the operations of a goat farming project - Labour intensive procedures which entail the training and employment of a large number of local community members
- Large number of subsistence goat farming in the area
- Number of goats currently not being processed, which serves as the supply for goat farming project
- The absence of direct competitors that produce goat farming products in the
Municipality and District
- Warm, semi-arid conditions of the area, which are conducive to goat farming
- Availability of open undeveloped land since it is a predominantly rural area
- Goats can produce well in different environments and are widely distributed in diverse habitats such as: desserts, mountains, grasslands, and lush tropics
- Goats can live even when there are: water shortages, food shortages, very hot and variable temperatures (changing from hot to cold), hard and rocky country, etc
- Goats have a short gestation period (only 5 months) and often give twins. The average kids per goat are thus 3 kids per annum.
- Breed by season in temperate zones and all year round in tropical zones
Goats feed by grazing and browsing, feeds at different heights, stand on hind legs to reach food, climbing into trees
- Goats are well adapted to many environments
- Goats are a very good source of income and food if well managed
- Goat’s milk has more calcium, phosphorous and chlorine than cow’s milk. Goat’s milk is better for the family as it has a “High Nutritional Content.” This means it is a very high quality food and very good for young and old. Some people cannot drink cow’s milk. They have an “allergy” to it. This is why some children are reared on goat’s milk when cow’s milk and all else has failed. Nobody is allergic to goat’s milk! Higher prices for goat milk can be obtained.
- Goat’s meat is very tasty and it is juicy and eaten often by many people
- More and more people are learning about how good goat’s milk, cheese and yoghurt are so there is a growing market
- In the space and using the same feed you need to keep a cow you can keep 6 to
10 goats. Goats thus do not need big areas to graze like cattle.
- Goat farming uses small doses of medicine (drugs) which is cheap and easy to maintain - Goat farming is good for people who do not have a lot of money to start with
- Goats make very good manure. Droppings are used to improve crop yields
4- Goats require less labour and time per head compared to cattle
- Expansion of production of goat farming and breeding to other related products such as goat butter, cheese and soap exists
- Possibility of supplying product to markets outside of the selected target market
(Tarlac City) and area and even export markets
- Possibility to establish value chain and participation of primary producers in hides, meat (abattoir), dairy, etc

4.3 Potential impact
The impact of the implementation of the proposed goat-farming project is assessable in terms of the socio-economic effect it will have on a local and even District level. Socioeconomic effects can be determined by the following elements of a project:
- Labour intensiveness
- Permanent job placement
- Skills transfer
- Sustainability
The significance of the project lies within the large number of labourers, which will be able to take ownership of the goat farming enterprise. All processes involved in goat farming for meat production require manual labour. The process includes:
- Breeding of goats
- Mating process
- Herding
- Kidding process
- Selection of goats and
- Marketing, etc

Development and Technical Aspect

I. Development and Technical Aspect The optimum potential if goat as one of the main source of milk and meat has not been fully tapped in the Philippines. The goat is popularity knows as the poor man’s cow because children and old folks who cannot afford cow’s milk prefer drinking goat’s milk. Aside from being cheap; goat’s milk is more digestible compared to cow’s milk. The goat is a clean animal and its male odor is only present during the breeding season female goat does not smell. Contrary to myth, goats do not eat trash. They do, however, lick the labels of tin cans to taste the glue on the label back Goat rising is undertaken commonly by small farmers or backyard raisers. A farmer raises an average of one to two head goats only a handful of commercial-scale goat farms can be found in the country. As of 2000, goat population is estimated to be 3,125,556 compared to the 1995 population of 2,981 900 that shows an average annual increase 2.57 percent. In the study conducted by the government agency , it was found out that goats are multi-purpose ruminants producing 58.4% milk,35.6%meat, 4.3%hide ,and 17%fiber.according to them, these small ruminants can provide the answer to improve nutritional requirement of the predominantly rural farm families scattered all over the archipelago. Goat inventory shows decreasing trend from 2008 to 2012, from 4.17 million head to 1.75 million head in 2012. The average annual inventory is 4.03 million head. In 2011, goat population in the Philippines was placed at 3.88 million head, with 98.5% in the backyard farms and 1.8% in commercial farms. As of 2012, the industry is still predominantly backyard, although the share of the commercial sector continued to increase with 1.9% share in 2012.

1.1 Breeds to raise There are many breeds of goat worldwide but the available breeds in the Philippines are as follows. A. Anglo Nubians – basically a tropical breed that was successfully adapted in the western countries. Its distinguishing features include drooping and pendulous ears, and a brown hair or a combination of brown and black it has a long body that usually weigh 70-90 kilograms at mature age and produces 1-21 liters of milk daily B. Boer- a meat type breed with distinct white body color and usually black or reddish brown from rear legs to head. The goats weight an average of 90 kilograms at mature age. C. Saanen-originated from Switzerland, is a pure white to off –white in color it hold the distinction as the highest milk producer (1.8 liters daily) that weighs average of 70 kilograms. D. Toggenburg-also from Switzerland have distinct white marking on the face, legs and tail an erect ears like the saanen milk production average 1.5 liters daily. E. Alpine –also of European breed has a color that ranges from off-white to red, to black.an alert breed of medium to large sizes.it weigh 70 kilograms at mature age.it possess an upright ears and a straight face the breed produces 1.5 liters of milk daily F. Native-the breed are small stocky and low-set. Colors range from red white or black or a combination of these color. Milk production is just enough for its kid it weight 20 to30 kilograms at mature age

1.2 Selection Criteria A. Does 1. Does should be purchase from a locality or area with similar climatic conditions 2. Native or graded does should not be less than 25 kilograms 3. Udder should be palpated for size detection of lumps and other abnormalities 4. Teats should de uniform at length and large enough for easy milking 5. It must have a good appetite possessing alert eyes and well-formed pupils and 6. Do not buy breeders from markets

B. Bucks 1. one year old breeder or buck that have successfully mated once is desirable 2. acquired buck should be accompanied by pedigree records 3. it must have a good producing line based from farm records 4. buck must come from doe with high twinning date 5. buck must be active and ready to breed in heat doe 6. replace buck preferable every three years

1.3 Management
A. Housing

Whether on range or confined feeding housing provisions are necessary a goat house or shed must be built to provide shelter goats are afraid of rain and wetness as these make them prone to pneumonia they also prefer sleeping in elevated platform like a stair type arrangement.it must be well ventilated and drained and easy to clean feeding racks (silage water minerals and concentrate) should be accessible to both animals and caretaker preferable in the front of the aisle. Flooring should be provided and elevated at least 15 degree to facilities cleaning and drainage.
Separate pens should be provide for lactating and dry does kids growers and bucks. The bucks pen should be visible to breeding does yet far enough to avoid transfer of the typical goat smell especially to lactating does when milk is to be sold.

Space requirement for goat | Flooring(Square Meter ) | Feeding(Linear Cm) | Does/buck/adult | 0.75-1.50 | 15.24-25.40 | Growing | 0.50-0.75 | 10.16-15-24 | Kids | 0.20-0.50 | 7.62-12.70 |

A fences loafing area beside the goat house must be provided (100 to 150 m2/50 hd.) complete with feeding racks and water troughs, to allow animals to loaf freely. Flooring of the area must be cemented to facilitate drying. Cogon and nipa as roof materials are preferred in hot and humid areas. Ventilation is of utmost importance. Majority of pneumonia cases can be traced to excessively warm and humid interior and sudden changes in temperature. Allow a 5.0 to 1 ft clearance between floor to wall and wall to beam to create an adequate circulation and to lower draft. It is desirable to maintain an interior temperature of 28 to 30C. It has been established that above 30% ruminants are inhibited from eating. Lightning may also be provided in the barns during night. Goats consume up to 30% of the day’s intake during the night when light is provided.

B .Fencing Nine-eye hog wire is the cheapest and most effective fencing available locally. Post must be staked every 2 meters. Goats are fond of pounding their feet and scraping their bodies on the fences so it must be sturdily built. Barbwire fencing requires a minimum of four strands so it becomes more costly besides making goats prone to wounds.

C. Pasturing A well-developed/ improve pasture can carry up to 15 head/ha/ when a combine grazing confinement method is observed, provision of a developed 3 ha./50hd. Pasture divided into 9 paddocks will be desirable. Separate pasture paddocks should be provided for the dry doe, buck kids and growers. Pasturing during the cool times of the day is commonly due.

D. Care of Dry and Pregnant Doe If the doe is being milked, dry (stop milking) at least 1 to 2 months before kidding date. This will give her enough reserve for the next lactation. Put all dry does i9n one compartment. One week before kidding, place her in a separate kidding pen. This can be predicted by swelling and discharge from the vulva, engorgement and waxing of the teats and constant lying down on the doe. Avoid any form of noise in the kidding area. Sometimes it is necessary to help the pregnant doe during the kidding, especially to native does bred with pure bucks because the kids are bigger. Dystocia, or difficult delivery, is common in these cases. Be sure that the presentation. Both front legs and head are presented and in posterior presentation, both hind limbs come out at the same time. Oversized kids should be pulled out with an eve, continuous pressure. In difficult cases, it is best to see practicing veterinarian.

E. Care of the Lactating Doe and Newborn Kids Immediately after delivery, wipe the kid’s mouth, nose and body with a clean, dry cloth and message the thoracic area to initiate breathing.
Normally, the mother does this, but sometimes the mother is too weak to do it. Be sure no mucus is clogging the airways. The kids must be able to suck within one hour. For very weak kids, feeding colostrum through a stomach tube usually produces dramatic results. First-time mother sometimes are reluctant to suckle their young due to udder pain caused by over engorgement of milk. Restraining the doe for the first suckling will usually relieve under pain. It colostrum in the udder is not fully consumed by the kid, stripping (manually milking out excess) will be necessary to prevent mastitis. The placenta must come out within 24 hours from expulsion of the fetus. Tie the umbilical cord with a sterile string and apply disinfectant. Allow the kids to suckle for the first 4 to 5 days. If the doe is to be milked, separate the kids from the mother and start feeding using a baby bottle (8 oz. size), (refer to feeding guide for dosage). If the doe is not to be milked, the doe can be taken out of the pen for feeding and returned to the kid three times a day and the whole night. This method will ensure greater livability to the kid by not exposing it to the elements, and proper feeding of the doe. Does’ weaned early (4 to 5 days) usually return to heat after 1 to 2 months. When the doe comes into heat, introduce it to the buck, not vice-versa. Two services a day for two days is an optimum. If the doe does not conceive, heat may return in 8 to 12 days. Higher conception is accomplished in the secondary heat. If breeding is successful, milk production drops after one month and the right side of the abdomen stars to fill up.

Milking Milking periods must be established and strictly adhered. If milking is done twice day, e.g. 6 AM and 6 PM, the process should not be delayed or advanced. Possibly, the same personnel should be used. Goats can withhold milk, so unnecessary changes in the routine should be avoided.
Milk quickly and continuously Milk let down can be initiated by washing the udder with lukewarm water, and wiping with a clean towel. All milking utensil, especially the milkers’ hands, must be thoroughly cleaned.

Feed concentrates during milking This serves as incentive to the goats for them to enjoy and look forward. Contrary to popular belief, properly drawn and processed goat milk has no offending smell. During milking, the bucks should be near the doe to avoid transfer of the typical goat smell to the milk.

F. Care of weanling and Growing Kids 5
Place all weaned kids in separate pen, if possible, according to size. If male kids area to be raised for meat, castrate as early as possible, preferably within the first month. If female are to be raised for milking, check for excess teats and have them removed. Horn buds usually appear within the first to third month. De-horn when buds reach the size of a fingernail. Separate males from females at the age of four months. Goat sometimes reaches puberty at this age.
Start breeding females at 8 to1 months. Bucks can start breeding at the same age.

G. Care of the breeding buck The breeding buck must always be confined separately but always visible to the does. The buck is the source the typical goat smell such as direct contact with the doe must be avoided. Provide a loafing area. One to two years old busk san make 25 to 50 doe services a year, an older buck more.

H. Breeding Does reach puberty from 4 to 18 months. Beat breeding age will be 10 to 12 months, depending on desired weight. Limit yearling buck services to 25 doe services/year. Older bucks can cover up to 75/year. Buck to doe ratio is 1:25.

Reproductive Characteristics of Goats Age of puberty | 4-8 months | Cycle of type | Polyestrus | Cycle length | 18-21 days | Duration of heat | 2-3 days (secondary heat: 8-12 days after) | Gestation period | 150(+/-) 5 days | Best breeding time | Daily during estrus |

Signs of Heat or Estrus: 1. Mucus discharge from the vulva, causing matting of tail hair. 2. Uneasiness, constant urination, lack of appetite and bleating. 3. Seeks out or stays near the buck and lets herself be mounted. When breeding, always introduce the doe the buck, not to the doe herd. Particularly when bucks have not been used for a long time, it will be dangerous to mix it with a herd of pregnant does for they will breed indiscriminately. Two to four breeding’s during the heat period will suffice. It is highly impractical if not economical to raise pure breed goats, unless the main purpose is to sell breeders. The preferred method will be to upgrade local native or grade does with pure bucks. Crossbreeds usually perform better than pure ones under local conditions. Infusion of two or more bloodlines into the native doe will elicit a better product due to hybrid vigor. Three-way crosses between the native, any of three Occidental breeds and the Nubian has produced a greatly superior animal than any of the three under our conditions. Higher milk production should be the main consideration for it will not only mean bigger kid but also more milk for human consumption. A maximum infusion of 75% foreign bloodline must be observed to retain the natural resistance of the native. Never practice inbreeding unless fully knowledgeable in breeding techniques. On the other hand, intensive culling, especially in milking herds, will largely be beneficial. Dystocia is very common in crossing natives with large pure breeds due to the invariably large size of the unborn kids. Crossbreed birth weights of up to four kilos for multiple births and up to six kilos for single births have been observed while native birth weights reach only 2 and 4 kilos for multiple and single births, respectively. Thus, in crossbreeding, large native does with minimum weights of 25 kilos or more and those that have given birth at least once, should be used. Providing human assistance during birth will also be of help in saving kids, but this should be done only when necessary. Anestrus, or failure to come in heat, is a common problem most particularly with high-producing does. Vitamin, mineral and other nutrient deficiencies, infections of the genital tract and hormone deficiencies are some of the various causes. Several hormones, like prostaglandin, progesterone sponges and implants and pregnant mare serum (PMS) have been used with varying rates of success. Routine administration of oxytocin right after kidding and before weaning (5 days) aids in faster expulsion of the placenta, uterine fluids and in the rapid regression of the uterus. Routine Vitamin A, D and E injections to breeding herds also contribute to reproductive well-being. Fifty percent of breeding problems can be traced to the buck used. Routine checkup of the bucks health condition, especially of the, genito-urinary tract, should be done. Preputial scraping, blood test and, sperm motility tests are some very useful procedures to follow in successful buck management. Always consult a trained veterinarian to do these tests.

Procedure in Artificial Insemination (AI) 1. Keep the semen warm- Goat semen is extremely temperature sensitive and will be irrevocably damaged if improperly handled. Never allow the temperature of semen thawed in 95F water to drop below 80F. If at all possible, perform your inseminating in a heated environment. Thoroughly pre-warm the inseminating gun before inserting the straw. If no heated facility is available, use a heating pad or hot water bottle to keep the semen and related equipment at the proper temperature before use. 2. Inseminate at the proper time- Most successful inseminators agree the conception rates are generally highest when breeding during the later third of standing heat. In our experience, breeding a doe approximately 6-10 hours before she goes out of standing heat has yielded the best results. During the main part of the breeding season and with most does this means breeding approximately 24-30 hours after the onset of estrous.. 3. Deposit semen deep intracervically- always measure the depth of penetration of the breeding gun. After passing through several cervical rings, place a clean breeding sheath in the speculum alongside the gun with it tip against the back wall of the does’ vagina. Compare the difference between the lengths of the two breeding sheaths. Ideal depth of penetration is approximately 1 ½ inches. 4. Use only one straw per breeding- Recent research in goat production indicates the sperm cells introduced in to the doe’s reproductive tract tent to form “colonies” in the mucous present in the folds of the cervix. After undergoing the short maturation process, they migrate in fairly constant numbers of the cervix into the uterus and ultimately on to the oviduct, where union with the egg actually occurs. Quantities of viable sperm cells sufficient for adequate fertilization should remain in the reproductive tract for up to 18 hours after the first insemination. The use of a second straw of semen later in heat can cause a disruption in the orderly migration of mature sperm cells from the colonies already established in the cervix and actually reduces the chance for conception. 5. Avoid attempting to A1 does who remain in standing heat longer than 48 hours- For reason not fully understood, does exhibiting extremely lengthy standing estrus generally fail to conceive when artificially inseminated. Abnormally long heats are more common early in the breeding season, and occur more frequently in some areas than others. Fortunately, in most cases the condition is transitory, and most does begin to exhibit more normal estrous behavior as the breeding season progresses. 6. Use of hormones to synchronize does, though successful and useful, may result in lowered conception rates – Many breeders have reported disappointing AI conception rates after having used hormones to induce estrus in goats. If it is necessary to synchronize a group of does in this way, wait until the first natural heat after the drug induced estrus before artificially inseminating. Be aware that the use of prostaglandins may cause erratic estrous behavior in some animals, which can persist for several months. 7. Deposit semen very slowly-rapid expulsion of semen from the breeding gun can damage sperm cells and cause irritation of the doe’s reproductive tract. Count to fifteen very slowly while depressing the plunger on the breeding gun. 8. Don’t haul a doe in heat to have her bred AI – If you do not have your own equipment or storage tank and must transport your does to have them bred, plan to board them to several days before they are due to come into heat. It is probably preferable; if you cannot breed your own does yourself to have the AI technician to come to your farm to perform the insemination. You can do your own inseminating even you do not own your own tank. Small quantities of semen can be transported and stored for a half day or longer, in a stainless steel thermos bottle. Make sure that you do not screw the lid onto the thermos as possible rupture can occur as a result of nitrogen gas pressure. 9. For best conception rates, inseminate only does with regularly occurring heats and no history of breeding and kidding problems – Does that are difficult to settle by natural service are not good AI candidates. Proper nutritional management also pays a big role in reproductive efficiency. Does that are overly fat or thin are less than ideal prospects for AI breeding. Virgin does should present no problem so long as they weigh at least 75lbs. 10. Don’t attempt to AI a doe on her first heat cycle of the season – The first heat cycle of the year is often infertile and is frequently followed by a second heat 5 to 8 days later. Conception rates are usually higher if you wait until the second or later heats to do your breeding. Likewise, conception rates may drop off if you attempt AI towards the very end of the normal breeding season. 11. Watch your does carefully 17 to 22 days after breeding them by AI – For some reason, some does who conceive by AI experience a false heat tree weeks later. Although they may exhibit otherwise typical estrous behavior, such does will seldom allow a buck to mount them. If in doubt, submit a milk or blood sample to a testing laboratory for a progesterone assay. 12. Keep detailed records of your AI breeding – Note such factors as color and consistency or cervical mucus, depth and relative difficulty or cervical penetration, length of standing heat both before and after inseminating, weather conditions, time required to complete the insemination, and other pertinent information. These records will often be of great help in explaining why some does settle and others did not. 13. Know your does – chart the heat cycles of each of your animals on a calendar. Observe them at least three times daily during the breeding season of signs of estrous behavior. Note the number of hours that each doe remains in standing heat, and the relative intensity, of estrous activities such as flagging, fighting and mounting other does. 14. Observe proper sanitary procedures – specula should be thoroughly washed and sanitize between use. Scrub the doe’s external genitalia with soap and water and dry completely before inserting the speculum. Do not use iodine-based products, as iodine is spermical. Take care not to touch the part of the speculum or breeding sheath which is inserted in doe’s vagina. 15. Attend an AI school – attendance at an AI school taught by a competent and knowledgeable instructor can increase your chances of success with AI. As with any other acquired skill, hands-on experience is the best way to develop the confidence and correct techniques necessary to use AI effectively. 16. Do your homework – artificial insemination is only a tool, albeit a powerful one. To be really successful with AI, you need to do more than just put kids on the ground. Only through intelligent selection of sires compatible with the objectives of a carefully thought out breeding program can Ai benefit you, the breeder, or the meat dairy goat industry.

1.3.1 Other Management Practices 1. Hoof Trimming- goats hooves under confinement are usually overgrown trimming is then required. A rose pruner and a small curved knife are adequate tools. Cut excess hoof until level with the frog (white-center part) untrimmed hooves will cause lameness and make it prone to foot rot Bucks refuse to mount when having sore feet. 2. Dehorning- especially in milking herds, dehorning is essential. A dehorned animal is more docile than a horned one. It will also eliminate unnecessary wounds due to fighting. Dehorn when horn buds appear (2 to 4 mos.) using hot iron cautery. A ½ inch GI pipe is an effective and cheap material for cauterizing. Chemical cautery is not preferred because kids tend to lick one another and may therefore lead to cauterized or burned tongues. 3. Castration- castration of unwanted male goats is preferable within the first month of age. The testicles at this age are still not developed, thus there is lesser bleeding and stress. Castrated males grow faster than uncast rated males and are free of the goat male odor. 4. Tattooing, Ear Notching and other Form of Identification- in order to keep track of individual animals, a positive identification are needed. No recording is possible without this. Ear Notching is done more commonly because of permanence and easy identification. Refrain from using plastic tags. Tattooing causes no deformities but requires special tools that may be costly. 5. Recording- for a good breeding herd program, a proper and well-kept recording system is necessary. The record reflects all the essential data of individual animals. Below is an example.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD
Goat No. /Name___________________ Date of Birth___________________
Sire____________________________ Birth weight, kg________________
Dam ___________________________ Color_________________________
Sex____________________________ littermates- (single. Twin. Triplet)-
Method of disposal________________ wt. at disposal, kg._______________ Date breeding | Sire | Date kidding | Kid no. sex | Birth weight | Milk prod. | Lact. days | Ave. prod | Remarks | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Herd data: kidding rate kidding frequencies productive pattern superior to doe combination Other data: forage production forage and concentrate intake health and treatment situations

1.4 Feeding
A. Recommended pasture grasses and legumes Goats, like other livestock require the same nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins and water but their need for some of these nutrients is not as critical. Bacteria and protozoa in the rumen of the goat have the ability to manufacture and make available many of the nutrients from such feeds as silage, hay-soil age, and other fibrous feedstuffs. Goats are known to relish Para-Grass, Star Grass, Napier Grass, Guinea Grass Centrosemaover many improved tropical grasses and legumes. It is also known that goats can browse on leaves of shrubs and bushes for their feed requirements.
The kid can either be taken from its mother at birth or allowed to suckle for a week. After this, the mother must be milked and the kid must be bucket fed three times a day. The kid will need half a liter (500ml) of milk per day, which should be increased to 1.25 liters after three weeks. From the third week, the kid should be given concentrates and some good hay. Kids also need to have clean water at all times. The goat requires many minerals. Most can be obtained from good forage and a regular concentrate mixture. The major minerals of concern are urea, molasses, rice bran, cement,dicalcium phosphate, and salt, which are usually added to the ration either in the grain mix or by free-choice feeding. The development of urea-molasses mineral block technology (UMMB) in the Philippines and the use of UMMB in Mt. Pinatubo affected areas were discussed. It also highlights significant researches on the technology and proves that the UMMB supplement has beneficial effects in improving the efficiency of livestock production. Efforts of the government on the technology transfer and adoption to attain sustainability were also described.

Ingredients | Dry Season(December to May) | Wet Season(June to November) | | Part per 100 kg. mixture | Molasses | 40 | 40 | Rice bran, D1 | 37.3 | 38.3 | Urea (46-0-0) | 8 | 6 | Cement | 9 | 10 | Salt (Na Cl) | 5 | 5 | Tricalcium phosphate | 0.5 | 0.5 | Trace minerals** | 0.2 | 0.2 | **Zinc sulfate (Zn S04) | 75 g | 75g | Potassium iodide (KI) | 50 g | 50 g | Copper sulfate | 75 g | 75 g |

Goats do not consume minerals free-choice according to their needs. It is, therefore, recommended that minerals be force-fed through the grain mixture or mixed with a succulent feed like silage or green chop, if possible. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus is important and should be kept around 2:1. If these minerals must be fed free-choice, such as to dry goats and yearlings, a good mixture is one containing equal parts of rice bran (D1), copra meal, corn grits, molasses, soybean meal, salt and dicalcium phosphate, or a similar commercial mix. Vitamins are needed by the body in small amounts. Since all the B vitamins and vitamin K are produced in the rumen and vitamin C is manufactured in the body tissues, the only vitamins of concern in ruminant nutrition are vitamins A, D, and E. During the late spring, summer and early autumn the animals can get all they need from green pastures and plenty of sunshine. In addition, they can store a good supply of these vitamins to carry them into the winter months. Nevertheless, it is a good idea to add these vitamins at the rate of 6 million units of vitamin A and 3 million units of vitamin D to each ton of grain mix during the winter months as an added precaution, since they are not very expensive. Taking the above into consideration, it would be important to have a mineral trough where the goats sleep. A one-foot square box is ideal for the purpose. A halved long ways plastic container nailed to a board, at least 1 foot wide can be useful. (See table 1 below).
Table1. List of common Philippine feedstuffs for goat production Feed Stuffs | Dry Matter %(DM) | Total Digestible Nutrients %(TDN) | Crude Protein %(CP) | Digestible Crude Protein %(DCP) | Concentrates | Copra meal | 89.6 | 78.5 | 20.6 | 14.5 | Corn glutten, feed | 90.1 | 74.9 | 20.2 | 17.1 | Corn grain | 88.8 | 84.2 | 8.1 | 7.1 | Rice bran(cono) | 88.0 | 69.1 | 12.3 | 8.3 | Rice bran (kiskis) | 89.0 | 46.6 | 6.2 | 4.5 |

Feed Stuffs | Dry Matter %(DM) | Total Digestible Nutrients %(TDN) | Crude Protein %(CP) | Digestible Crude Protein %(DCP) | Wheat pollard | 88.2 | 73.1 | 17.1 | 10.4 | Soy bean oil meal | 88.4 | 76.0 | 44.0 | 41.0 | Molasses cane | 76.3 | 53.0 | 2.0 | 0.4 | Corn bran | 88.0 | 72.1 | 10.5 | 5.6 | Green roughage | Napier grass | 21 days | 16.5 | 9.3 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 42 days | 18.3 | 10.8 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 84 days | 19.6 | 10.9 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 105 days | 25.6 | 13.6 | 1.2 | 0.5 | Para grass | Dry season | 28 days | 22.5 | 12.9 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 56 days | 24.0 | 11.0 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 84 days | 39.1 | 17.6 | 0.9 | 0.2 | Wet season | | | | | 28 days | 16.3 | 9.4 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 56 days | 22.8 | 12.9 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 84 days | 21.7 | 12.2 | 1.7 | 0.8 |

Feed Stuffs | Dry Matter %(DM) | Total Digestible Nutrients %(TDN) | Crude Protein %(CP) | Digestible Crude Protein %(DCP) | Guinea grass | | | | | Dry season | | | | | 21 days | 22.5 | 12.9 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 42 days | 24.0 | 11.0 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 84 days | 39.1 | 17.6 | 0.9 | 0.2 | Wet season | | | | | 28 days | 16.3 | 9.4 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 56 days | 22.8 | 12.9 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 84 days | 21.7 | 12.2 | 1.7 | 0.8 | Centrocema | | | | | 28 days | 24.4 | 14.0 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 56 days | 22.8 | 12.9 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 133 days | 32.6 | 18.9 | 6.1 | 4.4 | 175 days | 30.6 | 17.3 | 4.9 | 3.3 | Tree leaves/browse plants | | | | | Banana | 94.0 | - | 9.8 | 5.7 | Kakawati | 25.3 | - | 6.52 | - | Ipil-Ipil | 13.30 | - | 27.80 | 22.5 | Santan | 27.68 | - | 4.02 | - |

Feedstuffs | Dry Matter % (DM) | Total Digestible nutrients % (TDN) | Crude Protein % (CP) | Digestive crude Protein % ( DCP) | Caimito | 48.32 | - | 4.98 | | Camachile | 34.78 | - | 9.96 | | Gumamela | 19.10 | - | 4.14 | | Bamboo | 42.0 | - | 7.60 | | Acacia | 43.40 | - | 9.10 | | | Sources of Ca and P | % Ca | %P | Steamed Bone Meal | 28.0 | 14.0 | Dicalcium Phosphate | 26.0 | 18.0 | Oyster Shell Flour | 33.0 | 0.0 |

B. Feed requirements A practical feeding program for goats, being ruminants, should be based on the type and quality of rough age available. This is because the quality of roughage available determines both the amount and the quality of concentrates needed to supplement the diet. (See Table 2 below)

Table 2 Feed Requirements AGE | FEEDS | AMOUNT PER DAY | Birth – 3 days | Colostrum | Ad libitum (3-5 times feeding) | 4 days – 2 weeks | Whole Milk (Goat/cow milk)Vitamin – Mineral Water | 0.5 – 1 li/kid divided into 3 time feedingAd LibitumAd Libitum | 2 weeks – 16 weeks | Whole Milk of Milk ReplacerGrass - Legume Hay or Quality - fresh forageVitamin- Mineral MixWaterStarter (22% CP) | 0.5 – 1 Li/kid divided into 2 time feedingAd libitumAd libitumAd libitumIncreasing amount without causing digestive upset | 4 months – kidding | Forage, Vitamin- Mineral MixWaterConcentrates (18-20%CP)2 | Ad LibitumAd Libitum0.2 – 0.7 Kg/Hd | Dry, Pregnant, Bucks | Forage, Vitamin- Mineral MixWaterConcentrates (16-18%CP)3 | Ad LibitumAd Libitum | Lactating | Forage, Vitamin- Mineral MixWaterConcentrates | Ad LibitumAd Libitum0.3 - 0.5 Kg/Li of Milk Produced |

1. Lactating Doe’s Confined goats should be given good quality forage for free choice, ad libitum. To increase water consumption, concentrates can be added at the rate of 1kg./20 liters of drinking water. Provide vitamin-mineral and salt, ad libitum.

2. Pregnant dry Doe’s Pregnant dry does should be adequately fed with quality feeds to build reserves for the coming lactation and to nourish the developing fetuses. Does should be allowed liberal access to good quality forage and roughage, vitamin-mineral plus concentrates at a level of 0.20 to 0.70 kg./day depending on the body condition of the does.

3. Four Months Old and Above They should be fed enough for maintenance and for desirable growth, but not for fattening them. Generally, a liberal supply of good quality forage/roughage plus 0.20 to 0.50 kg./day of concentrates is enough to obtain desired growth rate. Under complete confinement, goats may be fed with quality forage plus vitamin-mineral, and salt ad libitum.

4. Breeding Bucks Bucks should be maintained on good pasture alone when not used for breeding. Two weeks before and during the breeding season, the ration of the breeding bucks should be supplemented with 0.20 to 0.7 kg. of concentrates forage vitamin-mineral mix and water should be given ad libitum. 5. Practical Feeding Guides The general herd should be pastured most of the time to lower the cost of feeding and maintaining them. Provide enough space for grazing, but be sure that the pasture is rotated frequently, i.e. the herd is moved to another pasture after one pasture lot has been grazed for sometime. This will keep a pasture from being over grazed and polluted for heavily infested by parasites. Even if the pasture has abundant feed. It may become a breeding place for parasites if the goats are allowed to graze on it for so long. Breeding goats, as well as the growing and fattening stocks, can be raised solely on pasture feeds. Goats enjoy feeding on a large variety of plant growths so that the bush land, together with the common pasture grasses is an ideal combination for raising healthy goats. Goats are also selective when it comes to grazing. They eat only what seems suitable to them; hence, there is a little danger of their eating poisonous weeds. Goats will be able to live on grazing even if only grasses are available on the pasture. However, they can feed better and grow better if there are different species of plants on the pasture. During the rainy days, keep the goats shut in the barn, well protected from the draft and provided with a clean solid floor. Give them out grass or hay to eat. If the weather is humid and cold and especially if there are strong winds, cheap grain feeds, like rice bran, will help maintain body vigor among the animal. Care of the herd also includes giving them clean water and salt. Place a watering trough in the pen where the goats can drink any time they like. Also, please enough salt in the pen for them to lick whenever they want to. 1.5 Health Management
A. Health Management Practices 1. Sanitation Have pens cleaned daily and washed at least three times a week. Disinfect at least twice a month. Accumulated feces and urine provide a good breeding ground for a disease - causing microorganisms. Provide a lagoon or pit to store waste for at least a month before spreading to the pasture. Use as fertilizer for orchards or vegetable garden. Train personnel to observe sanitary procedures. Provide separate pens for diseased animals. Limit visitors coming into the farm, including other animals. Quarantine newly arrive stock for at least a month before mixing with the main breeding stock. 2. Deworming Aside from pneumonia, parasite rank second in causing heavy mortality. From experience, tapeworms are the most debilitating worm problem in all ages of goats. Protozoa-like coccidian and amoeba are also common problems especially in young kids. Have your goats checked regularly for specific worm load and deworm regularly depending on worm load and seasonal occurrences. Know what kind of internal parasite is affecting your herd before attempting to use a deworming product, or else it will be waste of money and effort.

3. External Parasites
Lice and ticks are common problems. When these are observed, apply acaricide or chemicals against lice and ticks, in powder or dust form. This can be done by mixing the powder-form chemicals with 7 to 10 parts of starch or flour and apply as dusting powder. Refrain from using the liquid or spray form.

B. Common Infectious Disease of Goats 1. Bacterial Pneumonia
Mode of transmission: Direct contact from infected or contaminated udder, navel infection, genital or intra urine infection of dam, contaminated environment
Symptoms: Fever, inability to suckle, nasal discharge, coughing and respiratory distress
Gradual emaciation may terminate as pneumonia-enteritis combination. Death common
Prevention: Proper nursing in clean, dry environment necessary. Early casesrespond to antibiotic treatment. 2. Infectious Arthritis
Mode of transmission : Direct, through mouth, skin, open wounds, or via umbilicus.
Symptoms: swollen knees, lameness, pain it pressure is applied on affected joint. Fever may be present. Joints involved are hock knee, elbow and stifle. Animal prefers recumbency, appetite affected with gradual deterioration.
Prevention / control: minimize infection by trating wounds (castration and navel.) dressing, hygiene, management especially in areas of confinement. Treatment includes wide spectrum anti-biotic and sulfa drugs. 3. Mastitis
Mode of transmission: direct or indirect
Symptoms: hot, painful and swollen udder. May become red due to inflammation later changing to dark reddish-blue indicating necrosis of udder tissue. Milk may be blood stained, may contain flakes or clots. Fever, loss of appetite, depression and dehydration; gait or movement of does is affected.
Treatment: intramammary infusion of anti- biotic. Early and repeated treatment needed to prevent complications such as gangrene and toxemia.
Prevention: proper treatment of injured teats with antiseptics; disinfecting udders for milk and proper milking technique. Monitor by surveillance to detect early cases for immediate isolation and treatment. 4. Sore mouth/orf/contagious ecthyma Mode of transmission: contaminated equipment, fences, manure bedding and feeds. Overcrowding, contaminated vehicles and workers, infected suckling lambs, contaminated tats and udders of dams. Symptoms: characterized by paules, pastules, vesicles, and scabs on the skin of the face, genitalia and feet, mucous of the mouth, rumen, nostrils eyelids, gums, tounge, palate and middle ear. Occurs commonly to less than one-year-old goat, and feedlot lambs 3-7 months of age. Prevention /treatment: vaccinate feedlot, lambs after entering the fattening facilities. Vaccinate suckling lambs 1-3 days of age.

5. HMD Mode of transmission: direct and indirect contact with naturally infected animals, carriers, implements and other infected materials. Symptoms: fever vesicles, erosion in between hooves, coronary, band (junction between skin and hoot), teats and udders, oral mucosa and tongue. Raw ulceration follows, rupture of vesicles, stingy or foamy salivation, smocking of the lips, difficulty in feed ingestion; staggering gait and lameness. Abortion in pregnant animals. Prevention: immediate notification of the authorities Designation of quarantine areas and restricted movement of animals; disinfecting areas with virucidal agents (commercial disinfectant or lye caustic soda) Animal should be kept on dry ground and lesions treated with mid antiseptic (5%formalin). Mass immunization and effective restriction in movement of animals and carriers is necessary.

6. Brucellosis Mode of transmission: ingestion of contaminated feed and water. Aborted fetus, fatal membrane, placenta, urine and uterine discharge are main sources of infection. Infected males may transfer disease through ntural/artificial breeding. Symptoms: infertility, abortion, retained placenta, persistent vaginal discharge. In males, swollen and painful testicles with subsequent infertility/sterility. Prevention: blood tests and removal of infected animals. Vaccination may be tried. Antibiotic medication is found to be impractical. 7. Hemorrhagic septicemia Mode of transmission: ingestion or inhalation of infective agent may be normally present in the nasopharyngeal area but predisposition causes flare-up of infection. Symptoms:high fever, loss of appetite, respiratory distress, salivation , nasal discharges, swelling of the throat and brisket congestion of mucous membrane, diarrhea becoming bloody later. Prevention: prophylactic vaccination, removal of predisposition when possible, early treatment with parental antibiotics and sulfa drugs. 8. Anthrax Mode of transmission: direct ingestion of infected material, biting flies indirect, through contact materials and carriers. Symptoms: sudden onset of fever, depression and loss of appetite, swelling of chest, head, belly and legs, bloody diarrhea death common in early stages. Colic, abortion in pregnant animals, bloodstained discharges, convulsions Prevention: dead animals should be cremated or buried deeply under a layer of lime. Antibiotic treatment is only effective in early and less acute cases. 9. Black Leg Mode of Transmission: infection initiated by trauma of the body and oral mucosa. Cases in larger ruminants maybe source of infection in the area. Symptoms: Sudden deaths in acute cases Less acute: depression, fever, rapid respiration and suspended ruminatism. Typically, not painful swelling in thigh and leg muscles, crackling sensation of palpation of swelling due to gas in tissue, lameness in affected limb. Prevention: Vaccination Cremation of carcasses Early isolation and treatment with massive doses of antibiotics 10. Tetanus Mode of Transmission: Direct infection due to introduction of organism in wounds. Castration, old ulcerating wounds, dehorning complications. Not contagious to other animals Symptoms: early stages characterized by rigidity and stiffness of muscles, stilthy gate Late stages: with tetanic convulsions, prolapse of third eyelid, stiff tail, head and neck thrown back; hyper-excitability Bloat and other nervous signs Prevention: treat wound with oxidizing antiseptic (hydrogenperoxide) until completely healed; use clean instrument in castration and dehorning 11. Parasitic Gastroenteritis Mode of Transmission: Commonly through direct infection with parasitic larval stages through herbage, less common through skin penetration and intrauterine infection in some species Symptoms: Poor body condition, anemia, diarrhea potbelly and weakness Prevention: Regular deforming with effective anthelmintics (tetramiscle, parbendazole, thiabendazolepyrantel etc.) Pasture rotation and improve feeding practices 12. Parasitic Pneumonia Mode of Transmission: Infection with the parasite in the larval stage through herbage Symptoms: As in parasitic gastroenteritis for general sign Specific symptoms includes persistent husky, coughing, respiratory distress Prevention: regular deworming with tetramisole, albendazole or oxfendazole General prevention as parasitic gastroenteritis 13. Tapeworm Infection Mode of Transmission: through ingestion of plant mites that are intermediate host Symptoms: Same as other internal parasitism, passage of tapeworm segment in the feces Prevention: Regular deworming (albendazole, niclosanide, lead arsenate, and oxfendazole) 14. Liver fluke Disease Etiology: Four Species of trematodes:
a. Fasciola hepatica
b. Fasciolagigantica
c. Facioloides magna
d. Dicrocoelium Clinical signs: Post Mortem Lesions
a. Affected animals isolate from the flock
b. decline the feeds
c. Distended abdomen is painful upon manipulation
d. Lose weight and become unthrifty, anemic and edematous in the lips and intermadibular tissues
e. Ascites may form
f. The wool loses its flexibility and tensile strength

Clinical Forms: Acute form- traumatic invasion of liver paranchyma by immature flukes Chronic form: biliary fibrosis resulting from prolonged residence of adult flukes Symptoms: Characterized by unthriftiness, loss of weight, anemia and edema

Prevention/ Treatment: Control of fluke infestations Prevent the animals from grazing on infected pastures Use flukicide/ anthelmintics in treatrment 15. Lice Infestation Mode of Transmission: Direct or indirect contact with infected animals through environment or facilities Symptoms: Constant scratching and rubbing to relieve itching and irritation. Scurfy coat ( dandruff ) and encrustation of exudate with scabby deposit Loss of hair Raw skin and bruises in severe infestations Animals become unthrifty, poor thriving, weak and anemic Prevention: Use insecticide ( Asuntol, Ciodrin, diazinon, Neguvon, Supona, Nankor, etc. ) in dust or solution from repeat treatment in 10-14 days to kill nymps that hatch out. Also spray pens and litter Isolate treated from untreated animals 16. Mange Mode of Transmission: Direct and indirect contact with infected animals Symptoms: Marked itchiness and irritation with animals constantly rubbing or licking affected areas, maybe patchy or generalized Skin becomes hairless, thickened or scabby Prevention: Periodic examination to detect cases Regular spraying with effective acaricides such as Malathion, Trichlorfon, Fenthion, Diazinon, Crotoxyphos or Coumaphos Interval of treatment should be 7-10 days with 2-3 applications to destroy mites that have hatched after each treatment 17. Bloat Kinds of Bloat
a. Green Legumes Bloat- results from eating fresh copped green grasses
b. Hay Legumes bloat- results from feeding whole, chopped, ground, or peilet grasses which is conducive to bloat
c. Free-gas bloat- results from the inability of the animal to eructate usually associated with systematic disease or due to foreign bodies and abscesses, inflammatory swelling, enlarged thoracic nodes, and also dysfunction such as atrophy of the muscles that interfere with escape of gases and favor its accumulation.
d. Grain Concentrate Bloat- results from feeding bloat producing concentrate such as corn, soybean, meal and barley

Symptoms: retention of gas in the rumen, characterized by increased intra-abdominal or intra-thoracic pressure caused by interactions of plants, animals and microbial factors Distention of abdomen Animals become uneasy May alternate between standing and reclining positions Breathing becomes difficult, rapid and swallow Ruminal movement is prominent
Prevention/treatment: Good management and medicinal treatment in feeding. Avoid grinding the hay and other components too finely. Stomach tube should be passed into the dorsal part of rumen to remove any gas. Administer 0.5 to 1.0 liters of mineral oil or vegetable oil. 18. Acute Ingestion of grain Overload
Mode of Transmission: Non-Contagious
Symptoms: Signs appear from 10-36 hours after dietary changes. Depression, loss of appetite, and abdominal distention causing pain and discomfort. Diarrhea develops Rapid respiration and pulse, incoordination, weakness, coma and death.
Prevention: Avoid sudden dietary changes. Treatment is generally unsatisfactory. Early cause may respond to high antibiotic levels given orally to reduce population of acid-forming bacteria (Acidosis). Indigestion maybe treated with anti-acids like baking soda (Sodium Bicarbonate), magnesium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide given orally in warm water (1 gm/kg body weight) to neutralize rumen acidity. Systematic acidosis requires intravenous injection of acid neutralized like 5% sodium bicarbonate repeatedly given.

4.6 Production Inputs

A. Backyard Operations 1. Investment a. Goat House b. Purchase of Breeding Stock 2. Operating Expenses a. Veterinary Medicines b. Vaccines c. Concentrates d. Additional Feed Supplements

B. Commercial / Large Scale Operation 1. Fixed Investment a. Goat House b. Water Pump c. Feeding trough d. Spade e. Wheel Barrow f. Pasture ~Grass ~Species g. Ropes h. Fences i. Land 2. Purchase of Stock a. Breeding Does b. Breeding Bucks 3. Operating Expenses
a. Veterinary Medicines, drugs, vaccines, feed supplements and goat rations.
b. Labor fixed or Seasonal
c. Repair and Maintenance of building, equipment and pasture 4.7 Technical assumption The technical assumptions used were based on field experiments and industry practices, which used the PCAARRD-developed technology on slaughter goat production (Table 3). It is important to note that the basket of technological options (BOTO) on slaughter goat production led to significant reduction in mortality and increase in market weight. The costs used for the financial analysis are based on 2011 prices (Table 4). 1.7.1 Goat Herd Projections
To estimate the revenues and costs for a 25-doe level slaughter goat farm, the herd structure was projected for five years. The projection includes the number of flatteners, breeder does, and breeder bucks every month (Table 5). It was assumed that not all 25 does will be purchased in the first month of operation. Instead, five does will be purchased every month until the 25-doe level is reached. This is consistent with the industry practice. Culled does will be replaced by better quality does produced by the farm. To prevent in breeding, the buck will be swapped with bucks from other farms. In some instances, the buck will be sold and the proceeds will be used to buy a replacement buck.
Table 3.Technical assumptions. Parameter | Assumption | Production system | Full Confinement | Stocks | | Doe | Upgraded | Buck | Purebred Boer | Buck-to-doe ratio | 1:25 | Male-to-female ratio | 1:1 | Land area for pasture (ha for 25-doe level) | 0:5 | Number of laborers per 50-doe level | 1 | Number of days of labor per year | 183 | Housing (m2 per head) | | Doe | 1.5 | Buck | 2 | Fattener | 1 | Type of housing | Permanent | Useful life of housing (in years) | 10 | Conception rate | | First two months of breeding | 90% | Succeeding breeding | 90% | Kidding size | | First kidding | 1.5 | Succeeding kidding | 1.75 | Kidding per year | 1.5 | Culling rate | 20% | Mortality rate | | Matured | | First year | 5% | Succeeding years | 3% | Growing | | First batch | 7% | Succeeding batches | 5% | Kid | | First match | 10% | Succeeding batches | 7% | Forage consumption (kg/day) | 5 | Kinds of forage | Napier and Legumes | Concentrate feeds consumption | | Kid (g/head/day for 60 days) | 20 | Growing (g/head/day for 150 days) | 50 | Breeder doe (g/head/day for 60 days per year) | 200 | Breeder buck (g/head/day for 60 days per year) | 250 | Urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) consumption (g/head/day for March and April) | | Breeder does and bucks | 65 | Average live weight at marketing (kg) | | Fattener | | Year 2 | 25 | Year 3 | 27 | Succeeding years | 30 | Culled breeder doe | 35 | Culled breeder buck | 50 |

Table 4. Goat herd projections (Years 1-5) Year 1 | | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | Fatteners | Kid (0-3 months) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 0 | 0 | Growing(3-8 months) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 59 | 57 | 57 | Mature (8 months up) for selling | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Does (breeder) | Productive does | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | Culled does | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | Buck (breeder) | Productive buck | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Culled buck | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Total | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 50 | 110 | 110 | 109 | 168 | 107 | 107 |

Year 2 | | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | Fatteners | Kid (0-3 months) | 0 | 0 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 59 | 59 | Growing(3-8 months) | 55 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 68 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 0 | Mature (8 months up) for selling | 0 | 0 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65 | 65 | Does (breeder) | Productive does | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | Culled does | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Buck (breeder) | Productive buck | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Culled buck | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Total | 105 | 100 | 224 | 116 | 119 | 186 | 118 | 116 | 114 | 114 | 237 | 172 |

Year 3 | | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | Fatteners | Kid (0-3 months) | 59 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 0 | 0 | Growing(3-8 months) | 0 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 76 | 73 | 71 | Mature (8 months up) for selling | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Does (breeder) | Productive does | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | Culled does | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | Buck (breeder) | Productive buck | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Culled buck | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Total | 116 | 175 | 116 | 116 | 115 | 108 | 244 | 131 | 131 | 206 | 127 | 125 |

Year 4 | | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | Fatteners | Kid (0-3 months) | 0 | 0 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 75 | 75 | Growing(3-8 months) | 71 | 69 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 74 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 0 | Mature (8 months up) for selling | 0 | 0 | 68 | | | | | | | | 71 | | Does (breeder) | Productive does | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | Culled does | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Buck (breeder) | Productive buck | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Culled buck | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Total | 125 | 120 | 262 | 126 | 126 | 199 | 124 | 123 | 123 | 118 | 189 | 122 |

Year 5 | | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | Fatteners | Kid (0-3 months) | 75 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 0 | 0 | Growing(3-8 months) | 0 | 74 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 63 | 63 | Mature (8 months up) for selling | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 70 | | | | | | Does (breeder) | Productive does | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | Culled does | 8 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | Buck (breeder) | Productive buck | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Culled buck | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Total | 125 | 198 | 122 | 113 | 113 | 113 | 247 | 107 | 111 | 175 | 107 | 110 |

Table 5. Production System Production System | Complete confinement is recommended wherein goats are fully confined in a good pen if not throughout the year, at least throughout the rainy season. In this system goats are also stall-fed with cut-and-carry forages. | Stocks | | Doe | * Use upgraded native does. | Buck | * Use purebred Boer bucks. | Selection of Foundation Stocks | * Breeders should be in good health with no physical deformities. * In choosing the stocks, consider not just the physical features but also the productive and reproductive performance of the animals. If performance data are available, choose does that have produced not less than 1.5 kids per kidding without any major physical defects. * Get foundation stocks from reliable and reputable sources (See Appendix 1 for the list) | Housing | | Floor Space Area | | Buck | * Provide not less than 2m2 of space per buck | Doe | * Provide not less than 1.5m2 of space per doe | Young Stocks (up to 1 year old) | * Allocate at least 1m2 per animal. | Type of Housing | * Construct a permanent pen with GI roofing, locally available materials such as bamboo or coco-wood for walls and hard wood for posts. * Ensure an elevation of at least 1.5m to allow proper ventilation and ease in cleaning the area underneath. * The area underneath must at least be compacted earth to prevent mud from forming when urine drains from the floor above. | Managements Practices for Breeding Bucks | * Starting from 3 months, keep uncast rated male kids and female kids in separate rooms to avoid premature breeding. * Examine their hooves at least once a month to detect hooves that need trimming. Hoof trimming ensure not only a normal gait and efficient walking but also prevents increased risk of hoof rot and deformities. Trim hooves carefully. * Clip buck’s hair and wash face with soap and water to reduce odor and control lice. * Groom the buck regularly and bathe occasionally to remove too much dirt. * Record breeding dates to prevent the doe from kidding unexpectedly. | Care for the Doe and Newborn Kids | * Separate expectant does from the rest of the herd about 1 week prior to delivery. Keep them in separate paddock/pen for closer observation. * With the signs of approaching kidding, place the doe in a bedded dry stall (1m x 2m) * Check the doe every 30 minutes but allow it to kid without assistance, if no problem is detected. * As soon as the kid is born, wipe and dry the kid’s body immediately. Remove any mucus that may be clogging the nose to enable it to breathe freely. Tie a string around the umbilical cord 2-3 cm from the base of the navel. Cut the cord after the knot and dip the navel in tincture of iodine to avoid infection. Place the kid in a specially prepared kidding box and keep it from draft. If possible, expose it to sunshine to dry off and gain strength. * Call a veterinarian if the placenta (afterbirth) is not expelled within 12 hours after delivery of the last kid to prevent complications like uterine infection. * After kidding is over and the stall has been cleaned, offer the doe with water supplemented with vitamins and electrolytes, quality forage, and concentrate feed. | Care of the kids | * Ensure that the kid receives the first milk or colostrum, as it contains high amounts of carbohydrates, antibodies, and protein needed to keep the new born strong and healthy. * If for any reason the kid cannot suckle the colostrum, give it liberal dose (about a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful) of any vegetable oil or a small amount of milk with fresh egg white. These materials are highly digestible to a newborn kid and will provide the needed protein (from the milk and egg white) and energy (from oil). Guard against wet bedding in the kid’s pen, as moisture build up breeds harmful bacteria and harmful gases that can lead to health problems. Change beddings of kid 2-3 times daily. * Install curtain along the sides of the pen to protect the kid from cold temperature. Sacks fitted along the side of the pen may serve this purpose. Also place brooder boxes inside the shed to protect the kids from draft especially during the early hours of the morning. * Remove the horn buds when the kid is about 3 weeks old using hot-iron cautery as horns are dangerous as they become mature. An improvised dehorner made from iron rod with wooden/bamboo handle can be used for this purpose. * Castrate male kid not intended for breeding when they are 2-4 weeks old. Allow the kids to run with their mothers in a clean pen after castration. Avoid exciting them in any way. | Care of the Weaner/Grower | * Separate male weanlings from the breeding herd to prevent premature breeding of female weanlings. Provide separate paddocks for each set of weanlings or growers. * Excess males can either be sold as breeders if of high quality or grown as slaughter animals. * Document the growth performance and health condition of the animals. Important growth parameters to note include weight at birth, 1 month, 3 months, or upon weaning, and at slaughter/market age of 8-9 months old. * Practice culling to ensure that only the best are retained in the farm as replacement breeders. * Allow the 8-10 month-old doe lings to mingle with the buck as they are now ready for breeding. | Breeding processes for Does | * Breed does when they start to show signs of estrus at 8 months. * Cues to watch out for include: Mounting other animals in the herd; swelling and reddening of the vulva, mucus discharge from the vulva: uneasiness/restlessness. * Before breeding, make sure they are in good health and weigh not less than 25kg for upgraded animals. * For maiden does, two services are recommended. When hand mating is being practiced, breed the doe upon observation of heat and repeat 12 hours after. Does with estrus period lasting for 3 days may be bred on the third day. * Rebreed does that return to heat in aboutb21 days. Failure of the does to conceive after breeding with a proven buck for two cycles can be culled from the herd. | Breeding Practices for Bucks | * A buck at least more than 1 year old at first breeding. * In the complete confinements system wherein hand mating is being practiced, limit the mature buck to four services weekly. | Practical Feeding | * Provide goats with unlimited access to fresh grass and legume. Give 2-3 kg of fresh tree leaves such as ‘ipil-ipil’ and ‘kakawate’, and shrubs like flemingia, sesbania, desmanthus, and rensonii. * Provide animals additional sources of protein, energy, and other nutrients, e.g., UMMB, when lower quality roughages like native pasture grasses and mature improved grasses and legumes are part of the diet. Roughages are feeds high in fiber but low in energy content. These include grasses, legumes, and crop by products. * Supplement with concentrate at 30% of the dry matter intake to further improve performance. Concentrates are feeds low in fiber but high in energy content, such as rice bran, copra meal, and cane molasses. * When available and accessible, feed productive goats with basal feeds (agro-industrial by-products like brewer’s spent grains, pineapple pulps, molasses and banana rejects). | Feeding Guides | * See appendix 2 for a practical guide in feeding goats at different growth and production stages. | Suggested Pointers on Herd Health Management | * When buying or selecting breeder stocks, examine the animals for the presence of superficial lumps/abscesses by running your hands on the neck, abdominal, and pelvic regions. The presence of lumps/abscesses indicates caseous lymphadenitis, which may eventually infect the herd. Also, check for the presence of scabby lesions in the mouth, which may be a sign of orf, a highly contagious, viral disease that can easily spread in the herd. Deworm newly bought animals with an effective dewormer (e.g., Vermisantel, ivermectin, Levamisole) upon arrival in the farm and isolate them from the existing herd for 30 days. * Deworm animals when sign of parasitism (diarrhea, loss of weight, ruffled hair coat, pot-belly etc.) are observed. For pregnant does, deworming is done 2 weeks before expected kidding. * Provide rehydration fluids (oresol) to sick and weak animals. In regions where foot and mouth disease is prevalent, vaccinate the animals with FMD vaccine. * If vaccine for hemorrhagic, septicemia is available, vaccinate them as well. * Check for the presence of lice. A practical way to do this is to observe the hair coat of the animals. If the hair coat is always ruffled and the animals are always scratching their body against the wall or using their head, horns, it could mean that they have lice. Delouse the animals with an effective insecticide (e.g., asuntol, amitraz, and neguvon powder, and follow the instruction for application). | Marketing Tips | * Know the prevailing market price for specific qualities of goats in your locality to ensure you get the right price of your goats. * Sell during period when prices are most favorable or when the demand is high. * Organize and plan your marketing strategy to do away with unscrupulous traders. * Raise only good-quality animals (e.g., upgraded) to gain higher profits. Upgraded animals have bigger body conformation and grow faster than native animals, hence, turnover of capital is faster. * Dispose all marketable animals readily, as keeping them will just add to your expenses. * Do not, market disease or pregnant animals. * Know and address the buyer’s preference in terms of weight, sex, breed, and age. * If possible, sell animals based on weight rather than on a per head basis. * Bring your produce to auction markets such as in:-Urdaneta, Pangasinan-Calasiao, Pangasinan-padre Garcia, Lipa city, Batangas |

MANAGEMENT ASPECT

MANAGEMENT TEAM
This chapter tackles about the entire organizational arrangement of the business. The management aspect suggests a clear and precise identification of duties and responsibilities, flow of authority and manpower level requirement. This contains the organizational chart and the qualifications of the people involved the formation of the business organization, structure. It must be set up aimed at optimum effectiveness. To attain this, management must be able to plan all activities, for the company to become dynamic and competitive business over and done with human resource, financial capability and new technologies.

PHILOSOPHY
The best criterion of the competence and efficiency of any livestock center is its significant response and contribution to the socio-political well-being, technical and entrepreneurial needs, environmental concerns, and cultural demand of its clientele.

VISION
We intend to provide our consumers with the best kind of chevon products to be served in their meals, to provide our distributors with the best kind of goat meat in the city that they can guarantee to be fresh, healthy, and clean, and to continuously improve our process in raising goat to be known locally and internationally. Our business ensures to benefit the society and to build lasting relationship in the market by making Goat Farming a truly sustainable business.

MISSION
The Goat farm shall develop and produce quality stocks and promote the goat industry in Tarlac in particular and the Philippines in General. * To our Consumers
To supply them the best chevon served in their meal, which they can assure to be fresh, healthy, and clean. * To our Workers
To ensure them that all employees are given the right to proper compensation, to be treated with respect in the business, and provide what they need in doing their tasks. * To our Distributors
To supply them with quality products and distribute it to other markets, to properly collaborate and communicate with them the terms and conditions that are agreed upon, and to create a long term relationship and progress profitably with them.

Form of Ownership
The type of business ownership will be a partnership; in which partners pool money, skills, and other resources, and share profit and loss in accordance with the terms of the partnership agreement. In the absence of such agreement, a partnership is assumed to exit where the participants in an enterprise agree to share the associated risks and rewards proportionately. Complementary skills and additional contacts of each pattern can lead to the achievement of greater financial results together than would be possible apart. Mutual support and motivation are needed for the business to last longer.

Advantages of Partnership
The business is easy to establish since at least two people can start up as partners and more capital is available for the business. The Decision-making can be much easier with more brains to think about the problem and more possible solutions can be raised. Share of responsibilities and duties will lessen the work of each and every one and division of labor is possible as partners may have different skills which they can contribute for the development of the business.

Organizational structure
The goat farming enterprise will be occupied by the owners to lessen the labor cost that they are voluntarily filled the other positions and do the obligations as a partners. The positions to be filled include among others herders, cleaners, etc. The following organization illustrates the proposed organizational structure of the goat farming enterprise.

Organizational Chart

Butcher
Butcher
Worker/Helper
Worker/Helper
Delivery man
Delivery man

The Incorporators Job Positions: Operational Manager (1), Farm Manager(2), Marketing and Sales (1), Breeding and Kidding (1), Herder (1), Book keerping/Cashier (1), Butcher (1), Worker/Helper (2)

PERSONNEL AND THEIR COMPENSATION Position | Number of workers | Salary( monthly per worker) | Salary (annually) | Operational Manager | 1 | | | Farm Manager | 1 | | | Marketing/Sales | 1 | | | Cashier | 1 | | | Herder | 1 | 5,000 | 60,000 | Breeding/Kidding | 1 | | | Worker/Helper | 1 | 3,500 | 42,000 | Delivery Man | 1 | | | Butcher | 1 | 3,000 | 36,000 |

Job Analysis
Job Title: Operational Manager
Job Description Responsibilities: * Oversees daily production * Work Schedules * Assigning Employee Tasks * Ensures product quality * Keeps facility running, and clean * His/Her job includes planning, organizing, directing and controlling all the employees of the organizations as well as its relationship to each other * Responsible in checking sales records * Responsible in purchasing raw materials

Job Qualifications * A graduate of any management courses, preferably Marketing Management graduate * Male or female, from 21-30 years old * At least 2 years work experience in managerial position * Must have a good moral character * With pleasing personality

Job Title: Farm Manager
Job Description Responsibilities: * Works in the animal production responsible for keeping on track the goat’s while in the farm * Seeks new innovative ways of raising goat’s and planning strategize for maximum yield * Organizing farm administration * Working machinery * Organizing associated businesses and managing staff
Job Qualifications * Male or Female * Single or Married * 21 to 30 years old * College graduate, preferably related to Agriculture and/or related to Marketing Management * At least 1 year experience * Hardworking and Knowledgeable

Job Title: Marketing and Sales
Job Description Responsibilities:
Responsible for maintaining Guest Service as per company standard, generating sales, housekeeping, merchandising, signing, pricing, and loss prevention in adherence to all our store standards.

Job qualifications * Male or Female * Single or Married * 21 – 35 years old * College graduate, preferably Marketing Management * At least 2 years work Experience in Marketing/Sales * Trustworthy and honest

Job Title: Bookkeeping/Cahier
Job Description Responsibilities: * Responsible for monthly income statements and balance sheets. * Responsible in collection of receivables and payroll. * He/she is responsible in managing the cash. * Responsible for keeping records of sales. * Responsible in cash deposit.
Job Qualifications * Female only * Must be a graduate of any 4 years business related course * Male or female, from 21-26 years old * At least 2 years work experience * Must have a good moral character * Must be honest and with pleasing personality
Job Title: Breeding and Kidding
Job Description Responsibilities:
Goat’s breeder. Select and breed animals according to their genealogy, characteristics, and offspring. * May require a knowledge on artificial insemination techniques and equipment use * May involve keeping records on heats, birth intervals, or pedigree
Job Qualifications * 21 to 35 years old * Male * College graduate, preferably related to Agriculture and/or Animal Sciences * At least 1 year experience * Honest, hardworking and knowledgeable

Job Title: Herder
Job Description Responsibilities:
A Herder is to assist the designated Farm Manager to ensure overall planning and farming operations are carried out. You will accept delegated responsibilities as required by the Farm Manager and assist in optimizing the farm performance. * Attends herd of goats: Herds goats from corral to fresh pastures * Assists does during kidding season
Job Qualifications * 21 to 35 years old * Male * College graduate, preferably related to Agriculture and/or Animal Sciences * At least 1 year experience * Honest, hardworking and knowledgeable

Job Title: Butcher
Job Description Responsibilities:
A Butcher manages the butchery at the farm, overseeing all aspects of meat preparation. To be responsible for the management of the butchery plant and the retail offering including all associated staffing.
Job Qualifications * Male * Single or Married * 21 – 35 years old * Has an experience in Butchery role * Safe, organized and thorough * Trustworthy and honest * Able to keep a positive attitude and be friendly at all times
Job Title: Delivery man
Job Description Responsibilities:
The role of a delivery man is to safely drive to their destination. Drivers are also often expected to help with the loading and unloading of their products, keep logs of their activities and make sure their vehicles are maintained in good working order. Package delivery service drivers and those whose job involves sales often have to accept payment for services and handle other paperwork related to the delivery, responsible for obtaining new customers along a delivery route.
Job Qualifications * Male * Single or Married * 21 – 40 years old * At least High School Graduate * With professional driver’s license * With Experience in driving long distance * With Experience in driving truck/van * Knowledgeable with different routes * Trustworthy and honest

Job Title: Worker/Helper
Job Description Responsibilities:
They are the one who are responsible for the entire processing of the meat products, and cleaning the office but still they are supervised by the operations manager.
Job Qualification * Male or Female * Single or Married * 21 – 40 years old * At least High School Graduate * Hardworking, industrious, and patient

Company Policies * Employees are mandatory to turn off all the facilities and equipment’s after using. * Follow safety provision to avoid accidents. * Observe cleanliness in the working area. * Employees are required to wear their prescribed uniform. * Absent without leave (AWOL) is subject to appropriate sanctions unless provided with a valid reason. Management Policy * Client shall be the first priority. * Maintain uniqueness and great quality products. * Make sure the availability of the product. * Guarantee the constancy of the rate of each product. Call on duty * Mandatory to work overtime if needed.

Legal Requirements
Mandatory Requirements for New Business * Barangay Clearance * SEC Registration with Articles * SSS Clearance/Certificate of Compliance * PhilHealth Clearance * PAG-IBIG Clearance * Community Tax Certificate (Cedula) * Locational/Zoning Clearance * Fire Safety Clearance * Health Certificate/Sanitary Permit * 2pcs Latest 2x2 Picture * Locational Sketch
Requirements for SEC Registration * Cover Sheet * Name Verification Slip * Requirements for the installation of water connection * Cedula * Valid ID with picture * Barangay Clearance * Regulatory Fee
Requirements for meter connection permit * Cedula * Barangay Clearance * Picture of the establishment * Contract of lease (Notarized) * Business Permit * 2 Valid ID ( For applicant and building owner/lessor) * Bill Deposit and Service Fee

FINANCIAL ASPECT

Financial Assumption
1. The financial assumption of this study will cover a five year period.
2. The business will commence its operations on May 2015 and the financial statements are prepared every calendar ending April 30.
3. The proposed farm will operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week with total of 365 days a year, 12 months a year.
4. The pre-operating period for this project is for 1 year.
5. The maximum capacity of the farm is on how the goat will multiply.

1ST GENERATION | | CULLED DOE | 4% | RATE OF DOE WITH 2 OFFSPRINGS | 25% | MORTALITY RATE | 10% | RATE OF MATURE BECOMING DOE | 7.41% | | | 2ND GENERATION | | CULLED DOE | 8% | RATE OF DOE WITH 2 OFFSPRINGS | 59% | MORTALITY RATE | 7% | RATE OF MATURE BECOMING DOE | 13.85% | | | 3RD GENERATION | | CULLED DOE | 4% | RATE OF DOE WITH 2 OFFSPRINGS | 50% | MORTALITY RATE | 2% | RATE OF MATURE BECOMING DOE | 6.90% | | | 4TH GENERATION | | CULLED DOE | 13% | RATE OF DOE WITH 2 OFFSPRINGS | 63% | MORTALITY RATE | 13% | RATE OF MATURE BECOMING DOE | 0.00% | | | 5TH GENERATION | | CULLED DOE | 6% | RATE OF DOE WITH 2 OFFSPRINGS | 53% | MORTALITY RATE | 5% | RATE OF MATURE BECOMING DOE | 4.23% | | | 6TH GENERATION | | CULLED DOE | 8% | RATE OF DOE WITH 2 OFFSPRINGS | 67% | MORTALITY RATE | 67% | RATE OF MATURE BECOMING DOE | 7.14% | | | 7TH GENERATION | | CULLED DOE | 16.67 | RATE OF DOE WITH 2 OFFSPRINGS | 62.50% | MORTALITY RATE | 7.69% | RATE OF MATURE BECOMING DOE | 8.33% |

Projected income Statement | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Revenue | | | | | | Sale of fattener | 0 | 952000 | 464000 | 1112000 | 560000 | Sale of culled doe | 15600 | 46800 | 78000 | 54600 | 85800 | TOTAL REVENUE | 15600 | 998800 | 542000 | 1166600 | 645800 | | | | | | | Less: Direct Production Cost | | | | | | Labor | 138000 | 138000 | 138000 | 138000 | 138000 | Concentrate feeds | 11322 | 26644 | 30870.24 | 32947.64 | 33074.68 | Veterinary drugs and supplies | 8804 | 14723.9 | 16617.16 | 17201.46 | 17965.42 | UMMB | 4416 | 4222.3 | 4395.42 | 4575.62 | 4671.62 | Forage and pasteur Maintenance | 2000 | 2082 | 2167.36 | 2256.22 | 2348.72 | TOTAL DIRECT PRODUCTION COST | 164542 | 185672.2 | 192050.2 | 194980.9 | 196060.4 | | | | | | | Less: Overhead Cost | | | | | | Transportation | 400 | 2914.8 | 5526.78 | 6430.24 | 4110.28 | Home maintenance | 6412.5 | 6675.42 | 6949.11 | 7234.02 | 7530.6 | Land rent | 31818.19 | 31818.19 | 31818.19 | 31818.19 | 31818.19 | Utilities | 17500 | 18500 | 19500 | 20500 | 21000 | Depreciation | 147653.3 | 147653.3 | 147653.3 | 147653.3 | 147653.3 | Nursery | 2000 | 1800 | 1600 | 1400 | 1600 | Contingencies (5%) | 10725.47 | 11019.04 | 11213.02 | 11317.67 | 11248.02 | TOTAL OVERHEAD COST | 216509.46 | 220380.75 | 224260.4 | 226353.4 | 224960.4 | | | | | | | OPERATING PROFIT | -365451.5 | 592747 | 125689.4 | 745265.7 | 224779.2 | Less: Interest | 18000 | 15166.62 | 11993.24 | 8439.06 | 4458.37 | Taxable Profit | -383451.5 | 577580.38 | 113696.2 | 736826.6 | 220320.8 | Less: Tax | -76290.4 | 115516.08 | 22739.24 | 147365.3 | 44064.16 | Net Income (Loss) | -307161.6 | 442064.3 | 90956.92 | 589461.3 | 176256.7 |

| Year 0 | Year1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Cash Inflow | Revenue | YEAR 0 | YEAR 1 | YEAR 2 | YEAR 3 | YEAR 4 | YEAR 5 | Fatteners | 0 | 0 | 952000 | 464000 | 1112000 | 560000 | Culled does | 0 | 15600 | 46800 | 78000 | 54600 | 85800 | Culled buck | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Working capital | | | | | | 646136 | Total cash inflow | | 15600 | 998800 | 542000 | 1166600 | 645800 | Cash outflow | Cash expenditures | 1503864 | | | | | | Working capital | 646136 | | | | | | Permits and registration | 7500 | | | | | | Production costs | | 164542 | 185672.2 | 192050.2 | 194980.9 | 196060.4 | Overhead costs ( less depreciation) | | 68856.16 | 72727.45 | 76607.1 | 78700.12 | 77307.09 | Taxes | | -76290.4 | 115516.1 | 22739.24 | 147365.3 | 44064.16 | Total cash outflow | | 157107.8 | 373915.7 | 291396.5 | 421046.3 | 317431.7 | Net cash flow | | -141508 | 624884.3 | 250603.5 | 745553.7 | 328368.4 |

SOCIO – ECONOMIC ASPECT

Since the company is a creation of society and that is conducts its business in the community, the enterprise has a social responsibility to share its earned resources with the needs of the society.
The concept of social responsibility plays an important role in the business world. It is believe that businessmen have their social responsibility to their investors, employees, customers, suppliers and to the community and environment. The management of JACK Goat Farm believes that we must return something to the general public what we have taken.
Consequently, our company emphasizes the different use of its productive resources and engages in activities design for profit with the awareness towards the society and the environment.
The ways in which JACK Goat Farm can fulfill its responsibilities towards various parties follows:

TOWARDS SOCIETY Business is a part of society and contributing to the welfare of the society is “should be” on the part of every businesses. The goat farm can do that through strict implementation of ethics and values inside the organization. We recognize responsibility in contributing to the welfare of the society. We devoted ourselves through the following expectation of people to us: 1. To make available opportunities for backyard farmers. 2. To provide high quality goat meat product to society 3. To help in the development of economically backward regions by setting up industries in backward areas.

TOWARDS ENVIRONMENT The management of Goat Farm will lead the advocacy of operating in an environmentally friendly manner. That way, employees will be included to participate and help find ways to make the store operate in an environmentally friendly manner.

TOWARDS EMPLOYEE Employees are business major assets. They play an important role to our business and that is the very reason why we value them. If employees are satisfied, the business enterprise can achieve success in the long run. J.A.C.K. GOAT FARM has the following main responsibilities towards employees : 1. Respecting individual dignity. 2. Adopting incentives system of wage payment. 3. Giving them appropriate remuneration. 4. Providing clean work atmosphere and working condition. 5. Giving security of service (job security). 6. Solving labor problem in time.

TOWARDS CUSTOMERS We are the one who determine what is business is, so it is fair to provide them with quality product at reasonable price. The management will continue improving its service.
Following are the main responsibilities of J.A.C.K. GOAT FARM towards customer 1. To make available good quality goods at reasonable rates. 2. To handle customers complaints quickly and carefully. 3. To make goods available to the customers the fastest way. 4. To ensure regular supply of goods to satisfy the ever changing needs of its customers.

TOWARDS GOVERNMENT To ensure the progress of a country, government makes certain laws and decides tax structures. An enterprise should help the government in the development of the country by observing these laws. J.A.C.K. GOAT FARM has the following responsibilities towards the government: 1. To pay tax honestly and not to indulge in tax evasion. 2. To perform business in lawful manner and observe rules lay down by government. 3. Not to exploit government machinery by an unfair means i.e., not to bribe government employees.

Contribution to the Philippine Economy Every business establishment will be of great help for the growth and development of the Philippine economy. These will only be possible if every firm will be responsible enough to perform their duties and obligation to their customers, community and of course to the government. Streetwise will definitely contribute additional earnings to our government by means of paying right taxes. Through this, the government can able to perform its functions well including continuous support and assistance to the business industry, providing projects for the community such as building infrastructures, public schools and hospitals, strengthening arm forces for its security and protection of the country men and other indispensable projects that will benefit the people.